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Infectious Dx Flashcards

1
Q

Rubeola-measles

A

Cough, koplik spots, coryza, conjuctivitis, retro oracular lymphadenopathy

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2
Q

Lassa fever

A

Arenaviridae family (virus)

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3
Q

Ebola hemorrhagic fever

A

Filoviridae family (virus)

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4
Q

Legionnaire disease

A

Legionella pneumophilla (bacterium)

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5
Q

Hemolytic uremic syndrome

A

Escherichia Coli 0157:H7 (bacterium)

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6
Q

Lyme borreliosis

A

Borrelia burgdorferi (bacterium)

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7
Q

AIDS

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

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8
Q

Gastric ulcers

A

Helicobacter pylori (bacterium)

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9
Q

Cholera

A

Vibrio cholerae 0139 (bacterium)

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10
Q

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

A

Bunyaviridae family (virus)

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11
Q

Pandemic influenza

A

Orthomyxoviridae family (virus)

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12
Q

Direct routes of transmission

A 
Skin-skin: Herpes type 1
Mucous-mucous: STI
Across placenta: toxoplasmosis
Through breast milk: HIV
Sneeze-cough: Influenza
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13
Q

Indirect routes of transmission

A

Food-borne: Salmonella
Water-borne: Hepatitis A
Air-borne: Chickenpox

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14
Q

Transmission thru a vector

A

A carrier of an infectious agent

Ex. Malaria Parasite carried by Mosquito

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15
Q

Normal flora: nose

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Corynebacterium species

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16
Q

Normal flora: mouth

A 
Streptococcus species
Fusobacterium species
Actinomyces species
Leptotrichia species
Viellonella species
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17
Q

Normal flora: throat

A 
Streptococcus species
Moraxella catarrhalis
Corynebacterium species
Haemophilus species
Neisseria species 
Mycoplasma species
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18
Q

Normal flora: large intestines

A 
Bacteroides fragalis
Escherichia Coli
Proteus mirabilis
Enterobacter species
Klebsiella species
Lactobacillus species
Enterococcus species
Candida albicans
Clostridium species
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
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19
Q

Normal flora: vagina

A 
Lactobacillus species
Enterococcus species
Candida albicans 
Gardnarella vaginalis
Neisseria species
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20
Q

Normal flora: urethra

A

Enterococcus species
Mycobacterium species
Escherichia Coli
Bactericides species

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21
Q

Normal flora: skin

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis
Propionibacterium acnes
Malassezia furfur
Candida albicans

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22
Q

Respiratory: Adenovirus

A

Upper and lower respiratory tract infections, conjunctivitis, diarrhea

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23
Q

Respiratory: Rhinovirus

A

Upper respiratory tract infection

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24
Q

Respiratory: Influenza viruses A, B

A

Influenza

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25
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus

A

Bronchiolitis, pneumonia

26
Q

Digestive: Mumps virus

A

Mumps, pancreatitis, orchitis

27
Q

Digestive: Rotavirus

A

Childhood gastroenteritis

28
Q

Digestive: Norovirus

A

Gastroenteritis

29
Q

Digestive: Hepatitis A virus

A

Acute viral hepatitis

30
Q

Digestive: Hepatitis B virus

A

Acute or chronic hepatitis

31
Q

Digestive: Hepatitis D virus

A

With HBV, acute or chronic hepatitis

32
Q

Digestive: Hepatitis E virus

A

Enterically transmitted hepatitis

33
Q

Systemic with Skin Eruptions: Measles virus

A

Measles (rubeola)

34
Q

Systemic with Skin Eruptions: Rubella virus

A

German measles (rubella)

35
Q

Systemic with Skin Eruptions: Varicella-zoster virus

A

Chickenpox, shingles

36
Q

Systemic with Skin Eruptions: Herpes simplex virus 1

A

Oral herpes (“cold sore”)

37
Q

Systemic with Skin Eruptions: Herpes simplex virus 2

A

Genital herpes

38
Q

Systemic with Hematopoietic Disorders: Cytomegalovirus

A

Cytomegalic inclusion disease

39
Q

Systemic with Hematopoietic Disorders: Epstein-Barr virus

A

Infectious mononucleosis

40
Q

Systemic with Hematopoietic Disorders: HIV-1 and HIV-2

A

AIDS

41
Q

Arboviral and Hemorrhagic Fevers: Dengue virus 1–4

A

Dengue hemorrhagic fever

42
Q

Arboviral and Hemorrhagic Fevers: Yellow fever virus

A

Yellow fever

43
Q

Skin/Genital Warts: Papillomavirus

A

Condyloma; cervical carcinoma

44
Q

Central Nervous System: Poliovirus

A

Poliomyelitis

45
Q

Central Nervous System: JC virus

A

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (opportunistic)

46
Q

The viruses that cause transient (acute) infections are structurally heterogeneous, but each elicits an effective immune response that eliminates the organism and may or may not confer lifelong protection.

A

The mumps virus, for example, has only one serotype and infects people only once,

 other transient viruses, such as influenza viruses, can repeatedly infect the same individual because of antigenic variation.

47
Q

Measles (rubeola) virus is a leading cause of vaccine-preventable death and illness worldwide.

More than 20 million people are affected by measles each year.

In 2005, there were an estimated 345,000 deaths globally, the majority of them in children in developing countries.

A

The diagnosis is usually made clinically, or by serology or detection of viral antigen in nasal exudate or urinary sediment.

48
Q

Measles virus is a single-stranded RNA virus of the paramyxovirus family that includes:

A

mumps,
respiratory syncytial virus (the major cause of lower respiratory infections in infants),
parainfluenza virus (a cause of croup),
human metapneumovirus.

49
Q

There is only one serotype of measles virus.

Two cell-surface receptors have been identified for the virus:

A

CD46, a complement-regulatory protein that inactivates C3 convertases.
signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM), a molecule involved in T-cell activation.
Both these receptors bind the viral hemagglutinin protein.

50
Q

Measles virus is transmitted by:

A

respiratory droplets.

The virus initially multiplies within upper respiratory epithelial cells and then spreads to local lymphoid tissue.

51
Q

Measles can replicate in:

A

epithelial cells, endothelial cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes.

Replication of the virus in lymphatic tissue is followed by viremia and systemic dissemination of the virus to many tissues, including the conjunctiva, respiratory tract, urinary tract, small blood vessels, lymphatic system, and CNS.

52
Q

Measles may cause

A

croup, pneumonia, diarrhea with protein-losing enteropathy, keratitis with scarring and blindness, encephalitis, and hemorrhagic rashes (“black measles”) in malnourished children with poor medical care

53
Q

Most children develop T cell–mediated immunity to measles virus that controls the viral infection and produces:

A

the measles rash, a hypersensitivity reaction to measles-infected cells in the skin.

The rash is less frequent in people with deficiencies in cell-mediated immunity but does occur in agammaglobulinemic people.

54
Q

Antibody-mediated immunity to measles virus protects against reinfection.

A

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and measles inclusion body encephalitis (in immunocompromised individuals) are rare late complications of measles.

55
Q

mumps virus

A

is a member of the paramyxovirus family.

56
Q

Mumps virus has two types of surface glycoproteins

A

one with hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activities

and the other with cell fusion and cytolytic activities.

57
Q

Mumps viruses enter the upper respiratory tract through

A

inhalation of respiratory droplets, spread to draining lymph nodes where they replicate in lymphocytes (preferentially in activated T cells), and then spread through the blood to the salivary and other glands.

58
Q

Mumps virus infects salivary gland ductal epithelial cells, resulting in desquamation of involved cells, edema, and inflammation that leads to the classic salivary gland pain and swelling of mumps.

A

Mumps virus also can spread to other sites, including the CNS, testis and ovary, and pancreas.

Aseptic meningitis is the most common extrasalivary gland complication of mumps infection, occurring in about 10% of cases.

59
Q

mumps parotitis

A

is bilateral in 70% of cases, affected glands are enlarged, have a doughy consistency, and are moist, glistening, and reddish brown on cross-section.

60
Q

mumps orchitis

A

testicular swelling may be marked, caused by edema, mononuclear cell infiltration, and focal hemorrhages. Because the testis is tightly contained within the tunica albuginea, parenchymal swelling may compromise the blood supply and cause areas of infarction. Sterility, when it occurs, is caused by scars and atrophy of the testis after resolution of viral infection.

In the enzyme-rich pancreas, lesions may be destructive, causing parenchymal and fat necrosis and neutrophil-rich inflammation.

61
Q

Digestive: Hepatitis C virus

A

Acute or chronic hepatitis

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