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Step 1 USMLE > Infectious Diseases - Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases - Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main 5 viruses that cause the common cold

A
  1. Rhinovirus
  2. Corona virus
  3. Adenovirus
  4. Enterovirus
  5. Parainfluenza
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2
Q

rhinovirus grows best at what temperature

A

33 degrees celsius, that is why it cannot be in the LRT

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3
Q

what is normal body temperature

A

37 degrees celsius

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4
Q

is adenovirus a DNA virus or RNA virus

A

DNA

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5
Q

what is the most common causative agent for the common cold

A

Rhinovirus

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6
Q

Rhinovirus belongs to what large family

A

Picornavirade Family

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7
Q

what are the three viruses in the Picornavirade family

A

Rhinovirus
Hepanovirus
Enterovirus

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8
Q

DO picornaviridae (3) have an envelope or not?

A

no envelope

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9
Q

if an RNA virus is positive sense what does it mean

A

The RNA genome can be used as mRNA so their actual genome is infective

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10
Q

if an RNA virus is negative sense what does it mean

A

The genome of the RNA virus cannot be used to make mRNA so they have to use the host genome so they are not infective on their own

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11
Q

what are the two different shapes a virus can have

A

helical and icosahedral

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12
Q

which viruses can easily be destroyed by the environment and why

A

Enveloped viruses because their envelope can be broken down by things such as alcohol and detergents

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13
Q

which viruses are resistant to environment and things like alcohol and detergents

A

non enveloped viruses

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14
Q

what is the most common virus to cause common cold in adults

A

parainfluenza virus type 4

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15
Q

otitis media is commonly a secondary infection to what

A

viral upper respiratory tract infections or upper respiratory allergies

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16
Q

otitis media is usually bacterial or viral

A

bacterial

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17
Q

what kind of otitis media do viruses cause

A

otitis media with effusion

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18
Q

what are the three main causes for otitis media, in order.

A
  1. S. Pneumonia
  2. H. Influenza
  3. M. Catarhallis
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19
Q

S. pneumo is catalase…

A

neg

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20
Q

s. pneumo is gram…

A

positive

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21
Q

what shape is s. pneumo

A

diplococci

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22
Q

what are the 2 alpha hemolytic streptococci

A

s. pneumo and s. vidants

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23
Q

how do you differentiate between s. pneuma and s. viridian’s

A

viridian’s is bile insoluble and s. pneumo is bile soluble

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24
Q

what sensitivity test can be used to differentiate between viridians and pneumo

A

Optochin

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25
in regards to Optochin, viridians is.... and s. pneuma is....
resistant | sensitive
26
what medium is used for S. penumo and for viridian's
blood agar plate
27
H. Influenza is catalase. .. oxidase. ...
positive | positive
28
what shape is H. Influenza
bacilli
29
what are the two necessary factors for H. Influenza
X-Hemin | V-NAD
30
which H.Influenza are capsulated
type A-F
31
what are the H. Influenza with no capsule called
non typeable
32
m. catarhallis is gram... catalase. .. oxidase. ..
neg positive positive
33
which of the viruses that cause otitis media have b-lactemase
s. pneumo and m. catarrhallis
34
how to differentiate between M. Catarhallis and Neisseria
neisseria has glucose
35
what is the first way to DX AOTM
otoscope ( TM should be immobile and inflamed)
36
what is used to test the mobility of the TM in AOTM
pneumatic otoscope
37
what are the 3 things that need to be done for DX in the case of AOTM
- otoscope - pneumatic otoscope - culture of effusion
38
what is the main TX for AOTM
Ampicillin-Clavulnate Acid "Augmentin"
39
what can be used to TX AOTM instead of ampicillin
cefuroxime (treats B-lactem)
40
why is clavulnate added to ampicillin for AOTM
so that it can suicide itself for the B-lactem present in m. catrahalis and s. pneuma
41
what are the three main causative agents for bacterial sinusitis
1. S. Pneumo 2. H. Influenza 3. M. Caterhallis
42
acute bacterial sinusitis is how long? how long is chronic?
acute: 90 days
43
cavities through the upper molar teeth can cause problems in which sinus
maxillary
44
which sinus has to drain against gravity and therefore easily gets clogged
maxillary sinus
45
what 7 things are in the cavernous sinus
- ICA - CN4 - CN3 - CN5 - CN6 - anterior facial vein - ophthalmic vein
46
which sinus causes deep facial pain
sphenoid and ethmoid
47
what problems can the frontal sinus cause
brain abscess in frontal lobe and meningitis
48
ethmoidal sinus can produce...
periorbital cellulitis
49
sphenoidal sinus problems can cause
cavernous sinus thrombosis
50
which sinus can affect the optic chasm and the pituitary
sphenoid
51
chronic bacterial sinusitis is always due to what
blockage of the sinuses
52
give three examples of people who would have chronic bacterial sinusitis
- CF patients - Adults with polyps in nasal cavity that block drainage - Kids who put foreign body in nose
53
what are the main two causes of Chronic Bacterial sinusitis
Anaerobes and S. Aureus
54
s. aureus is catalase..
positive
55
s. epidermis is catalase
neg
56
what are two examples of an anerobe
presutella and peptostreptococci
57
what is the main form of DX for CBS
symptomatic diagnosis
58
apart from symptomatic diagnosis what are 4 other forms of diagnosis for chronic bacterial sinusitis
- sinus puncture - skull XR - CT - MRI
59
what is the TX for ABS
amoxicillin-clavulnate acid and cefuxime
60
what is the main treatment for CBS
flouroquinolones
61
what are examples of flouroquinolones that treat CBS (4)
- ciprofloxacin - ofloxacin - moxifloxacine - levofloxacine
62
what is another drug that can treat CBS that is not a flouroquinolone
Metranidozole
63
which of the flouroquinolones foes not cover staph (s. aureus)
ciprofloxacin
64
what is known as a sore throat
pharyngitis
65
why do you usually not give antibiotics for pharyngitis
because 80% of the time it is viral
66
what are the 6 causes of pharyngitis
``` Adenovirus Rhinovirus Coronavirus Influenza A and B Enterovirus HIV ```
67
what is most likely to cause pharyngitis in kids
adenovirus
68
what can cause pharyngioconjunctivle fever " swimming pool conjunctivitis"
adenovirus
69
Infectious mononucleosis is caused by what two agents
EBV and CMV
70
for mononucleosis which virus is mono positive
EBV
71
what virus will cause exudative pharyngitis
EBV
72
CMV infectious mono can be spread through
genital secretions
73
EBV infectious mono can be spread through
saliva
74
what is a good test in addition to the mono spot test for the differentiation of EBV and CMV mono
Heterophiles Antibody Test
75
Heterophile antibody will not be produced by which mono virus
CMV
76
Heterophile AB is usually negative in who
kids
77
what is the most common bacterial cause of pharyngitis
s. pyogens (group A strep)
78
what does odenophasia mean
pain swallowing
79
which strep can cause rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis
s. progenies ( group A)
80
what is the treatment for bacterial pahyringitis
penicillin-v
81
what is known to have an abrupt onset, pain in the throat, and difficulty swallowing
acute epiglottis
82
what is the most common cause of acute epiglottis
H influenza
83
what three things cause acute epiglottis
h. influenza s. progenies a. aureus
84
what kind of stridor does acute epiglottis have
quiet
85
what should you never do for someone when examining them for acute epiglottis
never examine there throat because you could cause spasm and they could suffocate
86
what is the main treatment for acute epiglottis
ceftrioxone IV
87
what is another name CROUP
Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis
88
what age is croup common in
3 months to 3 years old
89
what is the main causative agent for croup
parainfluenza type 1 and type 2 can cause as well
90
what are the three paramyxoviruses
1. RSV 2. Mumps 3. Parainfluenza
91
what is the main treatment for croup
albuterol to bronchodialte
92
what drug do you give for severe stridor in croup
dexamethasone
93
what is a cough that last
acute bronchitis
94
chronic bronchitis is related to what?
smoking
95
how long do you have to have bronchitis for it to be chronic
3 months or more for at least 2 years straight
96
acute bronchitis is usually caused by a
virus
97
what are the 4 main viruses that cause acute bronchitis
Influenza A and B Adenovirus Parainfluenza type 3 RSV
98
since acute bronchitis is viral we don't treat it but what can you give if the patient has severe bronchoconstriction
albuterol
99
what do you treat whooping cough with in regards to limiting transmission
azithromycin
100
what is known as infection of pulmonary parenchyma
pneumonia
101
what are the 4 types of pneumonia
community acquired atypical and typical nosocomial aspiration
102
what are the 4 causes of community acquired typical pneumonia
S. pneumo h. influenza-nontypable klebsiella a. aureus
103
what is the common causing agent in alcoholics in regards to community acquired typical pneumonia
klebsiella
104
what are 6 risks for bronchial "pathcy" pneumonia
- CF - smoking - pulmonary edema - pulmonary congestion - CHF - mitral valve stenosis
105
what is the usual cause for lobar pneumo
s. pneumo
106
what is used to treat lobar pneumo
ceftriaxone and vanco

Step 1 USMLE (7 decks)

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