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Step 1 USMLE > Infectious Diseases - Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases - Respiratory Tract Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the main 5 viruses that cause the common cold

A
  1. Rhinovirus
  2. Corona virus
  3. Adenovirus
  4. Enterovirus
  5. Parainfluenza
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2
Q

rhinovirus grows best at what temperature

A

33 degrees celsius, that is why it cannot be in the LRT

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3
Q

what is normal body temperature

A

37 degrees celsius

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4
Q

is adenovirus a DNA virus or RNA virus

A

DNA

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5
Q

what is the most common causative agent for the common cold

A

Rhinovirus

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6
Q

Rhinovirus belongs to what large family

A

Picornavirade Family

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7
Q

what are the three viruses in the Picornavirade family

A

Rhinovirus
Hepanovirus
Enterovirus

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8
Q

DO picornaviridae (3) have an envelope or not?

A

no envelope

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9
Q

if an RNA virus is positive sense what does it mean

A

The RNA genome can be used as mRNA so their actual genome is infective

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10
Q

if an RNA virus is negative sense what does it mean

A

The genome of the RNA virus cannot be used to make mRNA so they have to use the host genome so they are not infective on their own

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11
Q

what are the two different shapes a virus can have

A

helical and icosahedral

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12
Q

which viruses can easily be destroyed by the environment and why

A

Enveloped viruses because their envelope can be broken down by things such as alcohol and detergents

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13
Q

which viruses are resistant to environment and things like alcohol and detergents

A

non enveloped viruses

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14
Q

what is the most common virus to cause common cold in adults

A

parainfluenza virus type 4

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15
Q

otitis media is commonly a secondary infection to what

A

viral upper respiratory tract infections or upper respiratory allergies

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16
Q

otitis media is usually bacterial or viral

A

bacterial

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17
Q

what kind of otitis media do viruses cause

A

otitis media with effusion

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18
Q

what are the three main causes for otitis media, in order.

A
  1. S. Pneumonia
  2. H. Influenza
  3. M. Catarhallis
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19
Q

S. pneumo is catalase…

A

neg

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20
Q

s. pneumo is gram…

A

positive

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21
Q

what shape is s. pneumo

A

diplococci

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22
Q

what are the 2 alpha hemolytic streptococci

A

s. pneumo and s. vidants

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23
Q

how do you differentiate between s. pneuma and s. viridian’s

A

viridian’s is bile insoluble and s. pneumo is bile soluble

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24
Q

what sensitivity test can be used to differentiate between viridians and pneumo

A

Optochin

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25
Q

in regards to Optochin, viridians is…. and s. pneuma is….

A

resistant

sensitive

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26
Q

what medium is used for S. penumo and for viridian’s

A

blood agar plate

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27
Q

H. Influenza is

catalase. ..
oxidase. …

A

positive

positive

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28
Q

what shape is H. Influenza

A

bacilli

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29
Q

what are the two necessary factors for H. Influenza

A

X-Hemin

V-NAD

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30
Q

which H.Influenza are capsulated

A

type A-F

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31
Q

what are the H. Influenza with no capsule called

A

non typeable

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32
Q

m. catarhallis is gram…
catalase. ..
oxidase. ..

A

neg
positive
positive

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33
Q

which of the viruses that cause otitis media have b-lactemase

A

s. pneumo and m. catarrhallis

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34
Q

how to differentiate between M. Catarhallis and Neisseria

A

neisseria has glucose

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35
Q

what is the first way to DX AOTM

A

otoscope ( TM should be immobile and inflamed)

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36
Q

what is used to test the mobility of the TM in AOTM

A

pneumatic otoscope

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37
Q

what are the 3 things that need to be done for DX in the case of AOTM

A
  • otoscope
  • pneumatic otoscope
  • culture of effusion
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38
Q

what is the main TX for AOTM

A

Ampicillin-Clavulnate Acid “Augmentin”

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39
Q

what can be used to TX AOTM instead of ampicillin

A

cefuroxime (treats B-lactem)

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40
Q

why is clavulnate added to ampicillin for AOTM

A

so that it can suicide itself for the B-lactem present in m. catrahalis and s. pneuma

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41
Q

what are the three main causative agents for bacterial sinusitis

A
  1. S. Pneumo
  2. H. Influenza
  3. M. Caterhallis
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42
Q

acute bacterial sinusitis is how long? how long is chronic?

A

acute: 90 days

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43
Q

cavities through the upper molar teeth can cause problems in which sinus

A

maxillary

44
Q

which sinus has to drain against gravity and therefore easily gets clogged

A

maxillary sinus

45
Q

what 7 things are in the cavernous sinus

A
  • ICA
  • CN4
  • CN3
  • CN5
  • CN6
  • anterior facial vein
  • ophthalmic vein
46
Q

which sinus causes deep facial pain

A

sphenoid and ethmoid

47
Q

what problems can the frontal sinus cause

A

brain abscess in frontal lobe and meningitis

48
Q

ethmoidal sinus can produce…

A

periorbital cellulitis

49
Q

sphenoidal sinus problems can cause

A

cavernous sinus thrombosis

50
Q

which sinus can affect the optic chasm and the pituitary

A

sphenoid

51
Q

chronic bacterial sinusitis is always due to what

A

blockage of the sinuses

52
Q

give three examples of people who would have chronic bacterial sinusitis

A
  • CF patients
  • Adults with polyps in nasal cavity that block drainage
  • Kids who put foreign body in nose
53
Q

what are the main two causes of Chronic Bacterial sinusitis

A

Anaerobes and S. Aureus

54
Q

s. aureus is catalase..

A

positive

55
Q

s. epidermis is catalase

A

neg

56
Q

what are two examples of an anerobe

A

presutella and peptostreptococci

57
Q

what is the main form of DX for CBS

A

symptomatic diagnosis

58
Q

apart from symptomatic diagnosis what are 4 other forms of diagnosis for chronic bacterial sinusitis

A
  • sinus puncture
  • skull XR
  • CT
  • MRI
59
Q

what is the TX for ABS

A

amoxicillin-clavulnate acid and cefuxime

60
Q

what is the main treatment for CBS

A

flouroquinolones

61
Q

what are examples of flouroquinolones that treat CBS (4)

A
  • ciprofloxacin
  • ofloxacin
  • moxifloxacine
  • levofloxacine
62
Q

what is another drug that can treat CBS that is not a flouroquinolone

A

Metranidozole

63
Q

which of the flouroquinolones foes not cover staph (s. aureus)

A

ciprofloxacin

64
Q

what is known as a sore throat

A

pharyngitis

65
Q

why do you usually not give antibiotics for pharyngitis

A

because 80% of the time it is viral

66
Q

what are the 6 causes of pharyngitis

A 
Adenovirus
Rhinovirus
Coronavirus
Influenza A and B
Enterovirus 
HIV
67
Q

what is most likely to cause pharyngitis in kids

A

adenovirus

68
Q

what can cause pharyngioconjunctivle fever “ swimming pool conjunctivitis”

A

adenovirus

69
Q

Infectious mononucleosis is caused by what two agents

A

EBV and CMV

70
Q

for mononucleosis which virus is mono positive

A

EBV

71
Q

what virus will cause exudative pharyngitis

A

EBV

72
Q

CMV infectious mono can be spread through

A

genital secretions

73
Q

EBV infectious mono can be spread through

A

saliva

74
Q

what is a good test in addition to the mono spot test for the differentiation of EBV and CMV mono

A

Heterophiles Antibody Test

75
Q

Heterophile antibody will not be produced by which mono virus

A

CMV

76
Q

Heterophile AB is usually negative in who

A

kids

77
Q

what is the most common bacterial cause of pharyngitis

A

s. pyogens (group A strep)

78
Q

what does odenophasia mean

A

pain swallowing

79
Q

which strep can cause rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis

A

s. progenies ( group A)

80
Q

what is the treatment for bacterial pahyringitis

A

penicillin-v

81
Q

what is known to have an abrupt onset, pain in the throat, and difficulty swallowing

A

acute epiglottis

82
Q

what is the most common cause of acute epiglottis

A

H influenza

83
Q

what three things cause acute epiglottis

A

h. influenza
s. progenies
a. aureus

84
Q

what kind of stridor does acute epiglottis have

A

quiet

85
Q

what should you never do for someone when examining them for acute epiglottis

A

never examine there throat because you could cause spasm and they could suffocate

86
Q

what is the main treatment for acute epiglottis

A

ceftrioxone IV

87
Q

what is another name CROUP

A

Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis

88
Q

what age is croup common in

A

3 months to 3 years old

89
Q

what is the main causative agent for croup

A

parainfluenza type 1 and type 2 can cause as well

90
Q

what are the three paramyxoviruses

A
  1. RSV
  2. Mumps
  3. Parainfluenza
91
Q

what is the main treatment for croup

A

albuterol to bronchodialte

92
Q

what drug do you give for severe stridor in croup

A

dexamethasone

93
Q

what is a cough that last

A

acute bronchitis

94
Q

chronic bronchitis is related to what?

A

smoking

95
Q

how long do you have to have bronchitis for it to be chronic

A

3 months or more for at least 2 years straight

96
Q

acute bronchitis is usually caused by a

A

virus

97
Q

what are the 4 main viruses that cause acute bronchitis

A

Influenza A and B
Adenovirus
Parainfluenza type 3
RSV

98
Q

since acute bronchitis is viral we don’t treat it but what can you give if the patient has severe bronchoconstriction

A

albuterol

99
Q

what do you treat whooping cough with in regards to limiting transmission

A

azithromycin

100
Q

what is known as infection of pulmonary parenchyma

A

pneumonia

101
Q

what are the 4 types of pneumonia

A

community acquired atypical and typical
nosocomial
aspiration

102
Q

what are the 4 causes of community acquired typical pneumonia

A

S. pneumo
h. influenza-nontypable
klebsiella
a. aureus

103
Q

what is the common causing agent in alcoholics in regards to community acquired typical pneumonia

A

klebsiella

104
Q

what are 6 risks for bronchial “pathcy” pneumonia

A
  • CF
  • smoking
  • pulmonary edema
  • pulmonary congestion
  • CHF
  • mitral valve stenosis
105
Q

what is the usual cause for lobar pneumo

A

s. pneumo

106
Q

what is used to treat lobar pneumo

A

ceftriaxone and vanco

Step 1 USMLE (7 decks)

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