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Oncology > Infectious/Environmental Influences & The Warburg Effect > Flashcards

Infectious/Environmental Influences & The Warburg Effect Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of cancers are due to infectious causes?

A

15-20%

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2
Q

(T or F) Infectious disease as a cause of cancer is equally distributed between developed and developing countries.

A

False

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3
Q

Which of the following associations is incorrect?

a. Kaposi sarcoma and HIV
b. Bladder cancer and schistosomiasis
c. Nasopharyngeal cancer and EBV
d. Gastric cancer and EBV

A

d. Gastric cancer and EBV

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4
Q

What are mechanisms of infection-induced malignancy?

A 
Chronic inflammation 
Immunosuppression
Genomic instability 
Infection inducing cell proliferation
Production of oncogenic proteins
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5
Q

What factors are associated with increased risk of H pylori infection?

A

Household crowding
Older age
Decreased household sanitation

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6
Q

By which mechanism is H pylori able to survive the acidic environment of the stomach?

A

Production of urease

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7
Q

(T or F) Individuals with H pylori are always symptomatic.

A

False

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8
Q

What factors are associated with the development of gastric carcinoma?

A

High sodium diet
Cigarette smoking
Host genetics
Strain virulence

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9
Q

Which of the following factors are NOT protective against the progression to gastric carcinoma?

a. H pylori infection
b. Antioxidant intake
c. Helminthic infection
d. All
e. None

A

a. H pylori infection

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10
Q

What is an indication for H pylori testing?

A

Workup for symptoms associated with a peptic ulcer

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11
Q

Which of the following is considered the gold standard for H pylori testing?

a. Histological ID following biopsy
b. Serum antibodies
c. Stool antigen testing
d. Urea breath test

A

a. Histological ID following biopsy

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12
Q

What are mechanisms by which hepatitis B causes hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

DNA integration
Production of oncogenic proteins
Chronic inflammation

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13
Q

By which transmission route do the majority of individuals contract chronic hepatitis B?

A

Birth

Hep B as in Babies

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14
Q

Which marker demonstrates vaccination for HBV?

A

HBsAB

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15
Q

You order a hepatitis B panel for someone you suspect to be infected. Which of the following results confirm your suspicion of a CHRONIC infection?

A

+ HBsAg
+ Total Anti-HBc
- IgM Anti-HBc
- Anti-HBs

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16
Q

Which population is most likely to clear an HBV infection?

A

Adults

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17
Q

What are risk factors associated with HCV transmission?

A

Multiple sex partners
IV drug use
Organ transplant recipients before the mid 80s

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18
Q

(T or F) HBV vaccination program in the US has led to a decrease in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma.

A

True

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19
Q

(T or F) People typically form immunity to HCV through antibody production.

A

False

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20
Q

What is the “window” from exposure to testing positive for HCV?

A

4 weeks

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21
Q

What percentage of cervical cancers are linked to high risk HPV infections?

A

90%

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22
Q

Which oncogenes are encoded in high-risk HPV genomes?

A

E6 and E7

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23
Q

What are risk factors for development of cervical cancer?

A 
Smoking (2x)
Early onset of sexual activity
Low SES
HIV
After having 3+ children
Long term oral contraceptive use
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24
Q

Which of the following screening guidelines for cervical cancer is correct?

a. Continue screening after hysterectomy regardless of history
b. Begin screening at 21yo independent of sexual activity
c. Co-screening for HPV and cytology from 21-29
d. Stop screening at 65 yo regardless of history

A

b. Begin screening at 21yo independent of sexual activity

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25
Q

(T or F) HPV vaccines protect against cervical cancer and only females should receive them.

A

False

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26
Q

By which mechanism are schistosomes believed to cause bladder cancer?

A

Chronic inflammation

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27
Q

What energy source do cancer cells use for aerobic fermentation?

A

Glucose

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28
Q

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the Warburg effect?

a. Increased glucose uptake
b. Lactic acid production in the presence of oxygen
c. Aerobic fermentation
d. Increased response to growth-inhibition

A

d. Increased response to growth-inhibition

29
Q

What are flavins?

A

Materials used in the creation of FAD

30
Q

What are actions of ATP in cellular metabolism?

A

Cellular division
Housekeeping fxns
Redox balance

31
Q

Why is glycolysis an inefficient means of ATP production in mammalian white muscle?

A

Glycolysis produces lactic acid due to anaerobic metabolism inhibiting glycolysis

32
Q

(T or F) Glucose is rate limiting in cellular metabolism.

A

False

33
Q

(T or F) Glucose produces ATP faster (via glycolysis) than oxidative phosphorylation.

A

True

34
Q

What percentage of glucose is diverted into biosynthetic pathways upstream of pyruvate in proliferating cells?

A

10%

35
Q

What is the primary end product of glycolysis within proliferating tissue or tumor?

A

The majority of pyruvate is converted to lactate

36
Q

What is the pyruvate kinase isoform PKM2?

A

Key metabolic regulator in rapidly dividing cells

37
Q

What effect does reduction in PKM2 levels have on glycolysis?

A

Allows more glycolytic intermediates to be used for biosynthesis

38
Q

Increased 3PG leads to an increase in which amino acid?

A

Serine

38
Q

Increased 3PG leads to an increase in which amino acid?

A

Serine

39
Q

Serine is converted to which amino acid when it donates a carbon to the folate pool?

A

Glycine

40
Q

The functions of serine in the body include:

A

Increasing biomass

Producing nucleotides

41
Q

What does glycine contribute to in the nucleotide structure?

A

1 nitrogen and 2 carbons

42
Q

(T or F) Glutamine can be used by proliferating cells as a fuel source.

A

True

43
Q

What are the roles/functions of glutamine in cellular metabolism of proliferating cells?

A

Carbon source for acetyl-CoA
Nitrogen source
Anaplerotic for the TCA cycle

44
Q

In the Krebs Cycle of the proliferating cell, glutamine donates carbon to alpha ketoglutarate which is converted to _______________.

A

Citrate

45
Q

Under normal conditions, acetyl-CoA derives the majority of its contributions from

A

Glucose

46
Q

Under hypoxic conditions, acetyl-CoA derives the majority of its contributions from

A

Glutamine

47
Q

The Warburg phenomena has suggested that __________- is a way of limiting rapid cell growth

A

Calorie restriction

48
Q

(T or F) A large number of people in the population have genes coding for familial (hereditary) cancers.

A

False

49
Q

Which of the following is NOT evidence to support the environmental-cancer link?

a. The majority of cancer cases have no known risk factors
b. Fewer than half of identical twins get the same cancer
c. Most cancer rates remain stable across the globe
d. Immigrant’s cancer risk parallels that of their new country

A

c. Most cancer rates remain stable across the globe

50
Q

Which type of cancer is the most common in the US?

A

Carcinomas

51
Q

Which fraction of yearly cancer deaths in the US are related to exposure to carcinogens in tobacco products?

A

1/3 (33%)

52
Q

Obesity and physical inactivity may account for what percentage of severe major cancers?

A

25-30%

53
Q

H. pylori contributes to the development of which type of cancer?

A

Stomach cancer

54
Q

Exposure to elevated levels of radon gas are associated with which type of cancer?

A

Lung cancer

55
Q

Which solvent is found in pain thinners, glues, and dry cleaning and is known to cause leukemia?

A

Benzene

56
Q

Which fine particle is linked to increased rates of mesothelioma?

A

Asbestos

57
Q

What are dioxins?

A

Unwanted byproducts of chemical processes containing chlorine and hydrocarbons

58
Q

People are exposed to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) through

A

Dairy, fish, meat

59
Q

Which types of cancers are linked to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposures?

A

Skin, lung, urinary cancers

60
Q

What are sources of polycyclic of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)?

A

Wood burning stoves for homes
Smoked/BBQ foods
Sausages

61
Q

(T or F) There are medical interventions to reduce blood lead levels (BLLs)

A

True

62
Q

Diesel exhaust particles are suspected of being carcinogens due to the increased incidence of this type cancer in the occupational groups exposed to diesel exhaust?

A

Lung cancer

63
Q

(T or F) Vinyl chloride can leach from plastic PVC bottles

A

True

64
Q

What are known health effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)?

A

Thyroid toxicity
Breast cancer
Developmental neurotoxicity

65
Q

What are the primary routes of exposure to phthalates?

A

Personal care products, food, children’s toys

66
Q

(T or F) Phthalates are endocrine disruptors in both males and females.

A

True

67
Q

(T or F) More than 90% of the US population has measurable levels of BPA in their body.

A

True

Oncology (9 decks)

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