AICM Endocrine - Physiology Flashcards by Asope Sokan

2 examples of lipid soluble hormones

steroids and thyroid hormones

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receptors for lipid soluble hormones are where

inside the cell (nucleus)

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examples of water soluble hormones

peptides and proteins

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receptors for water soluble hormones are where

on the outside (cell membrane)

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which hormones are synthesized as needed?

lipid soluble hormones

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which hormones are stored as pro hormones with enzymes

water soluble hormones

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which two hormones stimulate sex steroids

ACTH and LH

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what is the rate limiting factor, the amount of hormone or the amount of receptors

amount of hormone

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what time is cortisol secreted

4am

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which hormones are pulsatile

Gh and GnRH

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which hormone is constant so you can take a plasma analysis at anytime

thyroid hormone

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Arganine is injected to see if what hormone is stimulated?

growth hormone

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damage to the pituitary stalk damages everything except what

prolactin

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what is the order of Pan Deficiency for pituitary hormones

GH-GnRh-TSH-ACTH-Prolactin

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what is a benign tumor that develops from rathe’s much and is a common cause of hypopituitarism in childcare

Craniopharyngioma

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What is the syndrome in which a pregnant woman has problems lactating because the pituitary enlarged and then hemorrhaged and ischemic necrosis of the pituitary occurred

Sheehan Syndrome

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macro adenoma of the pituitary will cause what kind of problem

pan hypopituitarism and vision loss

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micro adenoma of the pituitary will cause

hormonal excess and it is treatable

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what is a good clue for pituitary adenoma

visual field problem

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MEN 1

pancreas, parathyroid, pituitary

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Zollinger Ellison Syndrome and peptic ulcers is associated with which MEN

MEN 1

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MEN 2A

medullary carcinoma of thyroid, parathyroid, pheochromocytoma

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MEN 2B

mucocutaneous neuroma, parathyroid, pheochromocytoma

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what is bromocriptine

a prolactin inhibiting hormone good for the use of prolactinomas

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what is ADH secretion most sensitive too?

Osmolarity (if the patient is bleeding and looses more then 10% then ADH is triggered)

in the collecting duct, what is the name of the receptor that is responsive to ADH

V2 Receptor

what can pass with water through the aquaporin channels?

urea, but not electrolytes

what is ECF osm usually

285 mOsm/kg

what is a drug that causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

lithium

increased salt and increased CSF will cause what to be released

ANP

ANP acts on what in the kidney

the collecting duct

what inhibits aldosterone so that water and sodium are lost from the body

ANP

SSRI and Carbamazepine can cause what disorder

SIADH

small cell lung cancer is associated with what ADH problem

SIADH

urine OSM will be more then 100 and hyponatremia is seen in people with

SIADH

Conivaptan and Tolvaptan are drugs that do what

act on the V2 receptors as antagonist and cause fluid restriction in people with SIADH

what can cause dark skin

excessive ADH

Lisinopril and Vernalopril are two ACE inhibitors that are known to cause cough why?

because they inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme which is made in the lung, there for it builds up and acts as an irritant

the treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia is always what?

cortisol

17-DOC is rare and usually noticed when

at puberty

GLUT-1

Brain, RBC and Cornea

GLUT 2

B-islet cells, liver, kidney and small intestine

GLUT-3

Brain

GLUT-4

adipose tissue and muscle

GLUT-5

spermatocytes and GI tract

describe the process of glucose entering the Beta cells of the pancreas

glucose enters beta cells-> ATP is generated from the metabolism of the glucose--> Potassium channels are closed, depolarizing the cell--> Voltage gated calcium channels are opened causing an influx of calcium into the cell--> insulin is exocytosed from the vesicles it remains in

what is secreted form the alpha cells of the pancreas

glucagon

what are the four catabolic effects of glucagon

1. gluconeogenesis 2. glyocenolysis 3. ketone production 4. lipolysis

what is the function of prolactin

to decrease the amount of GnRH so there is less FSH and LH and there for there is no periods in women and no sperm in men. Galactorrhea will be seen

GH stimulates muscle growth and linear growth through what?

IGF-1

leptin is produced by what tissue

adipose tissue

ghrelin is produced by what

the stomach

ADH is synthesized by what nuclei in the hypothalamus

supraoptic

Desmipressin Acetate is an analogue of what

ADH

V1-receptors refere to?

blood pressure

V2-receptors refer to?

aquaporin channel in collecting duct

functions of cortisol

1. inc. BP 2. inc. insulin resistance 3. inc. glucagogenesis,lipolysis and proteolysis 5. inc. fibroblast activity 6. dec. inflammation 7. dec. bone formation

Vitamin D is converted to 25-OH where and into 1,25-OH where

1. liver | 2. kidney

osteomalacia

weakening of bone in adults due to a deficiency in cholecalciferol

24,25-(OH)2D3

inactive form of vitamin D

PTH

causes calcium reabsorption and decreases phosphate reabsorption in the kidney

1,25-(OH)2D3

leads to increase in absorption of calcium and phosphate in the gut

source of PTH

chief cells of the parathyroid

common causes of decrease in magnesium that will stimulate the secretion of PTH

diarrhea,diuretics, alcohol abuse and ahminoglycosides

source fo calcitonin

parafollicular cells "c cells" of thyroid

endocrine hormones that use cAMP pathway | 12

``` "FLAT ChAMP" FSH LH ACTH TSH hCG ADH (V2) MSH PTH Calcitonin GHRH Glucagon ```

in women decreases sex hormone binding globulin does what

raises free testosterone levels and causes hirtuism

in men increased sex hormone binding globulin does what

lowers the free amount of testosterone and can cause gynecomastia

4 functions of T3

1. Brian Maturation 2. Bone Growth 3. B-adrenergic effects 4. Increase Basal Metabolic Rate

what happens in the case of hepatic failure that can affect thyroid hormones

there will be a decrease in TBG so there will be less circulating bound thyroid hormone

in pregnancy, TBG is what?

increased

what converts T4-->T3 in peripheral tissue

5'-deiodinase

what is responsible for the oxidation and organification of iodide as well as combining MIT and DIT

Peroxidase

what inhibits peroxidase and 5'-deiodinase so T4 cannot become T3

propylthiouracil

Methimazole is a drug that does what

inhibits peroxidase

Wolff-Chaikoff Effect

there is an excess production of iodine and the inhibition of thyroid peroxidase is seen and there is a lack of T3/T4 production