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reproduction > diseases of pregnancy > Flashcards

diseases of pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

define embryo

A

from when long axis develops to organogenesis

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2
Q

define foetus

A

from when organogenesis starts

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3
Q

define abortion

A

premature expulsion of foetus from uterus

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4
Q

which 4 species have a corpus leuteum throughout pregnancy

A
  • cow
  • goat
  • dog
  • pig
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5
Q

foetal death foetus can be (3)

A
  • aborted
  • still birth
  • retained
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6
Q

retained foetuses can undergo (3)

A
  • maceration
  • mummification
  • emphysema
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7
Q

define mummification (3)

A
  • sterile
  • all fluid are reabsorbed from foetus
  • needs foetus skin to be developed enough to withstand autolysis
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8
Q

define maceration (3)

A
  • bacterial infection causes liquefaction of foetus
  • just bones left
  • foetid odour
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9
Q

maceration complications

A

bones may damage uterine wall

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10
Q

foetal emphysema define (2)

A
  • involves gas producing bacteria

- foetus putrefied and distended with foul smelling gas

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11
Q

3 main pathogens sheep abortion

A
  • toxoplasma
  • chlamydophila
  • campylobacter
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12
Q

7 non-infectious causes of abortion

A
  • dystocia
  • twinning in mares
  • umbilical cord anomalies
  • placental insufficiencies
  • stress
  • nutritional
  • husbandry
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13
Q

big cause of abortion in cattle

A

neospora caninum

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14
Q

toxoplasma gondii importance

A

zoonotic

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15
Q

toxoplasma gondii causes

A

toxoplasmosis

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16
Q

toxoplasma gondii appearance

A

strawberry pip appearance of cotyledons of multifocal necrosis

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17
Q

chlamydophila abortus causes

A

enzootic abortion

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18
Q

enzootic abortion appearance

A

thick oedementous intercotyledonary tissue of placenta covered with exudate

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19
Q

salmonellosis abortion diagnosis

A

foetal stomach contents culture

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20
Q

campylobacter foetus and abortion causes

A

multifoocal necrotising hepatitis

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21
Q

leptospira sp causes abortion in species

A
  • horse
  • cattle
  • pigs
  • sheep
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22
Q

oestrus and WBC

A

upregulates lymphocytes

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23
Q

true hermaphrodite has

A

both gonadal organs either 1 each or mushed into an ovariteste

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24
Q

pseudohermaphrodite have

A

only 1 set of gonads but does not match the system

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25
Q

4 types ovarian neoplasia

A
  • secondary
  • germ cell
  • gonadal stromal
  • epithelial
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26
Q

2 germ cell neoplasms

A
  • dysgerminoma

- teratoma

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27
Q

2 epithelial neoplasias

A
  • cystadenoma

- cystcarcinoma

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28
Q

appearance granulosatheca cell tumours

A

smooth surface with solid or cystic cut surface

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29
Q

appearance epithelial neoplasias

A

shaggy surface

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30
Q

define hydrosalphinx

A

fallopian tube filled with fluid

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31
Q

uterine prolapse and call out

A

emergency as can result in tissue death

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32
Q

oestrogen primed uterus predisposed to

A

growth disturbances

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33
Q

define endometritis

A

infection limited to uterine mucosa

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34
Q

metritis define

A

infection of all layers of uterus

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35
Q

metritis causes (3)

A
  • haemorrhages
  • thickened oedementous friable uterine wall
  • yellowish dark red exudate with foul odour
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36
Q

leptospira sp appearance

A
  • placental oedema
  • subacute interstitial nephritis
  • subacute necrotising hepatitis
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37
Q

leptospira sp and improtance

A

zoonotic

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38
Q

listerial abortion causes

A
  • necrotising suppurative placentitis

- necrotising hepatitis

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39
Q

mycotic abortion cattle main cause

A

aspergillus fumigatus

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40
Q

appearance aspergillus fumigatus abortion

A
  • thickened leathery placenta with exudate

- elevated greyish plaques on foetal skin and eyelid

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41
Q

pestivirus causes (4)

A
  • persistant infection
  • foetal death
  • malformation
  • cerebellar hypoplasia
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42
Q

define SMEDI

A

still born, mummification, embryonic death, infertility

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43
Q

most likely cause of SMEDI

A

parvovirus

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44
Q

maintenance requirement cow energy

A

72 MJ/day

45
Q

full term foetus cow energy requirements

A

35 MJ/day

46
Q

main source of energy for cows

A

cereals

47
Q

too much cereal cow causes

A

acidosis

48
Q

voluntary feed intake define

A

how much cow will eat

49
Q

fat cows appetite

A

decreased

50
Q

cow appetite around calving

A

decreased

51
Q

dry matter intake calculation for milk producing cow

A

2.5% body weight + 10% milk yield

52
Q

sheep gestation length

A

144 days

53
Q

pregnancy toxaemia sheep define

A

have twins or triplets buut dont eat enough so have -ve energy balance

54
Q

tx pregnancy toxaemia sheep

A
  • induce abortion

- feed high energy glucose i/v

55
Q

when cows usually get pregnancy toxaemia

A

late lactation with low BCS

56
Q

fatty liver disease cow define

A

fat is metabolised around calving and stores in the liver

57
Q

fat cow syndrone define

A

more extreme fatty liver syndrome, liver stops functioning due to fat deposition

58
Q

fat cow syndrome causes (6)

A
  • immunosuppression
  • retained foetal membranes
  • endometritis
  • infertility
  • ketosis
  • mastitis
59
Q

3 causes fat cow syndrome

A
  • if fat when calving
  • trying to lose weight over dry period
  • sudden change in diet near to calving
60
Q

management of fat cow near calving

A
  • try to encourage eating

- don’t lose weight until during lactation

61
Q

3 ways virus can cause reproductive failure

A
  • viral replication in foetal tissues causing deformities or death
  • virus damages placental blood supply
  • pyrexia or stress
62
Q

EHV1 appearance aborted foetus

A
  • lung oedema
  • focal necrosis in lungs liver and spleen
  • possible meconium staining around bum due to foetal stress
63
Q

prevent EHV1 abortion

A

isolate mare in last trimester

64
Q

bovine viral diarrhoea virus is (type)

A

pestivirus

65
Q

3 modes of transmission BVDV

A
  • faecal oral
  • respiratory secretions
  • in semen
66
Q

where BVDV replicates

A
  • respiratory tract

- enteric tract

67
Q

infection of BVDV before day 100 of pregnancy

A
  • mummification

- abortion

68
Q

BVDV infection between 100 - 150 days pregnancy

A

congenital damage

69
Q

BVDV infect before day 125 pregancy

A

persistently infected calf

70
Q

PRRS vaccine

A

reduces clinical signs

71
Q

transmission porcine parvovirus

A

faecal oral

72
Q

porcine parvovirus infection before day 30 of gestation

A

early embryonic death and reabsorption

73
Q

porcine parvovirus over day 70 gestation

A

foetal death less frequent due to foetal immune system

74
Q

porcine parvovirus vaccine

A

v effective

75
Q

porcine circovirus associated with

A

post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome

76
Q

porcine circovirus causes

A

granulomatous interstitial pneumonia

77
Q

swine influenza caused by

A
  • H1N1

- H3N2

78
Q

swine influenza causes abortion how

A

by pyrexia

79
Q

classical swine fever caused by

A

pestivirus

80
Q

classical swine fever imporatnace

A

notifiable

81
Q

classical swine fever infects what cells

A

endothelial cells

82
Q

classical swine fever causes (4)

A
  • vomiting
  • diarrhoea
  • haemorrhage
  • abortion
83
Q

african swine fever importance

A

notifiable

84
Q

feline parvovirus early pregnancy

A

reproductive failure

85
Q

feline parvovirus late pregnancy

A

cerebellar hypoplasia

86
Q

feline parvovirus and environment

A

can live for long time so wait a year before getting another cat

87
Q

4 methods for pregnancy diagnosis

A
  • non return to oestrus
  • measurment of hormones
  • detection of gravid uterus
  • identification of gross or microscopic changes to genital system in lab
88
Q

in cow embryo produce what from day 13

A

interferon tau

89
Q

when can ultrasound detect pregnancy in cows

A

day 30

90
Q

palpable changes in uterus due to pregnancy

A

1 horn bigger than other with thinner wall

91
Q

define membrane slip PD

A

pinch horn and let slip through fingers should feel chorioallantois

92
Q

time at which you can detect membrane slip cow

A

day 33

93
Q

cons of membrane slip

A

can cause abortion if clumsy

94
Q

feel placentomes from day cow

A

80

95
Q

when in cow does middle uterine artery enlarge

A

85

96
Q

define fremitus PD

A

middle uterine artery has increased blood flow and turbulence causeing vibration or fluid thrill due to pregnancy

97
Q

what seen in milk from day 105 of cow pregnancy

A

oestrone sulphate

98
Q

palpate foetus at day cow

A

120

99
Q

day 21 can measure what in milk of pregnant cow

A

high milk progesterone

100
Q

biggest cause cattle abortion

A

leptospira

101
Q

leptospirosis and importance

A

zoonotic

102
Q

brucella abortus cattle and importance (2)

A
  • largely eradicated in UK

- zoonotic

103
Q

brucella abortus steps of infection

A

phagocytosis at mucous membranes –> migration via lymphatics to blood –> localises in lymphatics, liver and spleen –> goes to placenta causing placentitis and abortion

104
Q

mycotic abortion cattle often due to

A

aspergillosis spp

105
Q

cause of bovine infectious infertility

A

campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis

106
Q

campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis causes

A

cattarral inflammation of genital tract, endometritis and inflammation.. killing the embryo

107
Q

campylobacter foetus subsp veneralis lives in bull where

A

mucous membranes and prepuce of mature bull

108
Q

2 causes of abortion in sheep

A
  • chlamydophila abortus

- campylobacter fetus subsp fetus

reproduction (5 decks)

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