EPIDEMIOLOGY

Question 1

this is the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health

Answer 1

epidemiology

Question 2

this is the frequency and pattern of health related events in a population?

Answer 2

distribution

Question 3

a number of health events and relationship of number to population size

Answer 3

frequency

Question 4

occurrence of HRE by time, place and person

Answer 4

pattern

Question 5

these are the cause and risk factors that influence the occurrence of HRE?

Answer 5

determinants

Question 6

this is chronic disease, injury, birth defects, and occupational health?

Answer 6

health related states or events

Question 7

defined population at risk?

Answer 7

specified population at risk

Question 8

applying the information gained to the community>

Answer 8

application

Question 9

organization and analysis of data to describe variations in the frequency of HRE among populations by geographical areas over time?

focuses on time, place and persons of HREs

Answer 9

descriptive epidemiology

Question 10

quantification of the association between exposures and outcomes

test hypothesis on the effect of one variable and another

comparison group

Answer 10

analytical epidemiology

Question 11

number of new occurrences of an HRE in a population during a specified period of time

risk of contracting health condition

Answer 11

incidence

Question 12

number of existing cases of an HRE in a population at a specified time

how widespread the HRE is

Answer 12

prevalence

Question 13

overall average of HREs

number of new occurrences of HREs that occurs in a defined population over the course of a year

usually expressed as # of cases per 100,000 population at risk

Answer 13

crude rates

Question 14

ratio of risks in the treatment group to the risk in the control group

often used when comparing chance of an HRE occurring between two groups

risk=probability

Answer 14

relative risk (RR)

Question 15

measure of association between frequency of exposures (intervention) and frequency of outcome (disease)

Answer 15

odds ratio (OR)

Question 16

ratio of 2 probabilities

ratio of odds

Answer 16

relative risk

odds ratio

Question 17

measures of an effect of an intervention on an outcome over time?

Answer 17

hazard ratio (HR)

Question 18

probability that an individual would experience an outcome at a specific point after intervention

outcome could be positive or negative

Answer 18

hazard

Question 19

the ability of a test to detect an HRE in an individual when the HRE is present?

Answer 19

sensitivity

Question 20

the ability of a test to indicate non-HRE in an individual when no HRE is present

Answer 20

specificity

Question 21

proportion of individuals who are screened positive by a test and actually have the HRE?

Answer 21

positive predictive value

Question 22

proportion of individuals who are screened negative by a test and actually do not have the HRE?

Answer 22

negative predictive value

Question 23

essential for presenting results of:
epidemiological studies
diagnostic test evaluation studies
therapeutic comparison studies

used to determine whether the distribution of one variable is contingent upon the other variable

Answer 23

contingency table

Question 24

test used for the palpation of bone with a metal probe to determine the association between probing the bone and the presence/absence of osteomyelitis

Answer 24

PTB test

Question 25

graphically represents the tradeoff between the sensitivity and specificity for all possible cut off points

Answer 25

ROC curves

Question 26

this is the term used to describe the number of patients that need to be treated in order to prevent one additional bad outcome

measure of benefit
high NNT preferred

Answer 26

number needed to treat (NNT)

Question 27

proportion of patients in the control group that have specific outcomes

Answer 27

control event rate (CER)

Question 28

proportion of patients in the experimental group that have a specific outcome

Answer 28

experimental event rate (EER)

Question 29

risk difference between the CER and EER

Answer 29

absolute risk reduction (ARR)