Infectious Disease Objectives Flashcards
What are some psychological and SDOH factors that affect vaccine hesitancy?
- Personal / familial experience with vaccination
- Distrust government and of healthcare system
- Political views
- Cost
- Historical context of discrimination
- Religious views
- Misinformation
- Education
- Perceived risk of disease
- Side effects of vaccine
- Geographic barriers
Describe vaccine administration techniques.
- Infants and toddlers best held in parent’s arms—make sure the parent or HCP is HOLDING all the child’s limbs
- Older children best held in parents’ lap
- For older children distraction and calming techniques are helpful
- Be prepared for vaso-vagal responses (from children and parents)
What are some nursing considerations for IM injection sites?
- Younger than 12 months: Vastas Lateralis (anterolateral thigh)
- Older than 12 months: Vastas Lateralis (anterolateral thigh) or IF WALKING preferably Deltoid muscle
- Adolescents: Deltoid muscle
List mild to moderate reactions to vaccine administration.
Soreness, redness, itching, swelling
List severe reactions to vaccine administration.
Anaphylaxis:
hoarseness, wheezing, airway constriction, difficulty breathing, pale or mottled skin, hypotension, altered mental status, fever, redness, rash
Describe Precautions vs. Contraindications to vaccination.
Precautions:
- Moderate or severe acute illness with or without fever
Contraindications:
- Severe allergic reaction (i.e., anaphylaxis)
- Severe immunodeficiency (CD4 < 200)
- Live vaccines and pregnancy
Which vaccine is given at birth?
Hepatitis B
Which vaccines are given at 12 months?
- Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR)
- Varicella
- Hepatitis A
Which vaccines are given at 4-6 years?
- Diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis (DTaP) < 7 years
- Inactivated poliovirus (IPV)
- Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR)
- Varicella
Which vaccines are given at 11-12 years?
- Tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis (Tdap) > 7 years
- Human papillomavirus (HPV)
- Meningococcal
List some vaccine preventable disease.
- Measles (Rubeola)
- Varicella (Chickenpox)
- Pertussis
- Influenza
- Pneumonia
- Rotavirus
List some common pediatric live vaccines.
- MMR
- Varicella
- Intranasal influenza
- Rotavirus
Who cannot receive live vaccines?
Infants with severe combined immunodeficiency
Describe agent, transmission, and isolation precautions of measles (rubeola).
- Agent: Paramyxovirus
- Transmission: Nasopharynx droplets
- Isolation Precautions: Airborne
Measles clinical manifestations?
Prodrome:
- 3 “Cs” – cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis (Coryza - inflammation and congestion of mucous membranes in the nose)
- Fever (103°F–105°F)
- Koplik spots (blue-white spots) on buccal mucosa in the mouth
Rash:
- Begins at hairline, then involves face and upper neck
- Progresses downward and outward to hands and feet
Measles complications?
- Otitis media
- Diarrhea and related dehydration
- Pneumonia
- Encephalitis
- Most common cause of death is from respiratory and/or neurological complications
How do you manage measles?
- Administer Vitamin A
- Assess neuro signs
- Assess lung sounds
- Acetaminophen or ibuprofen for fever
- Antibiotics for secondary infections
Describe agent, transmission, and isolation precautions for chicken pox (varicella).
- Agent: varicella-zoster virus
- Transmission: Direct contact, droplet secretions
- Precautions: Contact and Airborn
Chicken Pox (Varicella) clinical manifestations?
- Prodromal stage: fever, malaise
- Pruritic rash begins a macule, becomes vesicle, then erupts
Chicken Pox (Varicella) complications?
- Secondary bacterial infection of skin lesions
- Pneumonia
- Central nervous system manifestations
~ Meningitis
~ Encephalitis
~ Seizures
Chicken Pox (Varicella) treatment?
- Supportive, prevent skin infections
- Prevention: Varicella vaccine
Describe agent, transmission, and isolation precautions of erythema infectiosum (fifth disease).
- Agent: Parvovirus B19
- Transmission: Respiratory secretions
- Precautions: Contact
Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) clinical manifestations?
- Persistent fever for 3-7 days
- “Slapped Cheek” appearance
Describe agent and transmission/precautions for pertussis (whooping cough).
- Agent: Bordetella pertussis
- Transmission/Precautions: Droplet
