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Gen Path 300 > Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Infections

A

A disease caused by microorganisms, especially those that release toxins or invade body tissues

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2
Q

Colonization

A

Harmless inhabitation by microbes in the body

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3
Q

Virus

A

a pathogen made of a nucleic acid inside a protein shell

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4
Q

Bacteria

A

a unicellular organism without a true nucleus or organelles

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5
Q

Helminthes

A

worms

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6
Q

Mycobacteria

A

A type of bacteria with fungal-type properties

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7
Q

Prions

A

A small proteinaceous infectious particle.

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8
Q

Routes of infection

A 
Contact
Airbourne
Droplet
Vehicle (common source -- i.e. food, water)
Vector (carried by intermediate source)
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9
Q

Pathogenicity

A

The number of organisms and amount of time required to start a new infectious process

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10
Q

Chain of Transmission

A 
Pathogen or Agent
Reservoir
Portal of Exit
Transmission
Modes of entry
Susceptible host
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11
Q

What are the lines of defence?

A

First: mechanical barriers
Second: inflammation
Third: acquired immune response

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12
Q

Defence against infection relies on what two thing?

A
  1. Mechanical integrity of epithelial surfaces

2. Decontamination (removal of pathogen)

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13
Q

Three patterns of infections

A
  1. Local damage (wart)
  2. Toxic to host (botulism)
  3. Widespread effects (HIV)
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14
Q

How does infection spread within a host?

A
  1. Directly
  2. Via natural channels (membranes, vessels)
  3. Through nerves or phagocytes
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15
Q

Pathogen’s Mode of Action

A

How the organism produces a pathologic process

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16
Q

What factors affect the occurrence and spread of infection?

A
  1. Pathogenic factors

2. Host factors

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17
Q

Pathogen factors affecting occurrence and spread

A
  1. Virulence (degree of pathogenicity)
  2. Dose
  3. Site of infection
  4. Synergy between different pathogens
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18
Q

Host factors affecting occurrence and spread of infection.

A

Resistance to infection
Immune competency
Leukocyte count
Necrosis/Ischemia of tissue

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19
Q

Opportunistic infection

A

Takes advantage of compromised/defective immune system

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20
Q

Staphylococcal Infections

A

One of the most common bacteria to reside on the skin

Over 30 subtypes

Leading cause of nosocomial and community acquired infections.

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21
Q

S. aureus

A

Staphyloccus aureus
Most common staph infection

Nonmotile, anaerobic, hardy. Includes MSRA

Infection can result in: osteomyelitis, respiratory tract infection, infectious arthritis, septicemia, endocarditis, TSS, cellulitis, mastitis

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22
Q

S. pyogenes

A

Streptococcal pyogenes

One of the most common bacterial pathogens.
Suppurative and non-suppurative

Transmission: contact, droplets, foodborne

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23
Q

Strep throat

A

Caused by S. pyogenes
Common cause of sore throat.
Pustulant

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24
Q

Scarlet fever

A

Caused by S. pyogenes

Usually follows untreated strep throat

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25
Impetigo
Caused by S. pyogenes | Skin infection. Usually in children, in hot weather.
26
Cellulitis
Caused by S. pyogenes Acute skin infection
27
S. agalactiae
Streptococcus agalactiae Normal part of GI flora Leading cause of neonatal pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis Infrequent cause of pyrogenic (purulent -- pus -- but not related to S. pyogenes. sigh) disease in adults Pregnant women routinely screened.
28
Necrotizing fasciitis
Caused by S. pyogenes Serious, potential fatal, spreads quickly along fascial lines.
29
Pneumococcal infections
Streptococcus pneumonia Can cause pneumonia, sepsis, otitis media, meningitis Most common cause of community acquired pneumonia, and of bacterial meningitis
30
Meningococcal Infections
Can cause meningitis and septicaemia
31
Anaerobic infections
Not big oxygen fans. Suppurative.
32
Diptheria
C. diphteria. Anaerobic Pseudomembranous pharyngitis
33
Plague
Y. pestis Anaerobic Severe pneumonia, massive lymphadenopathy, high fever --> can progress to septicaemia
34
Buboes
Enlarges lymph nodes; pathognomic for plague
35
Botulism
C. botulinum (spore) Anaerobic Food borne or wound borne Interferes with release of ACh at peripheral nerve endings
36
Spore
Cell produced by bacillus to withstand extreme conditions. Can remain viable for decades
37
Cholera
V. cholerae Anaerobic Diarrhea --> dehydration, oliguria, shock
38
Spirochete
Slender, spiral, motile bacteria that lives off dead and decaying matter in soil and water. Ex. Lyme disease, syphylis
39
Lyme disease
B. burgdorferi Vector borne disease (deer tick). Bull's eye rash (erythemia migrans), nausea, vomiting, neurological and arthritis-type symptoms
40
Mycobacteria
Small, slow growing aerobic bacteria Complex lipid-rich envelope Tuberculosis Leprosy
41
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Leading infectious disease cause of death 1/3 world's preventable deaths Systemic, inflammatory Affects lungs and may disseminate to lymph nodes and other organs. Characterized by granulomas and then casseous necrosis
42
Virus
Smallest microorganism Always pathogenic Can only reproduce in host cells. Protein cover.
43
Herpes virus
Family of virus that can cause ``` Herpes Simplex 1 Herpes Simplex 2 Varicella-zoster virus Epstein-Barr Cytomegalovirus ```
44
Herpes Simplex
HSV 1 -- typically oral | HSV 2 -- genital
45
Varicella-Zoster Virus
Causes chicken pox and shingles Can develop into life threatening pneumonia or encephalitis
46
Herpes Zoster
Shingles
47
Epstein-Barr Virus
Infectious mononucleosis
48
Cytomegalovirus
CMV Symptoms similar to mono Can cross placenta and cause congenital defects
49
Enterovirus
Member of picornavirus (small RNA virus) Includes hand/foot/mouth, poliomyelitis
50
Post polio syndrome
In 25-50% of people who have had polio, 15-30 years later. Symptoms like chronic fatigue but progressive
51
Influenza
Fever, cough, headache. Possibly fatal
52
Rhinovirus
Common cold URTA Acute, afebrile, self-limiting
53
Mycosis
Any disease caused by fungus Can be superficial or systemic
54
Fungal pneumonia
Pneumocystis carinii or jirovecli Extremely serious form of pneumonia
55
Yeast infections
Candida albicans GI tract, mouth (thrush), genitals (candidiasis)
56
Genital warts
Human papillovirus Higher incidence of cervical, anorectal and bladder cancers.
57
Chlamydia
Chlamydia trachomatus 3 million new cases/year Most common bacterial STI No symptoms, or pain with intercourse, dysuria, bleeding
58
Gonorrhea
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 650,000 new cases/year In men: urethritis, urgency, paining In women: no symptoms, or slight pain with urination, intercourse
59
Hepatitis B
Hep B Virus Can be passed through breastfeeding 77,000 new cases/year Jaundice, arthralgias, rash, dark urine, anorexia ... Can relapse at the end of treatment. Cannot be eliminated.
60
Syphillis
70,000 new cases a year Treponema pallidum Unprotected sexual contact, contact with skin and mucous membranes, transplancental, blood transfusions
61
Primary, secondary and tertiary syphilis
Primary: Chancre at site of infections 3-8 weeks after Secondary: flu like symptoms and rash 6 weeks to 2 years Tertiary: severe, CV and CNS up to 20 years later.
62
Vaccination
Any suspension containing antigenic molecules derived from microorganism given to stimulate an immune response to infectious disease.
63
Most common cause of bacterial meningitis is non-teens.
Pneumococcus infection.

Gen Path 300 (8 decks)

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