EPIDEMIOLOGY Flashcards
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this is the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health
epidemiology
this is the frequency and pattern of health related events in a population?
distribution
a number of health events and relationship of number to population size
frequency
occurrence of HRE by time, place and person
pattern
these are the cause and risk factors that influence the occurrence of HRE?
determinants
this is chronic disease, injury, birth defects, and occupational health?
health related states or events
defined population at risk?
specified population at risk
applying the information gained to the community>
application
organization and analysis of data to describe variations in the frequency of HRE among populations by geographical areas over time?
focuses on time, place and persons of HREs
descriptive epidemiology
quantification of the association between exposures and outcomes
test hypothesis on the effect of one variable and another
comparison group
analytical epidemiology
number of new occurrences of an HRE in a population during a specified period of time
risk of contracting health condition
incidence
number of existing cases of an HRE in a population at a specified time
how widespread the HRE is
prevalence
overall average of HREs
number of new occurrences of HREs that occurs in a defined population over the course of a year
usually expressed as # of cases per 100,000 population at risk
crude rates
ratio of risks in the treatment group to the risk in the control group
often used when comparing chance of an HRE occurring between two groups
risk=probability
relative risk (RR)
measure of association between frequency of exposures (intervention) and frequency of outcome (disease)
odds ratio (OR)
ratio of 2 probabilities
ratio of odds
relative risk
odds ratio
measures of an effect of an intervention on an outcome over time?
hazard ratio (HR)
probability that an individual would experience an outcome at a specific point after intervention
outcome could be positive or negative
hazard
the ability of a test to detect an HRE in an individual when the HRE is present?
sensitivity
the ability of a test to indicate non-HRE in an individual when no HRE is present
specificity
proportion of individuals who are screened positive by a test and actually have the HRE?
positive predictive value
proportion of individuals who are screened negative by a test and actually do not have the HRE?
negative predictive value
essential for presenting results of:
epidemiological studies
diagnostic test evaluation studies
therapeutic comparison studies
used to determine whether the distribution of one variable is contingent upon the other variable
contingency table
test used for the palpation of bone with a metal probe to determine the association between probing the bone and the presence/absence of osteomyelitis
PTB test
graphically represents the tradeoff between the sensitivity and specificity for all possible cut off points
ROC curves
this is the term used to describe the number of patients that need to be treated in order to prevent one additional bad outcome
measure of benefit
high NNT preferred
number needed to treat (NNT)
proportion of patients in the control group that have specific outcomes
control event rate (CER)
proportion of patients in the experimental group that have a specific outcome
experimental event rate (EER)
risk difference between the CER and EER
absolute risk reduction (ARR)
