Infectious Process

Question 0

What is virulence

Answer 0

Commonly recognized as the measure of the microbes ability to invade and create disease and a host
Ability of the host to survive
Ability to transmit to a new host
Ability to hear to a structure that can cause infection
Mechanism for proliferation
Invasion and dissemination

Question 1

Factors to consider when cohorting patients

Answer 1

Common risk factors
Common exposure to communicable disease
Prevention of contact between patients known to be infected

Question 2

What regulates cell mediated immunity system

Answer 2

T lymphocytes and mono nuclear phagocytes

Question 3

What is he humoral immunity

Answer 3

Antibody response

Question 4

What bacteria excretes exotoxins

Answer 4

Exotoxins are secreted by gram-positive bacteria

Question 5

Name the characteristics of gram-positive bacteria

Answer 5

Heat inactivated
neutralized by specific antibody
possess enzymatic activity

Question 6

What is an endotoxin complex

Answer 6

Made up of bacterial proteins lipids and polysaccharides that remain firmly within the bacteria
Gram - bacteria
Not always destroyed by heat autoclave
Sets off cascade of responses
Cholera toxin increases fluids in the GI tract

Question 7

List some characteristics of gram-negative bacteria

Answer 7

Resist inactivation by heat partially neutralized by antibodies
send off Cascades of responses such as fever swelling pain shock. they complement the cascade of cytokines release

Question 8

What is the function of the thymus during cellular immunity response

Answer 8

The thymus transforms T lymphocytes into mature CD4 helper helper lymphocytes and CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes

Question 9

What type of cell kills virus cells

Answer 9

CD8 cells are considered virus killing cells

Question 10

Where do the CD4 cells populate

Answer 10

Bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes

Question 11

What type of cells are found in the skin and mucous membranes

Answer 11

Langerhans cells

Question 12

What is lysozyme?

Answer 12

Low activity enzyme secreted by mucous membranes

Kills some gram neg bacteria

Question 13

Name the three types of granulocytes

Answer 13

Neutrophil
eosinophils
Basophils

Question 14

What is the First cell to arrive at the site of an inflammatory process

Answer 14

Neutrophil

Question 15

What cells have no defined role to help resistant infection

Answer 15

Basophils

Contain histamine

Question 16

What’s so participates in an allergic response and contains histamine

Answer 16

Basophils

Question 17

What is the response of an eosinophils?

Answer 17

Defense against parasites

Question 18

What is the left shift

Answer 18

Lab finding of increased numbers of immature neutrophils and the peripheral blood

Question 19

What is the definition of leukocytosis

Answer 19

White blood cell count of greater than 10,000

Question 20

What is leukopenia

Answer 20

White blood cell count less than 4000

Question 21

How to determine absolute neutrophil count

Answer 21

Multiply the cumulative percent of mature and immature PMN and times the total white blood count

Question 22

How to calculate absoulute neutrophil count

Answer 22

ANC = Total WBC x (segs + bands) / 100

Example
Total WBC 400/mm segs 75% bands 10%

Question 23

What is the normal white blood count number

Answer 23

4000 to 10,000 cells per cubic millimeter (cumm)

Question 24

Immunocomprosmised determined by ?

Answer 24

Host defense defects Type of immunological abnormality induced by an agent Dose, duration, and temporal sequence of immunosuppressive therapy Neutropenia or lymphopenia State of humoral or cellular host defense Integrity of skin Metabolic factors Infections

Question 25

What type of bacteria is carried on fruits/veggies?

Answer 25

Gram neg | Salads test + for P aeruginisa, e. Coli, klebsiella

Question 26

What method is best for environmental culturing? | Qualitative or quantitative

Answer 26

Quantitative is better because it determines the amount.

Question 27

Name 2 ways to determine organism relatedness

Answer 27

Phenotypic or genotype can

Question 28

Name two types of lymphocytes

Answer 28

T cell - cellular immunity - mature in thymus | B cell - humoral immunity - mature in the bone

Question 29

T lymphocytes

Answer 29

Start in bone marrow, migrate to the thymus during fetal development, Mature to the thymus, and produce T cells.

Question 30

What does sed rate determine?

Answer 30

Increased with Inflammation and infection RBC or erythrocytes fall to the bottom - the rate at which they fall is the ESR rate

Question 31

Exotoxins

Answer 31

Protein secreted by gram - or + Results in cell death and stimulates T cell production causing the cytokines cascade

Question 32

Exotoxin

Answer 32

Secreted by gram + bacteria Susceptible to heat activation autoclave kills Neutralized by antibody Enzymatic activity

Question 33

Endotoxin

Answer 33

``` Gram negative bacteria Not destroyed by autoclaving Partially neutralized by antibody May possess enzymatic activity Sets off cascades of responses Examples cholera ```

Question 34

B lymphocytes

Answer 34

Originate in fetal liver and bone marrow. Populate in spleen and lymph nodes

Question 35

Humoral immunity

Answer 35

IgG | IgM

Question 36

What are cytotoxic T cells?

Answer 36

Destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells | CD8 T cells

Question 37

What are memory cells

Answer 37

Antigen specific T cells Persist long term after an infection has resolved Memory against previous infections CD4 or CD8 cells

Question 38

What are natural killer cells

Answer 38

Produce cytokines Eliminate some tumor cells Cells infected with herpes viruses

Question 39

What is regulatory T cells

Answer 39

Shuts down T cell mediated immunity

Question 40

What is helper t cells

Answer 40

Assist WBC in immunologic process | Maturation of B cells

Question 41

``` WBC Counts Normal range Leukocyte sis Leukopenia Neutropenia ```

Answer 41

Normal 4000-10,000 Leukocytosis >10,000 Leukopenia < 4,000 cells/mm3 Neutropenia < 1000

Question 42

Mechanisms of antivirals

Answer 42

Inhibition of formation of DNA precursors Interference with viral uncoating Conference of viral resistance on uninfected cells DOES NOT AFFECT THE CELL WALL