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CIC Exam > Infectious Disease Process > Flashcards

Infectious Disease Process Flashcards

0
Q

Interleukin - 2

A

Produced by CD 4 cells
Growth stimulator for T cells
Enhances activity of NK cells

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1
Q

What is interleukin 1 (IL-1)

A

Produced by many cell lines in the cellular immune system
Originally described as endogenous pylon - induces fever
Stimulates the differentiation if primitive T lymphocytes to specific T cell lines
Increases the production of other cytokines
Increases chemotaxis of macrophages

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2
Q

Interleukin 4

A

Produced by all T cells and mast cells

Stimulates growth of T and B lymphocytes, mast cells, & eosinophils

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3
Q

Interleukin-6

A

Produced ny macrophages, T & B lymphocytes
Promotes B lymphocyte differentiation
Causes proliferation of T lymphocytes
Causes differentiation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils
Induces fever

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4
Q

INH-a and INF B

A

Termed type I interferons

Produced by circulating WBC and fibroblasts
Interfere with the reproduction of viruses within infected cells

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5
Q

INF-y

A

Produced by activated T lymphocytes

Inhibits virus growth

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6
Q

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

A

Produced by macrophages

Causes involution and death of tumor cells

Causes protein catabolism in host with loss of muscle mass

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7
Q

Lymphotoxin

A

Similar to TNF
Promotes inflammation
Stimulates neutrophils

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8
Q

Granule yet macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)

A

Produced by many cell lines

Stimulates reproduction of all granule the and macrophage cell lines

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9
Q

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)

A

Produced by many cells of the reticule endothelial system and vascular endothelium

Stimulates reproduction if granulocyte cell lines.

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10
Q

Monk the colony stimulating factor ( M-CSF)

A

Produced by many reticule endothelial cell lines

Stimulates reproduction of monocytes

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11
Q

Humoral immune system

IgG

A 
Develop in a few weeks 
Provide long term immunity to a pathogen
Major circulating and Extra vascular antibody
immune response 
longest lived
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12
Q

Immunoglobulin M IgM

A

First reacting antibody to fight off infection
First line of defense
Present for only 6 months after exposure

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13
Q

IgA

A

Principle secretory antibody
Resides in mucous membranes
Found in saliva, breast milk, tissue of bladder, prostate, GI tract

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14
Q

IgD

A

Present on the surface of lymphocytes

Determines antigen specificity

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15
Q

IgE

A

Allergy

Releases large quantities of histamine & other inflammatory substances

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16
Q

What is aerobic

A

Microbes that must have oxygen to grow.

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17
Q

What is anaerobes ?

A

Microbes that grow without oxygen

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18
Q

What is facultative anaerobes?

A

Will use oxygen if present, but still grow I the absence of oxygen

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19
Q

What bacteria can penetrate the epithelium of the conjunctiva?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, neisseria meningitidis, streptococcus pneumonia, listeria monocytogenes, corynebacterium Diphtheriae

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20
Q

What specimens are not appropriate for anaerobic cultures

A 
Sputum
Rectal swab
Nasal or throat culture
Urethral swab
Voided urine
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21
Q

What is Virulence

A

Ability to invade and create disease in a host

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22
Q

Mast cells

A

Located in connective tissue and mucous membranes
When activated Excrete histamine and heparin
Histamine dilates blood vessels and causes neutrophils and macrophages to the site

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23
Q

What is a monocyte

A

Monocyte is the largest leukocyte which is a white blood cell
50% of monocytes are stored in the spleen

Quickly respond to infection & inflammation

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24
Q

What is a neutrophil

A

First to arrive at the site of an infection
most abundant phagocyte
they inhibit the growth of bacteria or fungus

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25
Q

What is an eosinophil

A

Active and killing bacteria and parasites

they also can cause tissue damage during allergic reaction

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26
Q

What is the basophil

A

They are activated by pathogen and release histamine
important defense against parasites
Play a role in allergic reactions (such as cause asthma)

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27
Q

Maternal passive immunity

A

Antibody mediated immunity IgG passed from mom to placenta
Antibodies disappear between 6-12 month
Transfer of IgA antibodies in breast milk

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28
Q

What is antiserum injection

A

Passive immunity is acquired using antiserum injection-
Injection contains antibodies form by a person or animal
provide immediate but short-term protection against an example is hepatitis exposure or tetanus antitoxin

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29
Q

What are parasites

A

Ectoparasites
Protozoa
Helminths

Detected by microscopic examination

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30
Q

Name the ectoparacites

A

Infestations are common in the community
Can spread in healthcare facility
Scabies, bedbugs, lice

31
Q

What are Protozoa

A

Unicellular free loving eukaryotic organisms
Community health problems (not typical in health care facilities)
Giardiasis
Toxoplasma
Giardiasis

32
Q

What is helminths

A

Parasitic worms
Roundworms
Tapeworms
Flatworm

33
Q

Anthrax

A 
Paused by bacillus anthracis
biological agent
Occupational contact or infected animals
Incubation hours to 7 days typically 48 hrs
Contact precautions
Treatment with penicillin, Cipro
34
Q

Aspergillosis

A

Fungal disease in resp tract of birds/mammals
Diagnosed by intradermal or scratch test

Days to weeks incubation
No precautions
Treated with corticosteroids.

35
Q

Brucellosis mediterranean fever

A

Signs and symptoms fever headache weakness profuse sweating chills depression weight loss and aching
Incubation 5 to 60 days
use contact precautions

36
Q

Chickenpox

A 
Herpes virus, varicella
Fever, maculopaoular skin eruptions,
Incubation 2-3 weeks
Chickenpox- airborne isolation, 
Disseminated zoster - s
37
Q

Cholera

A 
Infection of small intestine
Watery stools
Incubation 5 days
Contact precautions
50% die is not treated within hours
38
Q

Conjunctivitis pink eye

A

Hemophilia influenza epidemic, streptococcus pnemoniae, neisseria meningitis
Incubation 24-72 hours
Contact precautions

39
Q

Hemorrhagic fever (break bone fever)

A

Infectious tropical disease caused by dengue virus

Incubation 3-14 days

40
Q

Diphtheria

A

Corynebacterium Diphtheriae
Bacterial disease up involving pharynx

Incubation 2-5 days

41
Q

Ehrlichiosis

A

Transmitted by a tick
Fever, chills, malaise, headache, muscle joint pain, headache
Standard precautions
Treat with tetracycline

42
Q

Erythema infectious fifth disease

A

Childhood disease slapped cheek and lazy exanthema
Human parvovirus
Incubation 4-20 days
Droplet precautions

43
Q

Hep A

A

Jaundice, fatique, and pain, loss of appetite, nausea
Incubation 15-50 days
Fecal / oral route
HAVRIX vaccination
IgM antibody appears first and then declines

44
Q

Hep B

A

Jaundice, fatigue, and pain, loss of appetite, nausea.
HBSAG found in the blood 1-2 months after exposure

Incubation 45-180 days
Anti- HBc IgG life time marker for HBV infection

45
Q

Hep C

A 
70% asymptomatic
Anti- HCV can be detected in 4-24 weeks
Incubation 2 weeks to 6 months
Transmission - blood, sexual, perinatal
Standard precautions
Treat INF2b and ribavirin
46
Q

Hep D

A 
Occurs with confection with HBV
Detection of HDV
Low incidence in US
Incubation 2-8 weeks
HDV not sexually transmitted
hep B vaccination provides immunity
47
Q

Hep E

A

Non enveloped particle of The Calcivirus family
Usually a benign disease
Incubation 15-64 days
Fecal oral route for transmission

48
Q

Histoplasmosis

A

Systemic primary lesions in lung
Incubation 3-17 days usually 10 days
Standard precautions

49
Q

Hiv

A

Fever, malaise, lethargy, anorexia, nausea, headache, sore throat
ELISA measures antibody response
Western blot is confirmatory test
Detected 3 weeks to 6 months after exposure
Incubation 1-3 months

50
Q

Influenza

A

Types A B C
Symptoms include fever headache sore throat cough a Myalgia
Strains of flu are described by their geographical site of isolation the culture number and the year of isolation
Incubation period is 1 to 3 days
droplet precautions

51
Q

Legionnaires disease

A

Symptoms include anorexia malaise headache rapid rise and fever with chills nonproductive cough abdominal pain diarrhea
Incubation period is 2 to 10 days. standard precautions
mortality is about 39%

52
Q

Lyme disease

A

Borerelia buefdorferi
Incubation 3-32 days
ELISA testing

53
Q

Malaria

A

Symptoms include fever chills sweats cough diarrhea respiratory distress headache shock renal and liver failure, encephalopathy, cerebral edema, coma, death
Incubation period is 7 to 14 days if it’s a blood it’s two months
quinine is a treatment

54
Q

Measles rubella which is red measles

A

Signs and symptoms include fever conjunctivitis cough spots red blotchy rash which begins on the face
Diagnostic and testing includes and IgM antibodies which are present 3 to 4 days after the rash
Airborne isolation
treatment can include me you know globin and IG

55
Q

Bacterial meningitis

A

Sudden fever, headache, N, V, stiff neck, convulsions,
Test CSF appears cloudy, test for blood cells, leukocyte, cell count, protein ^ sugar
Neisseria meningitis - treat with Cipro.

56
Q

Viral meningitis

A

Occurs in July, August, sept
<40 y.o.
No mental impairment
Viral cultures of CSF

57
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A

Usually associated with Otis media or pharyngitis.
Causes bacteria meningitis

deafness occurs in 50%
Incidence has decreased since HIb vaccination

58
Q

Mononucleosis (Epstein Barr disease)

A

Human game herpesvirus
Fever, sore-throat, splenomegly, lymphadenopathy
IFA test for IgM & IgA

Incubation 4-6 weeks

59
Q

Mumps

A

Fever, swelling, tenderness of salivary glands
Incubation 12-25 days avg 18
DROPLET from 9 days past onset of swelling
Treatment - none

60
Q

Pediculosis LICE

A

Infested hair is fluorescent under UV light
Incubation 7-10 days
Contact precautions

Ectoparasites - scabies, bedbugs, lice

61
Q

Pertussis

A 
Bortella pertussis 
Cough has a crowing or high pitched sound
Diagnosed by NP culture
Incubation 6-20 days
Droplet for at least 5 days
62
Q

Plague (pestis)

A

Fever, chills, malaise, myalgia, nausea, sore throat, headache
Dx by bipolar staining, FA test,
Incubation 1-7 days
Droplet precautions for 72 hours until abx
Clothing will be infested with fleas use insecticides

63
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Poliovirus (enterovirus types 1,2,3
Flaccid paralysis. Fever, malaise, headache, nausea. Vomiting. Muscle pain, stiffness of neck
Dx: virus in stool, CSF, oral secretions
Incubation 3-35 days, average 7-14 days

Contact precautions

64
Q

rabies

A 
Virus rhabdovirus of genus Lyssavirus
Vizsla encephalomyelitis, sudden onset of apprehension, headache, fever, malaise, Sensory changes, 
DX: brain tissue
Incubation 9 days to 7years
Contact precautions
Intensive medical care
65
Q

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

A

Sudden onset Fever, malaise, deep muscle pain, severe headache, maculopaoular rash on extremities include palms and soles of feet, petechiae, and hemorrhages,
Incubation 3-14 days
Standard precautions

66
Q

RSV respiratory syncytial virus

A

Bronchiolitis & pneumonia in infants and children under 1 year
DX - virus antigens viral RNA
Isolation contact and droplet

67
Q

Rubella- German measles

A

Togavieidae, genus rubivirus
Maculopaoular rash resembles measles, headache, malaise, conjunctivitis,
Incubation 14-23 days, average 16-18 days
Droplet for 7 days after rash development

68
Q

SARS

A

Cornponavirus SARS CoV
Fever 100.4, headache, body ache, mild respiratory symptoms
Incubation 10 days
Droplet and contact precautions

69
Q

Scabies

A 
Sarcoptes scabies
Mite penetrates the skin
Diagnosed by skin scrapping
Incubation 2-6 weeks
Contact precautions for 24 hours after treatment
70
Q

West Nile virus

A

80% asymptomatic
Fever, myalgia, rash, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, malaise,
DX: test for CSF 8 days after symptoms IgM
Incubation 3-14 days
Standard precautions

71
Q

Yellow fever

A

Sudden onset Fever, chills, headache, backache, generalized muscle pain, nausea , vomiting,
Incubation 3-6 days
Standard precautions
Protect from Mosquitos

72
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A

Do not destroy microbes, but destroy the compromised host cd,lx such as tumor cells or virus infected cells
Not part of inflammatory response

73
Q

Active immunity

A

Host had an immunological response and produces cells that response
Host produces own antibodies
Active immunity persists for a long time - years

74
Q

Passive immunity

A

Humoral immunity
Host receives antibodies from another source. (Mom to baby 6-12 months)
Immunity is short lived months/weeks

Anti-serum injection
IVIG pooled human immunoglobin (Kelli)

CIC Exam (9 decks)

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