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Step 1 USMLE > AICM Endocrine - Physiology > Flashcards

AICM Endocrine - Physiology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

2 examples of lipid soluble hormones

A

steroids and thyroid hormones

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2
Q

receptors for lipid soluble hormones are where

A

inside the cell (nucleus)

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3
Q

examples of water soluble hormones

A

peptides and proteins

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4
Q

receptors for water soluble hormones are where

A

on the outside (cell membrane)

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5
Q

which hormones are synthesized as needed?

A

lipid soluble hormones

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6
Q

which hormones are stored as pro hormones with enzymes

A

water soluble hormones

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7
Q

which two hormones stimulate sex steroids

A

ACTH and LH

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8
Q

what is the rate limiting factor, the amount of hormone or the amount of receptors

A

amount of hormone

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9
Q

what time is cortisol secreted

A

4am

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10
Q

which hormones are pulsatile

A

Gh and GnRH

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11
Q

which hormone is constant so you can take a plasma analysis at anytime

A

thyroid hormone

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12
Q

Arganine is injected to see if what hormone is stimulated?

A

growth hormone

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13
Q

damage to the pituitary stalk damages everything except what

A

prolactin

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14
Q

what is the order of Pan Deficiency for pituitary hormones

A

GH-GnRh-TSH-ACTH-Prolactin

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15
Q

what is a benign tumor that develops from rathe’s much and is a common cause of hypopituitarism in childcare

A

Craniopharyngioma

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16
Q

What is the syndrome in which a pregnant woman has problems lactating because the pituitary enlarged and then hemorrhaged and ischemic necrosis of the pituitary occurred

A

Sheehan Syndrome

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17
Q

macro adenoma of the pituitary will cause what kind of problem

A

pan hypopituitarism and vision loss

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18
Q

micro adenoma of the pituitary will cause

A

hormonal excess and it is treatable

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19
Q

what is a good clue for pituitary adenoma

A

visual field problem

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20
Q

MEN 1

A

pancreas, parathyroid, pituitary

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21
Q

Zollinger Ellison Syndrome and peptic ulcers is associated with which MEN

A

MEN 1

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22
Q

MEN 2A

A

medullary carcinoma of thyroid, parathyroid, pheochromocytoma

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23
Q

MEN 2B

A

mucocutaneous neuroma, parathyroid, pheochromocytoma

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24
Q

what is bromocriptine

A

a prolactin inhibiting hormone good for the use of prolactinomas

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25
Q

what is ADH secretion most sensitive too?

A

Osmolarity (if the patient is bleeding and looses more then 10% then ADH is triggered)

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26
Q

in the collecting duct, what is the name of the receptor that is responsive to ADH

A

V2 Receptor

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27
Q

what can pass with water through the aquaporin channels?

A

urea, but not electrolytes

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28
Q

what is ECF osm usually

A

285 mOsm/kg

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29
Q

what is a drug that causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

lithium

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30
Q

increased salt and increased CSF will cause what to be released

A

ANP

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31
Q

ANP acts on what in the kidney

A

the collecting duct

32
Q

what inhibits aldosterone so that water and sodium are lost from the body

A

ANP

33
Q

SSRI and Carbamazepine can cause what disorder

A

SIADH

34
Q

small cell lung cancer is associated with what ADH problem

A

SIADH

35
Q

urine OSM will be more then 100 and hyponatremia is seen in people with

A

SIADH

36
Q

Conivaptan and Tolvaptan are drugs that do what

A

act on the V2 receptors as antagonist and cause fluid restriction in people with SIADH

37
Q

what can cause dark skin

A

excessive ADH

38
Q

Lisinopril and Vernalopril are two ACE inhibitors that are known to cause cough why?

A

because they inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme which is made in the lung, there for it builds up and acts as an irritant

39
Q

the treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia is always what?

A

cortisol

40
Q

17-DOC is rare and usually noticed when

A

at puberty

41
Q

GLUT-1

A

Brain, RBC and Cornea

42
Q

GLUT 2

A

B-islet cells, liver, kidney and small intestine

43
Q

GLUT-3

A

Brain

44
Q

GLUT-4

A

adipose tissue and muscle

45
Q

GLUT-5

A

spermatocytes and GI tract

46
Q

describe the process of glucose entering the Beta cells of the pancreas

A

glucose enters beta cells-> ATP is generated from the metabolism of the glucose–> Potassium channels are closed, depolarizing the cell–> Voltage gated calcium channels are opened causing an influx of calcium into the cell–> insulin is exocytosed from the vesicles it remains in

47
Q

what is secreted form the alpha cells of the pancreas

A

glucagon

48
Q

what are the four catabolic effects of glucagon

A
  1. gluconeogenesis
  2. glyocenolysis
  3. ketone production
  4. lipolysis
49
Q

what is the function of prolactin

A

to decrease the amount of GnRH so there is less FSH and LH and there for there is no periods in women and no sperm in men. Galactorrhea will be seen

50
Q

GH stimulates muscle growth and linear growth through what?

A

IGF-1

51
Q

leptin is produced by what tissue

A

adipose tissue

52
Q

ghrelin is produced by what

A

the stomach

53
Q

ADH is synthesized by what nuclei in the hypothalamus

A

supraoptic

54
Q

Desmipressin Acetate is an analogue of what

A

ADH

55
Q

V1-receptors refere to?

A

blood pressure

56
Q

V2-receptors refer to?

A

aquaporin channel in collecting duct

57
Q

functions of cortisol

A
  1. inc. BP
  2. inc. insulin resistance
  3. inc. glucagogenesis,lipolysis and proteolysis
  4. inc. fibroblast activity
  5. dec. inflammation
  6. dec. bone formation
58
Q

Vitamin D is converted to 25-OH where and into 1,25-OH where

A
  1. liver

2. kidney

59
Q

osteomalacia

A

weakening of bone in adults due to a deficiency in cholecalciferol

60
Q

24,25-(OH)2D3

A

inactive form of vitamin D

61
Q

PTH

A

causes calcium reabsorption and decreases phosphate reabsorption in the kidney

62
Q

1,25-(OH)2D3

A

leads to increase in absorption of calcium and phosphate in the gut

63
Q

source of PTH

A

chief cells of the parathyroid

64
Q

common causes of decrease in magnesium that will stimulate the secretion of PTH

A

diarrhea,diuretics, alcohol abuse and ahminoglycosides

65
Q

source fo calcitonin

A

parafollicular cells “c cells” of thyroid

66
Q

endocrine hormones that use cAMP pathway

12

A 
"FLAT ChAMP"
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
hCG
ADH (V2)
MSH
PTH
Calcitonin
GHRH
Glucagon
67
Q

in women decreases sex hormone binding globulin does what

A

raises free testosterone levels and causes hirtuism

68
Q

in men increased sex hormone binding globulin does what

A

lowers the free amount of testosterone and can cause gynecomastia

69
Q

4 functions of T3

A
  1. Brian Maturation
  2. Bone Growth
  3. B-adrenergic effects
  4. Increase Basal Metabolic Rate
70
Q

what happens in the case of hepatic failure that can affect thyroid hormones

A

there will be a decrease in TBG so there will be less circulating bound thyroid hormone

71
Q

in pregnancy, TBG is what?

A

increased

72
Q

what converts T4–>T3 in peripheral tissue

A

5’-deiodinase

73
Q

what is responsible for the oxidation and organification of iodide as well as combining MIT and DIT

A

Peroxidase

74
Q

what inhibits peroxidase and 5’-deiodinase so T4 cannot become T3

A

propylthiouracil

75
Q

Methimazole is a drug that does what

A

inhibits peroxidase

76
Q

Wolff-Chaikoff Effect

A

there is an excess production of iodine and the inhibition of thyroid peroxidase is seen and there is a lack of T3/T4 production

Step 1 USMLE (7 decks)

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