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reproduction > disorders of pregnancy and puerperium > Flashcards

disorders of pregnancy and puerperium Flashcards

1
Q

sex glands of dog

A

prostate

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2
Q

sex glands of pig

A
  • bulbourethral
  • prostate
  • seminal vesicles
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3
Q

sex glands cat

A
  • bulbourethral

- prostate

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4
Q

sex glands of ruminant

A
  • bulbourethral
  • prostate
  • seminal vesicles
  • ampulla
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5
Q

varicose haemangioma defien

A

benign proliferation of blood vessles

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6
Q

species that get varicose haemangioma

A
  • dogs

- boar

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7
Q

tunica vaginalis continuous with

A

peritoneum

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8
Q

2 layers of tunica vaginalis

A
  • visceral

- parietal

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9
Q

2 reasons penile hypoplasia

A
  • early castration

- intersex

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10
Q

define balanitis

A

inflammation of glans penis

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11
Q

define posthitis

A

inflammation of prepuce

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12
Q

define balanoposthitis

A

inflammation of both glans penis and prepuce

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13
Q

what virus most commonly associated with balanoposthitis

A

herpesvirus

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14
Q

lesions on penis are generally due to

A

viral infection

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15
Q

viral vesicles on penis what happens to them

A
  • rupture to become ulcers

- heal without problem unless 2* bacterial infection

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16
Q

pizzle rot another name (sheep)

A

ulcerative posthitis

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17
Q

ulcerative posthitis sheep caused by

A

corynebacterium renale

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18
Q

what sheep predisposed to ulcerative postitis

A

castrated

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19
Q

why castrated sheep predisposed to ulcerative posthitis (3)

A
  • hypolpasia of penis and prepuce
  • weeing in prepuce
  • high protein diet causes high urea content in wee which bacteria love
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20
Q

in ulcerative posthitis bacteria break urea down into what using what

A
  • ammonia using urease
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21
Q

ammonia and the prepuce ulcerative posthitis causes

A

necrosis and ulceration of prepuce

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22
Q

severe ulcerative posthitis causes

A

prepuce to slough and may loose urethral process

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23
Q

ulcerative posthitis can cause death by

A
  • blocking preputial orifice cauing urinary retention and death
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24
Q

healing of ulcerative posthitis after 2* bacterial infection

A

heals with fibrosis and phimosis

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25
Q

parasites can cause what in male horses

A

cutaneous habronemiasis or summer sores

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26
Q

appearance of cutaneous habronemiasis

A

exuberant granulation tissue formation

can look like sarcoids

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27
Q

how get cutaneous habroneniasis steps

A

flies deposit larvae around the penis and prepuce

migration of larvae causes exuberent granulation tissue formation

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28
Q

most commin neoplasia of penis and prepuce

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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29
Q

squamous cell carcinoma penis/prepuce associated with (2)

A
  • novel papilloma virus

- UV damage

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30
Q

appearance squamous cell carcinomas penis (3)

A
  • cauliflower like
  • low grade malignancy
  • keratin pearls microscopically
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31
Q

fibropapilloma bull penis caused by

A

bovine papillomavirus type 1

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32
Q

fibropapilloma bull prognosis

A
  • will regress with age

- complications if 2* infection or penile obstruction

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33
Q

transmissible venereal tumour dog appearance

A
  • caudal portion of penis
  • prone to ulceration
  • cauliflower like appearance
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34
Q

6 causes testicular degeneration

A
  • temperature
  • low scrotal blood supply
  • nutrition
  • drugs
  • radiation
  • hormonal interferance
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35
Q

testicular degeneration appearance (2)

A
  • small

- firm due to being fibrotic or granulosa formation

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36
Q

define orchitis

A

inflammation of testicles

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37
Q

orchitis can be (2)

A
  • interstitial

- intertubular

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38
Q

appearance interstitial cell tumour dog (2)

A
  • single or multiple

- yellowish greasy or haemorrhagic masses

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39
Q

interstitial cell tumour dogs testes usually

A

benign

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40
Q

most common testicular tumour in horses

A

seminoma

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41
Q

seminoma derived from

A

spermatagonia

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42
Q

appearance seminoma (5)

A
  • unilateral and single
  • swelling
  • pain
  • soft cream mass
  • bulges at cut surface
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43
Q

seminomas are usually

A

benign

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44
Q

sertoli cell tumours are usually in

A

cryptorchid testicles

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45
Q

sertoli cell tumour appearance (5)

A
  • unilateral
  • firm
  • fibrous white connective tissue bands separate lobules
  • white to brown in colour
  • may contain cysts
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46
Q

epididymitis appearance (2)

A
  • enlarged epididymis

- abscess or granuloma formation

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47
Q

epididymitis complications

A

if abscess or granuloma ruptures surrounding tissue can inflame

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48
Q

funiculitis define

A

inflammation of spermatic cord

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49
Q

funiculitis often due to

A

contamination from open wounds

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50
Q

funiculitis horse development (3)

A
  • acute and necrotising
  • causes scirrhous cord
  • exuberant granulation tissue and weeping fistulas
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51
Q

define vesicular adenitis

A

inflammation of seminal vesicle and bulbourethral glands

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52
Q

vesicular adenitis commonly caused by in bulls and rams

A

brucella ovis

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53
Q

metaplasia of the prostate define

A

change of glandular epithelium to squamous epithelium

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54
Q

where is metaplasia of prostate gland seen

A

digs with sertoli cell tumours

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55
Q

inflammation of prostate common in

A

older dogs if infection complicates hyperplasia

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56
Q

appearance inflammation of the prostate (3)

A
  • asymmetrical enlargement
  • can contain abcesses
  • cut surface white due to accumulation of whit blood cells
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57
Q

prostate gland neoplasia called

A

adenocarcinoma

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58
Q

appearance prostate gland adenocarcinoma (3)

A
  • asymmetrically enlarged
  • fixed to adjacent tissues
  • histologically foci of hyperplasia near neoplastic tissue
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59
Q

prognosis prostate gland adenocarcinoma

A

not great

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60
Q

define eutocia

A

normal partuition

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61
Q

define prodrome

A

pre partuant stage or early signs of partuition

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62
Q

define purpureum

A

period after partuition when uterus returns to normal

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63
Q

stage 1 partuition (3)

A
  • positioning of foetus
  • dilation of cervix
  • foetal membranes exposed through vulva
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64
Q

stage 2 partuition

A

expulsion of foetus

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65
Q

stage 3 partuition

A

expulsion of placenta

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66
Q

length stage 1 parturition cow

A

6 hours

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67
Q

length stage 1 parturition mare

A

1-4 hours

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68
Q

length stage 1 parturition ewe and doe

A

2-6 hours

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69
Q

length stage 1 parturition sow

A

2-12 hours

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70
Q

length stage 1 parturition bitch

A

2-12 hours

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71
Q

length stage 1 parturition queen

A

2-12 hours

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72
Q

length stage 2 parturition cow

A

0.5 - 4 hours

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73
Q

length stage 2 parturition mare

A

0.1-1 hour

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74
Q

length stage 2 parturition ewe and doe

A

1 hour

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75
Q

length stage 2 parturition sow

A

4 hours

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76
Q

length stage 2 parturition bitch

A

6 hours

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77
Q

length stage 2 parturition queen

A

4 hours

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78
Q

length stage 3 parturition cow

A

6 hours

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79
Q

length stage 3 parturition mare

A

1-2 hours

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80
Q

length stage 3 parturition ewe and doe

A

3 hours

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81
Q

length stage 3 parturition sow

A

1-4 hours

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82
Q

length stage 3 parturition bitch and queen

A

NA as comes out with stage 2

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83
Q

braught breed or ponie more likely to dystocia

A

draught breeds

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84
Q

beef or dairy breeds dystocia

A

beef

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85
Q

2 maternal considerations with dystocia

A
  • expulsion

- birth canal

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86
Q

uterine straining and dystocia

A

can be deficient or inadequate

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87
Q

uterine inertia and dystocia 2 causes

A
  • primary

- secondary

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88
Q

with expulsion 2 considerations dystocia

A
  • uterine inertia

- straining

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89
Q

2 considerations birth canal and dystocia

A
  • failure of cervical soft tissues and ligamets relaxation causing uterine torsion
  • inadequate pelvic diatmeter
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90
Q

2 foetal considerations dystocia

A
  • foetal size

- disposition

91
Q

foetal size and dystocia

A
  • too large

- monster

92
Q

foetal disposition and dystocia (3)

A

abonrmal

  • position
  • posture
  • presentation
93
Q

which animal lies down throughout parturition

A

pigs

94
Q

which animals stand for partuition and lie down for actual birth

A
  • cow
  • mare
  • ewe
95
Q

if you see injuries during internal exam then

A

tell the farmer so he cant blame you

96
Q

withdrawal reflex calf foetus

A

pinch between digits should withdraw limb

97
Q

suckle reflex calf foetus

A

put hand in mouth it should suckle

98
Q

3 reflexes to see if calf still alive partuition

A
  • withdrawel reflex
  • suckle reflex
  • rectal reflex
99
Q

how feel heartbeat in a forward facing calf during partuition

A

slide hand down chest

100
Q

how feel calf pulse if backward at partuition

A

feel for pulse in umbilical cord

101
Q

rectal reflex calf foetus

A

put finger in anus it should contract

102
Q

define foetotomy

A

cut calf up then pull out the bits

103
Q

how to check if calf can come out in partuition

A

2 people pulling should get carpal joint 10cm out as then the shoulders are in the pelvic canal

104
Q

how to check if double muscle cow can come out at partuition

A

1 person pulling should get carpal joint out 10 cm

105
Q

how to deliver a calf

A

once head is through rotate 9-* so hips come through at widest point of pelvis

106
Q

how to put calving chains on

A

loop of chain above fetlock then half hitch below it

107
Q

how to deliver caudal presentation

A
  • dilate vulva and vagine manually
  • check umbilical cord doesnt snap
  • if can pull hock out 10cm with 2 people then it will fit
108
Q

define presentation partuition

A

relationship of longitudinal axis of calf and mum

109
Q

3 presentations partuition

A
  • longitudinal anterior
  • longitudinal posterior
  • transverse
110
Q

define position partuition

A

relationship between dorsal surface of foetus and birth canal

111
Q

3 positions partuition

A
  • dorsal
  • ventral
  • lateral
112
Q

define dorsal position partuition

A
  • normal

- back against top of birth canal

113
Q

define ventral position partuition

A

back of calf against floor of birth canal

normal throughout parturition but should flip at partuition

114
Q

define posture partuition

A

disposition of movable appendages

- limb flexion, neck flexion, head displacments

115
Q

define ankylosis

A

stiff or rigid joints of foetus

116
Q

define hydrops

A

oedema of placenta

117
Q

define hydrocephalus

A

accumulation of spinal fluid in brain

118
Q

define anasarca

A

calf turned inside out

119
Q

torsion of uterus presents as what in cows

A

dystocia

120
Q

most uterine torsions are what direction

A

counterclockwise

121
Q

treatment uterine torsion

A
  • figure out what way its going

- roll cow

122
Q

main risk of cervical vaginal prolapse

A

infection

123
Q

8 predisposing factors to cervical/vaginal prolapse

A
  • low or high body condition score
  • high roughage diet or rumen fill
  • twins
  • high oestrogen
  • lack of exercise
  • urinary retention
  • breed
  • age
124
Q

tx vaginal prolapse

A
  • harness to increase strain on pelvic floor
  • spoon to push down on vaginal floor and stop straining held in place with harness
  • suture closed
125
Q

a suture pattern used to stop vaginal prolapse

A

buhner suture

- like a purse string

126
Q

cause of uterine prolapse

A

hypocalcaemia

127
Q

tx uterine prolapse

A
  • emergency
  • support prolapse to stop tears
  • epidural to stop straining
  • remore all foetal membranes
  • frog position (sitting with legs pulled back behind)
  • sugar can help shrink it
  • replace ensuring tip of horns in place can use lube bottle
128
Q

pig placenta

A

diffuse epitheliochorial

129
Q

sheep placenta

A

cotyledonary epitheliochorial

130
Q

goat placenta

A

cotyledonary epitheliochorial

131
Q

horse placenta

A

diffuse epithiliochorial

132
Q

cow placenta

A

cotyledonary epitheliochorial

133
Q

alpaca placenta

A

diffuse epitheliochoiral

134
Q

gestation length pig

A

114

135
Q

gestation length sheep

A

145

136
Q

gestation length goat

A

150

137
Q

gestation length horse

A

330

138
Q

gestation length alpaca

A

343

139
Q

3 events in puerperium

A
  • uterine and cervical involution
  • regeneration of endometrium
  • removal of bugs from repro tract
140
Q

involution is complete by (cow)

A

26-50 days post partum

141
Q

in uterine regeneratuion what causes caruncles to undergo degenerative change

A

vasoconstriction causes ischaemia

142
Q

how caruncular tissue leaves in uterine regeneration

A

necrosis and sloughing

143
Q

sloughing of caruncular tissue causes what during uterine regeneration

A

lochial tissue

144
Q

uterine regeneration complete by

A

day 25 post partum

145
Q

2 methods eliminate bacteria during uterine regeneration

A
  • leukocytes phagocytose bugs and release cytokines to initiate a response
  • uterine secretions dilute the bacteria and provides a barrier to the endometrium. uterine contractions then expel the discharge
146
Q

when uterus 100% sterile postpartum

A

8-9 weeks

147
Q

GnRH postpartum pituitary

A

pituitary is resistant to GnRH immediatly post partum due to the high P4 during pregnancy

148
Q

when FSH released post partum

A

7-10 days

149
Q

what delays start of cyclical activity

A

suckling

150
Q

what breaks down caruncle cotyledon bond (2)

A
  • collagenase

- proteases

151
Q

what need for placental expulsion

A
  • mature placenta
  • detached foetal/maternal villi
  • utrine contractions
  • PF2alpha
  • IL8
152
Q

placental retention causes (3)

A
  • metritis
  • toxaemia
  • not bad otherwise
153
Q

tx retained placenta (3)

A
  • treat for metritis or toxaemia
  • do not force it out
  • collagenase infusion into stumps can help
154
Q

define endometritis

A

infection of endometrium and stratum spongiosum

155
Q

clinical signs endometritis

A
  • no systemic illness

- leukocytes in discharge

156
Q

define metritis

A

infection of deeper layers of uterus

157
Q

clinical signs metritis (4)

A
  • mild-severe systemic illness
  • pus
  • fluid filled distended uterus
  • sore and swollen inflamed vagina
158
Q

indicator of uterine infection post partum

A

over 18% neutrophils in discharge 33 days post partum

159
Q

tx metritis (3)

A
  • supportive
  • antibiotics
  • uterine lavage
160
Q

4 pro reasons for castrating males FA

A
  • prevent unplanned pregnancies so can mix with females
  • reduce male on male aggression so can house together
  • reduce aggression to people handling them
  • reduces meat taint
161
Q

2 cons male FA castration

A
  • loose potential breeders-

- can reduce feed conversion and growth rates so get fatter animals

162
Q

law anaestheisia goat catration

A

meed after 2 month old

163
Q

law anaesthesia ram castration

A

need after 3 months old

164
Q

best to castrate calves when and why

A

younger as growth check is less severe then

165
Q

3 methods for castrating rams, calves and kids

A
  • elastrator rubber rings
  • burdizzo bloodless castration
    open castration
166
Q

when must elastrator ring be used for castration

A

in first week after birth

167
Q

how long takes for testes to drop of using elastrator rubber ring

A

2-3 weeks

168
Q

4 complications of open castration

A
  • haemorrhage
  • infection
  • herniation
  • gut tie
169
Q

what do you crush with burdizzo in bloodless castration

A

spermatic cords

170
Q

where crush with burdizzo

A

2 points 1 cm apart and 4 cm above testicles in each side. stagger the points and dont crush the middle as this is where blood supply is

171
Q

pros of burdizzo bloodless castration

A

no sepsis as scrotal skin remains intact

172
Q

5 cons bloodless castration

A
  • painful
  • scrotal ischaemia and necrosis if damage blood supply
  • crushing sigmoid flexure
  • incomplete castration
  • high failure rate
173
Q

what should testes feel like after bloodless castration

A

2 small hard masses

174
Q

5 reasons for caesarean

A
  • foetal-maternal disproportion
  • incomplete dilation of cervix
  • irreducible uterine torsion
  • foetal deformity
  • faulty foetal disposition
175
Q

most frequent reason for caesarean

A

foetal maternal disproportion

176
Q

4 needs for standing caesarean

A
  • halter on cow standing in corner with right flank against wall
  • bulldogs in nose
  • rope on right hind leg
  • tail tied to hind leg
177
Q

5 needs for recumbent caesarean

A
  • cast or use xylazine
  • clenbuterol
  • tail tied
  • hobble legs
  • semi lateral recumbency with bale behind shoulder
178
Q

how exteriorise uterus of cow caesarean

A

grasp hindleg below hock and rotate can push calf away as you pull

179
Q

where cut/rip calves umbilical cord caesarean

A

make sure its not too close to the naval

180
Q

suture pattern to close uterus post cow caesarean

A

continuous inverting or utrecht pattern

181
Q

main indicator of reproductive performance in pigs

A

pigs per sow per year

182
Q

age at which gilts are mated

A

8 months

183
Q

weaning to oestrus interval pig

A

under 7 days

184
Q

normal gilt litter size

A

14

185
Q

normal weaning to farrowing interval

A

122 days

186
Q

longevity of breeding sow

A

8 pariety

187
Q

gilts mated on what oestrus

A

3rd

188
Q

how induce farrowing pig

A

mix of prostaglandin and oxytocin

189
Q

at what paritiety will litter size normally dip

A

2

190
Q

why litter size dip at 2nd pariety

A

due to poor nutritional plane and not being able to keep up with reproductive demand

191
Q

aim for pigs per sow per year

A

24

192
Q

how many litters per year (pig)

A

2.4

193
Q

target pig litter size

A

11.5

194
Q

target culling rate pig

A

35%

195
Q

when foetus immune system work

A

day 70 in uterus

196
Q

how many embryos needed to get pig pregnant

A

8

197
Q

how many foetuses pig needs to maintain pregnancy

A

4

198
Q

if piglets born dead and different sizes it indicates

A

infectious cause

199
Q

if piglets born dead all same size indicates

A

something affected whole uterus at once e.g stress or fever

200
Q

foetal ossification pigs when

A

day 35-40

201
Q

eyes of piglet prepartum death

A

sunken with blue cornea

202
Q

eyes piglet died intrapartum

A

bulging

203
Q

eyes piglet died postpartum

A

normal

204
Q

organs piglet death prepartum

A

variable autolysis

205
Q

organs piglet death intrapartum

A

oedema

206
Q

organs piglet death post partum

A

autolysis

207
Q

6 things to look at to determine time of piglet death. prepartum, intrapartum or post partum

A
  • eyes
  • organs
  • feet
  • meconium
  • lungs
  • umbilicus
208
Q

calculation gestational age of pig in days

A

21 + (3 x crown to rump length in cm)

209
Q

define agalactia

A

failure to let down milk

210
Q

ergot poisoning causes 3 things in mamary

A
  • poor development
  • no response to oxytocin
  • agalactia
211
Q

coliform mastitis caused by (pigs)

A

coliform bacteria like E. coli

212
Q

coliform mastitis appearance (4)

A
  • anorexia
  • pyrexia
  • decreased milk production
  • hot swollen hard udder
213
Q

3 tx coliform mastitis

A
  • antibiotics
  • NSAIDs
  • oxytocin to encourage milk let down
214
Q

pyogenic mastitis appearance (3)

A
  • hard
  • pendulous
  • permanent milk loss
215
Q

2 causes of pyogenic mastitis

A
  • streptococci

- staphylococci

216
Q

piglet needs body temp of what when first born

A

30*C

217
Q

piglet temp can drop too what in first 30 min out of womb

A

20*C

218
Q

how long takes for piglet to regain temp after its fallen

A

10 days

219
Q

piglet that has suckled needs temperature of

A

24*C

220
Q

spay leg thought to be due to (pig)

A

congenital muscle weakness in adductor muscle of hind leg

221
Q

define atresia ani

A

no visible anus

222
Q

tx atresia ani

A

if bulging can cut through and make one

223
Q

define epitheliogenesis imperfecta (pig)

A

congenital abnormality where piglet born with raw patches of flesh with skin curling up around edges

reproduction (5 decks)

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