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reproduction > infertility > Flashcards

infertility Flashcards

1
Q

fertile cow define

A

one that meets fertility criteria set for a herd or unit

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2
Q

sub-fertile cow define

A

one that does not meet the targets for the herd or group

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3
Q

oestrus cow how many days between

A

every 18-24 days

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4
Q

2 congenital causes of no observed oestrus

A

ovarian aplasia or hypoplasia

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5
Q

most common cause of ovarian aplasia

A

freematinism

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6
Q

in freemartinism what stops female genitalia forming

A

mularian duct inhibiting factor

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7
Q

cow test tube test how deep normal cow

A

10cm

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8
Q

cow test tube test how deep in freemartin

A

4-5 cm

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9
Q

follicle diameter during anoestrus

A

1.5 cm

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10
Q

milk progesterone levels and anoesstrus

A

low when tested every 10 days

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11
Q

how does inadequate nutrition cause acyclicity

A
  • causes low IGF-1 –> low GnRH secretion –> low response to GnRH in pituitary –> decreased ovary activity
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12
Q

BCS cow should be at calving down

A

2.5 to 3

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13
Q

tx anoestrus cow

A
  • wait till milk yields fall and +ve energy balance returns
  • try to increase energy intake
  • start on hormones (work better with increased energy)
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14
Q

define ovarian cyst

A

fluid filled structure in ovary

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15
Q

3 abnormal structures in ovary

A
  • luteinized follicles
  • follicular cyst
  • luteal cysts
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16
Q

lutenised follicles seen when

A

early post partum

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17
Q

size luteinsed follicle

A

under 2.5cm diameter

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18
Q

lutenised follicle how function

A
  • seem to function like corpus luteum

- no ovulation

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19
Q

leutenised follicle appearance

A

bigger cavity than vacuolated CL

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20
Q

follicular cysts wall

A

thin walls less than 3mm

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21
Q

follicular cyst size

A

over 2.5cm diameter

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22
Q

appearance follicular cyst

A

fluid filled

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23
Q

follicular cyst formed from

A

anovulatory mature follicle

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24
Q

luteal cyst wall thickness

A

over 3mm

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25
Q

luteal cyst size

A

over 2.5cm diameter

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26
Q

luteal cyst appearance

A

fluid filled

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27
Q

luteal cyst produces

A

progesterone

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28
Q

luteal cyst formed from

A

anovulatory mature follicle

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29
Q

luteal cyst numbers

A

usually alone

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30
Q

follicular cyst also known as

A

true follicular cyst

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31
Q

follicular cyst secretes

A

oestradiol

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32
Q

luteinised follicles also known as

A

inactive cyst

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33
Q

follicular cyst clinical signs

A
  • nyphomania

- acyclicity

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34
Q

post calving why more likely to get cysts

A

LH surge causing ovulation may be absent

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35
Q

tx ovarian cysts

A
  • do not burst
  • normal and will pass so no tx
  • if luteal cysts then PGF2alpha
  • if follicular then GnRH or hCG which causes lutenisation then PGF2alpha or CIDR for 10-12 days
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36
Q

persistent CL associated with

A

pyometra

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37
Q

how often check cow oestrus

A

3 times a day for 20-30 minutes, especially from 9-10pm

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38
Q

a regular oestrus return can be due to (2)

A
  • no fertilisation

- early embryonic death

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39
Q

an irregular oestrus return can be due to (2)

A
  • late embryonic death

- early foetal death

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40
Q

early returns to oestrus are due to (1)

A

incorrect identification of oestrus

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41
Q

4 predisposing factors to endometritis

A
  • nutrition
  • retained foetal membranes
  • longer/shorter gestation length
  • dystocia
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42
Q

3 common pathogenic causes endometritis cow

A
  • arcanobacterium pyogenes
  • E. coli
  • fusobacterium
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43
Q

tx endometritis

A
  • if CL present then give PGF

- if no CL then give intrauterine cephalosporin

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44
Q

at what stage preganancy does brucella abortus cause cow abortion

A

6-9 months

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45
Q

at what stage of pregnancy does leptospira spp cause abortion cow

A

6-9 months

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46
Q

usual calving interval

A

365 days

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47
Q

gestation period cow

A

280 days

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48
Q

voluntary waiting period cow post partum

A

42 days

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49
Q

calving to first service interval normal

A

65 days

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50
Q

conception rate define

A

% of inseminations that become pregnant

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51
Q

interferance level for calving to first service interval

A

over 75 days

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52
Q

calving - conception interval interference level

A

over 95 days

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53
Q

target for conception rate at first service

A

60%

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54
Q

to look at oestrus detection look at

A

time between inseminations for cows done more than once. should be 21 days

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55
Q

milk progesterone at service should be

A

low

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56
Q

define Q sum graph

A

mark each cow if it got pregnant or not form insemination

down if not and up if did. can show trends

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57
Q

define 120 day in calf rate

A

% cows in calf 120 days post partum

58
Q

define 210 day not in calf rate

A

% of cows not in calf at day 210 post partum

59
Q

target 120 day in calf rate

A

over 64%

60
Q

target 210 day not in calf rate

A

below 7%

61
Q

define fecundity sheep

A

number of lambs a ewe hasper pregnancy

62
Q

define survival rate

A

number lambs that survive to weaning

63
Q

lambing %

A

number of lambs reared per 100 ewes put to ram

64
Q

poor ovulation will show in records as

A

increased single lambs

65
Q

pineal gland found where

A

a few cm above pituitary gland

66
Q

pineal gland produces

A

melatonin

67
Q

when is melatonin produced in mare

A

during darkness

68
Q

melatonin actions in mare

A

inhibits GnRH secretion

69
Q

where horse ovaries

A

beneath 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae

70
Q

length uterine horn hprse

A

25 cm

71
Q

uterine body horse length

A

18-20 cm

72
Q

uterine body horse diameter

A

10cm

73
Q

horse cervix dimensions

A
  • 7cm long

- 4cm diameter

74
Q

cervix horse dimensions

A
  • 20cm long

- 12cm diameter

75
Q

age of puberty spring born fillies

A

12 months

76
Q

autumn born fillies age of puberty

A

14-17 months

77
Q

what does horse uterus secrete to stop CL

A

prostaglandin

78
Q

oestrus cycle mare lasts

A

21 days

79
Q

where semen deposited in horse

A

through open cervix

80
Q

where fertilisation occur in horse

A

proximal end of fallopian tube

81
Q

what happens to unfertilised ova of horse

A

stays in fallopian tube degenerating over 7-8 months

82
Q

how do embryos move into the uterine horn

A

by producing oestrogen from a capsule

83
Q

what day does fertilised ova enter uterus

A

day 5 after ovulation

84
Q

day 14 of fertilised ovum horse

A

formed globular blastocyst 1.3 cm diameter

85
Q

day 21 after ovulation fertilised horse

A

6x7cm pear shaped with embryo at the rounded end

86
Q

when allantoisis form in horse

A

day 21 of foetal growth

87
Q

when trus chorioallantois placenta form in horse

A

day 40

88
Q

day on which eCG is produced

A

day 37

89
Q

day on which horse foetus has foetal organs in rudimentary form

A

day 30

90
Q

day be which foetus horse has eyelids

A

day 40

91
Q

day by which horse has lips, nostrils and developing feet

A

day 60

92
Q

day be which horse foetus has hooves and mammary glands present

A

day 90

93
Q

day at which external genettalia and orbital areas are visible horse

A

day 120

94
Q

equine placenta is

A

diffuse epitheliochorial

95
Q

innate immunity of horse repro tract (5)

A
  • cervical barrier
  • downward conformation allowing drainage
  • vaginal epithelium
  • myometrial tone
  • contraction of uterus
96
Q

define hippomane

A

flat soft oval structure made of desquamated epithelial cells in allantoic fluid that has a high concentration in nitrogen, calcium, phosphorous, sodium, potassium and nitrogen

97
Q

horse 2nd corpus leuteum does what

A

produces progesterone to help maintain pregnancy

98
Q

gestation period horse

A

340 days

99
Q

horses are usually born in the

A

night

100
Q

teats and partuition horse

A
  • before partuition youll see increased udder size

- a waxy secretion will be produced by teats and sit on the tips of them

101
Q

7 signs of first stage labour

A
  • anxious
  • restless
  • low grade pain
  • sweating
  • getting down then getting up again
  • rolling
  • frequent small volume urination
102
Q

horse start 2nd stage of labour when

A
  • chorioallantois is ruptured (first water bag) there will be a gush of light brown yellowish fluid
103
Q

foal heart rate is in first few hours birth

A

40-80

104
Q

asphyxiated foal heart rate is

A

at first bradycardic then tachycardic

105
Q

need a clinical exam if foal takes how long to stand

A

over 2 hours

106
Q

average suckling rate first 2 weeks horse

A

4-5 times per hour

107
Q

indicator of insufficient milk production in horse

A

foal doesn’t go to lie down and sleep after suckling

108
Q

time meconium usually passed by foal

A

before 4 days usually in first 24 hours

109
Q

meconium in amnion or liquid meconium are signs of what in foal

A

foetal distress needs examining

110
Q

mare first post partum oestrus is

A

7-10 days post partum

111
Q

muscle attached to testicles

A

cremaster muscle

112
Q

accessory sex glands of the horse

A
  • seminal vesicles
  • prostate
  • bulbourethral
113
Q

horse penis type

A

musculocavernosus

114
Q

time to make horse sperm

A

57 days

115
Q

define gonadal dysgenesis (horse)

A

chromosomal abnormalities in infertile or subfertile stallions

116
Q

cryptorchid stallions colloquially known as

A

rigs

117
Q

acute testicular torsion horse define

A

rotation of more than 180* of testicle

118
Q

acute testicular torsion clinical signs horse (2)

A
  • signs of acute colic

- swelling of testicle and scrotum

119
Q

acute testicular torsion horse tx

A

urgent surgical correction

120
Q

2 complication of traumatic injury to penis/prepuce

A
  • deviation of penis associated with fibrosis and adhesion formation
  • damage to vascular system of corpus cavernosum
121
Q

epididymal injury can result in

A

obstructions and sperm free ejaculate

122
Q

tx epididymal obstruction

A
  • massage via rectum

- induce sexual excitement and ejaculation till its sperm rich

123
Q

equine allantoic fluid colour changes

A

from clear yellow to turbid brown or yellowish brown

124
Q

define urospermia

A

urine in the ejaculation

125
Q

define azospermia

A

no sperm in ejaculate

126
Q

define oligospermia

A

decreased numbers of sperm in the ejaculate

127
Q

causes of oligospermia

A

testicular atrophy

128
Q

cause of equine contagious metritis

A

tayorella equigenitalis

129
Q

horse position for assisted delivery

A

standing to reposition foal

- lying down for actual birth

130
Q

if horse doesnt lie down to expel foetus what has to be done

A
  • bo ready to support foal

- give traction as the contractions arent as strong when shes standing

131
Q

pregnancy detection horses day 7

A

teased 7 days after mating to look for early oestrus returns

132
Q

vaginascope appearance in exam of pregnant mare at day 14-17

A

cervix tightly closed, pale and dry

133
Q

horse foetus can be seen on what day with ultrasound

A

day 19-20

134
Q

when can gender be seen in horse by ultrasound

A

day 65-70

135
Q

what 2 pathogens are breeding stallions tested for

A
  • equine viral arterivirus

- equine infectious anaemia

136
Q

horse position for assisted delivery

A

standing to reposition foal

- lying down for actual birth

137
Q

if horse doesnt lie down to expel foetus what has to be done

A
  • bo ready to support foal

- give traction as the contractions arent as strong when shes standing

138
Q

pregnancy detection horses day 7

A

teased 7 days after mating to look for early oestrus returns

139
Q

vaginascope appearance in exam of pregnant mare at day 14-17

A

cervix tightly closed, pale and dry

140
Q

horse foetus can be seen on what day with ultrasound

A

day 19-20

141
Q

when can gender be seen in horse by ultrasound

A

day 65-70

142
Q

what 2 pathogens are breeding stallions tested for

A
  • equine viral arterivirus

- equine infectious anaemia

reproduction (5 decks)

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