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Gen Path 300 > Classes 6-7 Neoplasms > Flashcards

Classes 6-7 Neoplasms Flashcards

0
Q

Normal cell growth requires

A
  1. Genetic material (DNA or RNA)
  2. Signals from one cell to another.
  3. Growth inhibiting and growth promoting substances.
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1
Q

Neoplasm

A

New growth. Uncontrolled.

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2
Q

Neoplastic cell proliferation is:

A
  1. Autonomous
  2. Excessive
  3. Disorganized.
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3
Q

Clinical classification of neoplasms

A

Benign – limited growth good potential

Malignant – uncontrolled growth. Poor potential.

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4
Q

Benign vs malignant: Macroscopic features

A

Benign:

  • sharply demarcated
  • often encapsulated
  • expansive growth (may lead to atrophy and fibrosis)

Malignant

  • no clear margins
  • no encapsulation
  • invasive growth.
  • hemorrhage and necrosis
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5
Q

Benign vs malignant tumours: microscopic features.

A

Benign

  • resembles original tissue
  • show high levels of differentiation

Malignant

  • differs from original tissue
  • anaplasia (cells take on new tissue)
  • undifferentiated.
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6
Q

Benign vs malignant tumours: cellular features

A

Benign

  • homogenous cell population
  • well developed cytoplasm
  • regular nucleus which occupies small portion of the cell
  • even distribution of chromatin

Malignant:

  • heterogenous cell populations
  • nuclei vary in shape and size. Generally large.
  • variable cytoplasm.
  • hyper chromatic (more chromatin, uneven distributed in prominent nucleoli)
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7
Q

Aneuploid

A

Abnormal number of chromosomes

Characteristic of malignant cells.

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8
Q

Metastasis

A

Process by which malignant cells move from one site in the body to another.

Occurs via:

  1. Lymphatics
  2. Blood (hematogenous spread)
  3. Body cavities.
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9
Q

~Oma

A

Probably benign tumour of mesenchyme cells.

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10
Q

Fibroma

A

Benign tumour of fibroblasts

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11
Q

Chondroma

A

Benign tumour of cartilage

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12
Q

Lipoma

A

Benign tumour of adipose tissue

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13
Q

Leiomyoma

A

Benign tumour of smooth muscle cells

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14
Q

Osteoma

A

Benign tumour of bone

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15
Q

Rhabdomyoma

A

Benign tumour of striated muscle.

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16
Q

Adenoma

A

Benign tumour of epithelial cells. Composed of glands or ducts unless otherwise specified.

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17
Q

Villus or tubular adenomas

A

Adenoma of GI tract

Also known as polyps.

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18
Q

Papilloma

A

Benign protuberance of skin, bladder, larynx.

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19
Q

Cystadenomas

A

Benign cystic tumours of hollow spaces lined by neoplastic epithelium

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20
Q

~sarcoma

A

Malignant tumour of mesenchymal cells

21
Q

Fibrosarcoma

A

Malignant tumour from fibroblasts

22
Q

Chondrosarcoma

A

Malignant tumour of cartilage

23
Q

Liposarcoma

A

Malignant tumour of adipose.

24
Q

Carcinoma

A

Malignant tumours of epithelial cells

25
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant tumour of glands and ducts

26
Q

3 malignant “~oma”s

A

Lymphoma (lymphoid cells)
Glioma (glial cells)
Seninomas (testicles)

27
Q

~blastoma

A

Malignant tumour composed of embryonic cells from embryonic primordia

Retinoblastoma (eye)
Neuroblastoma (adrenal medulla or immature neural cells)
Hepatoblastoma (liver)
Nephroblastoma (kidney)

28
Q

Teratoma

A

Benign tumour derived from germ cells.

Contain tissue derived from ecto, meso and endoderm layers.

29
Q

Teratocarcinoma

A

Malignant tumour of germ cells.

30
Q

Eponymous tumours

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Ewing’s sarcoma
Kaposi sarcoma

31
Q

Tumour staging

A

Based on clinical assessment.
Extent of tumour spread.

Based on size (T), lymph metastases (N), distant metastases (M)

I-IV or A-D.

Better predictive value than grading

32
Q

Grading of tumours

A

Grade 1 – well differentiated
Grade 2 – moderately well differentiated
Grade 3 – undifferentiated.

33
Q

Biochemistry of cancer cells

A 
Simple metabolism.
Requires less O2
Fewer mitochondria 
Fewer enzymes
Simpler and less abundant RER
Loss of functional capacity
Anaplasia
34
Q

Anaplastic cells

A

Larger than normal and often with nuclear irregularity.

May regress and assume fetal features.

Ex. Liver cancer cells produce alpha-fetoprotein. Intestinal carcinoma cells produce carinoembryonic antigen.

35
Q

Where do carcinogens act?

A
  1. Site of contact
  2. Site of digestion
  3. Site of metabolic activation (liver)
  4. Site of excretion (urine)
36
Q

6 steps of chemical carcinogenesis

A
  1. Ingestion of procarcinogen
  2. Initiation – start of genetic changes in cell
  3. Promotion – initiated cells stimulated to proliferate
  4. Conversion – to new cell type with ability to proliferate on its own
  5. Progression – acquisition of new genetic features.
  6. Clonal expansion
37
Q

Viral carcinogens

A
  1. DNA viruses
  2. RNA viruses
    A. Acute- or slow- transforming
    B. Retrovirus
    C. Etc.
38
Q

DNA viruses.

A

Become directly integrated into cell’s genome.

HPV
Epstein-Barr
Hep B

39
Q

Epstein Barr Virua

A

Human herpes DNA virus with predilection for B-cells

May produce infectious mononucleosis
Related to Burkitt’s lymphoma (B cell neoplasia) and nasopharyngeal cancer.

40
Q

Human T cell lymphoma/leukemia virus 1 (HTLV)

A

RNA retrovirus

Causes rare form of adult T cell leukemia.

41
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Normal cellular genes that can be transformed into oncogenes by four factors:

  1. Point mutation
  2. Gene amplification
  3. Chromosomal rearrangement
  4. Insertion of viral genome. (Typical of slow transforming RNA viruses. Also hep B)
42
Q

Tumour Supressor Genes

A

Regulatory mechanism that protect against activated or newly acquired oncogenes.

43
Q

Cachexia

A

Wasting. May be a symptom of cancer

44
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes

A

Consequence of Cancer that isn’t a direct effect of cancer. Caused by substances secreted by cancer cells.

45
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome.

May be caused by small cell carcinoma of the lung which also causes adrenal over activity.

46
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome

Squamous cell carcinoma of lung (or breast cancer) may result in weakening of the bones.

47
Q

Polycythemia

A

Pathological increase in red blood cells

May be paraneoplastic effect of renal cell carcinoma.

48
Q

Venous thrombosis can be a paraneoplastic effect of

A

Pancreatic cancer

49
Q

Incidence

A

The number of new cases in a certain population over a specific period.

50
Q

Prevalence

A

The number of cases – old and new – in a given population at a certain time.

Gen Path 300 (8 decks)

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