INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Question 1

a subset of a specific population who are selected to participate in a research study

Answer 1

sample

Question 2

properties of the sample?

Answer 2

statistics

Question 3

the complete set of individuals with the specific characteristics to whom the findings of a study can be generalized?

Answer 3

population

Question 4

properties of the population?

Answer 4

parameters

Question 5

describes the distribution of sample mean values around the true (population) mean?

measure of the spread of the data around the true mean

indicative of the statistical accuracy of an estimate

related to the standard deviation of the numbers

Answer 5

standard error of the mean

Question 6

a range of values that incorporates the true parameter value to a specified probability

commonly accepted confidence level is 95%

related to the standard error of the mean

Answer 6

confidence intervals

Question 7

mean of all samples will approximate the population mean if the sample size is sufficiently large

as the sample increases, sampling distributions will become normal

Answer 7

central limit theorem

Question 8

a rule used to determine whether to accept or reject a statement regarding a larger population by examining a smaller sample

Answer 8

hypothesis test

Question 9

analyzes opposing hypotheses about the population

Answer 9

hypothesis testing

Question 10

what are the steps of hypothesis testing?

Answer 10

state hypothesis
select a sample and collect data
analyze data using stat tests
determine whether to reject or accept null hypothesis

Question 11

no significant difference exists between groups being compared?

any perceived effects are the result of random fluctuations

Answer 11

null hypothesis (Ho)

Question 12

association exists between groups being compared?

any perceived effects are real

Answer 12

alternative hypothesis (H1)

Question 13

probability that random fluctuations alone resulted in difference from Ho

Important in determining whether to accept or reject Ho

Answer 13

P-values

Question 14

what is the common significance level?

Answer 14

0.05

Question 15

rejecting Ho when it is actually true

Answer 15

type I error, false positive

Question 16

rejecting Ho when it is actually false

Answer 16

type II error, false negative

Question 17

probability of concluding that there is a significant difference when there actually is?

Answer 17

power

Question 18

what is power equation?

Answer 18

(1-B)

Question 19

what is the lowest acceptable power?

Answer 19

0.8

Question 20

what does power depend on?

Answer 20

alpha level
effect size
sample sizes

Question 21

these are interrelated?

Answer 21

power
sample size
effect size
statistical significance

Question 22

in most instances what is alpha?

Answer 22

0.05

Question 23

power increase, sample size increase

Answer 23

alpha, effect size held constant

Question 24

power increase, effect size increase

Answer 24

alpha, sample size held constant

Question 25

sample size increase, effect size decrease

Answer 25

alpha power held constant