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Oncology > Immune Response > Flashcards

Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

Each person has approximately _________ tumors developing within them at any time.

A

15-20

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2
Q

What distinguishes tumor cells from “self”?

A

Tumors have mutation producing “neo-antigens” and danger signals

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3
Q

Macrophages produce which tumor killing cytokines?

A

TNF-alpha

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4
Q

Which response is specific to tumors?

A

Th1

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5
Q

Which of the following is true about tumor antigens?

  1. Tumors generally present the same type of “malignancy” antigen, regardless of location within the body
  2. The immune system has a general response to tumors
  3. Tumors change antigens over time
  4. Tumors have specific and variable antigens
A
  1. Tumors have specific and variable antigens
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6
Q

In the experiment presented on cancer immunology, cancer develops in the irradiated mouse, but not in the the mouse without radiation exposure. What does this tell us?

A

The immune system plays a significant role in tumor suppression

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7
Q

Necrosis is:

A

Capable of stimulating an immune response, an inflammatory cell death

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8
Q

Immune response to tumors is generated in

A

The nearest lymph node

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9
Q

In regards to cancer, how is IFN-gamma production blocked?

A

The tumor produces TGF-beta

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10
Q

Which of the following statements about hTERT is FALSE?

  1. It stands for Human Telepathic Enzymes Reverse Transcriptase
  2. All tumor cells have this mutation
  3. Drugs targeting this mutation may impact stem cells
  4. It allows tumor cells to extend their life cycle longer than healthy cells
A

It stands for Human Telepathic Enzymes Reverse Transcriptase

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11
Q

What is a side-effect of chemotherapeutic agents targeting MAGE-1?

A

Male sterilization

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12
Q

How did Dr. Cooley induce fever?

  1. Injected dead bacteria into the patient
  2. Wrapped the patients in blankets
  3. Placed the patient next to a fire
  4. Each of these is correct
  5. None of these are correct
A

Each of these is correct

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13
Q

Which of the following cytokines is not induced by Cooley’s toxin?

  1. IFN gamma
  2. IL-1
  3. IL-5
  4. TNF alpha
A

IL-5

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14
Q

What factor limits the use of Dr. Cooley’s method for treating cancer?

A

Unable to regulate

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15
Q

What is the main concern with injecting tumors with CD86 plasmids?

A

Triggering autoimmunity

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16
Q

In Ralph Steinman’s method of delivering CD86 to the tumors, at what location were dendritic cells exposed to the tumor cells?

A

In vitro

17
Q

(T or F) Steinman’s method is just as effective as second-line therapy after patients have gone through chemotherapy.

A

False

18
Q

Which receptors do checkpoint inhibitors work on CD-8 T cells?

A

CTLA-4

19
Q

What do PD-1 inhibitors do?

A

Block tumors from killing T cells

20
Q

Which pairing leads to a net positive T cell signal?

  1. CD87 and CD28
  2. MHC and TCR
  3. CD87 and CTLA-4
  4. None of these is true
  5. Each of these is true
A

CD87 and CD28

21
Q

3 things the immune system can see to target tumors

A

Neo-antigens, danger signals (CD86), TME (tumor antigens in microenvironment)

22
Q

Innate response = Macrophages > _______ > leading to aggression > and is (specific/non-specific)

A

Innate response = Macrophages > TNF-alpha > Non-specific

23
Q

Specific Response = Th1 > (Cell type) > kill tumors (specifically/non-specifically)

A

Specific Response = Th1 > CD8 T cells > Specifically

24
Q

What is ADCC

A

Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Somewhat specific through antibody-mediated mechanisms with NK cells

25
Q

Tumor Specific Antigens: hTERT

A

Human telomerase enzyme reverse transcriptase. All cancer cells have this turned ON. Telomerase extends the ends of chromosomes. Can’t target this with drugs because it will also kill our stem cells.

26
Q

Tumor Specific Antigens: Abnormally expressed protein

A

Protein that was expressed during development (fetal proteins)

27
Q

Tumor Specific Antigens: Overexpression of a protein (examples)

A

Melanoma:

  • MAGE-1 - Targeting this will kill tumors, but sterilize males
  • MART - Expressed by melanoma, also in brain, inner ear, skin. Targeting this can cause brain damage, vertigo
28
Q

Dr. Coley’s Toxins: Hyperthermia > Fever > IL-1, ?, ?.

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha

(Bacteria drive Th1 response = INF gamma)

Oncology (9 decks)

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