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328 Pediatrics Exam 1 > Infectious Disease Objectives > Flashcards

Infectious Disease Objectives Flashcards

1
Q

What are some psychological and SDOH factors that affect vaccine hesitancy?

A
  • Personal / familial experience with vaccination
  • Distrust government and of healthcare system
  • Political views
  • Cost
  • Historical context of discrimination
  • Religious views
  • Misinformation
  • Education
  • Perceived risk of disease
  • Side effects of vaccine
  • Geographic barriers
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2
Q

Describe vaccine administration techniques.

A
  • Infants and toddlers best held in parent’s arms—make sure the parent or HCP is HOLDING all the child’s limbs
  • Older children best held in parents’ lap
  • For older children distraction and calming techniques are helpful
  • Be prepared for vaso-vagal responses (from children and parents)
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3
Q

What are some nursing considerations for IM injection sites?

A
  • Younger than 12 months: Vastas Lateralis (anterolateral thigh)
  • Older than 12 months: Vastas Lateralis (anterolateral thigh) or IF WALKING preferably Deltoid muscle
  • Adolescents: Deltoid muscle
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4
Q

List mild to moderate reactions to vaccine administration.

A

Soreness, redness, itching, swelling

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5
Q

List severe reactions to vaccine administration.

A

Anaphylaxis:

hoarseness, wheezing, airway constriction, difficulty breathing, pale or mottled skin, hypotension, altered mental status, fever, redness, rash

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6
Q

Describe Precautions vs. Contraindications to vaccination.

A

Precautions:

  • Moderate or severe acute illness with or without fever

Contraindications:

  • Severe allergic reaction (i.e., anaphylaxis)
  • Severe immunodeficiency (CD4 < 200)
  • Live vaccines and pregnancy
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7
Q

Which vaccine is given at birth?

A

Hepatitis B

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8
Q

Which vaccines are given at 12 months?

A
  • Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR)
  • Varicella
  • Hepatitis A
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9
Q

Which vaccines are given at 4-6 years?

A
  • Diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis (DTaP) < 7 years
  • Inactivated poliovirus (IPV)
  • Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR)
  • Varicella
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10
Q

Which vaccines are given at 11-12 years?

A
  • Tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis (Tdap) > 7 years
  • Human papillomavirus (HPV)
  • Meningococcal
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11
Q

List some vaccine preventable disease.

A
  • Measles (Rubeola)
  • Varicella (Chickenpox)
  • Pertussis
  • Influenza
  • Pneumonia
  • Rotavirus
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12
Q

List some common pediatric live vaccines.

A
  • MMR
  • Varicella
  • Intranasal influenza
  • Rotavirus
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13
Q

Who cannot receive live vaccines?

A

Infants with severe combined immunodeficiency

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14
Q

Describe agent, transmission, and isolation precautions of measles (rubeola).

A
  • Agent: Paramyxovirus
  • Transmission: Nasopharynx droplets
  • Isolation Precautions: Airborne
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15
Q

Measles clinical manifestations?

A

Prodrome:

  • 3 “Cs” – cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis (Coryza - inflammation and congestion of mucous membranes in the nose)
  • Fever (103°F–105°F)
  • Koplik spots (blue-white spots) on buccal mucosa in the mouth

Rash:

  • Begins at hairline, then involves face and upper neck
  • Progresses downward and outward to hands and feet
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16
Q

Measles complications?

A
  • Otitis media
  • Diarrhea and related dehydration
  • Pneumonia
  • Encephalitis
  • Most common cause of death is from respiratory and/or neurological complications
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17
Q

How do you manage measles?

A
  • Administer Vitamin A
  • Assess neuro signs
  • Assess lung sounds
  • Acetaminophen or ibuprofen for fever
  • Antibiotics for secondary infections
18
Q

Describe agent, transmission, and isolation precautions for chicken pox (varicella).

A
  • Agent: varicella-zoster virus
  • Transmission: Direct contact, droplet secretions
  • Precautions: Contact and Airborn
19
Q

Chicken Pox (Varicella) clinical manifestations?

A
  • Prodromal stage: fever, malaise
  • Pruritic rash begins a macule, becomes vesicle, then erupts
20
Q

Chicken Pox (Varicella) complications?

A
  • Secondary bacterial infection of skin lesions
  • Pneumonia
  • Central nervous system manifestations
    ~ Meningitis
    ~ Encephalitis
    ~ Seizures
21
Q

Chicken Pox (Varicella) treatment?

A
  • Supportive, prevent skin infections
  • Prevention: Varicella vaccine
22
Q

Describe agent, transmission, and isolation precautions of erythema infectiosum (fifth disease).

A
  • Agent: Parvovirus B19
  • Transmission: Respiratory secretions
  • Precautions: Contact
23
Q

Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) clinical manifestations?

A
  • Persistent fever for 3-7 days
  • “Slapped Cheek” appearance
24
Q

Describe agent and transmission/precautions for pertussis (whooping cough).

A
  • Agent: Bordetella pertussis
  • Transmission/Precautions: Droplet
25
Q

Pertussis (whooping cough) clinical manifestations?

A
  • URI symptoms 1-2 weeks
  • Paroxysmal, short, rapid cough followed by high-pitched “whoop” or gasp. Cyanosis may occur
26
Q

Pertussis (whooping cough) complications?

A

Respiratory distress

27
Q

Pertussis (whooping cough) treatment?

A

Supportive during hospitalization with oxygen, hydration, careful feedings, and antibiotics

28
Q

Describe agent and transmission/precautions for scarlet fever.

A
  • Agent: Group A Beta-hemolytic streptococci
  • Transmission/Precautions: Droplets
29
Q

Scarlet Fever clinical manifestations?

A
  • Abrupt high fever, halitosis
  • Tonsils large, edematous, covered with exudate
  • “Strawberry tongue”
  • Sandpaper-like pink rash to body
30
Q

Scarlet Fever complications?

A
  • Acute rheumatic fever – heart, brain, joints
  • Acute glomerulonephritis
  • Pneumonia
31
Q

Scarlet Fever treatment?

A

Penicillin (if allergic Azithromycin)

32
Q

Lyme Disease clinical manifestations?

A
  • Rash (Erythema migrans)
  • Malaise
  • Lymphadenopathy
33
Q

Lyme Disease complications?

A
  • Carditis
  • Arthritis
34
Q

Lyme Disease treatment?

A
  • Doxycycline > 8 yrs
  • Amoxicillin < 8 yrs
35
Q

How is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever transmitted?

A

Infected tick bite

36
Q

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever clinical manifestations?

A
  • Severe headache
  • Petechial rash on palms, soles of feet
37
Q

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever treatment?

A

IV Doxycylcine 1st line therapy

38
Q

Describe the etiology of Infectious Mononucleosis.

A

Epstein Barr Virus or “EBV”

39
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis clinical manifestations?

A
  • Fatigue, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy (TRIAD)
  • Splenomegaly (~50%)
40
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis management?

A

Avoid contact sports and strenuous activities for 4 weeks or while splenomegaly is present

328 Pediatrics Exam 1 (14 decks)

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