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infectious disease Flashcards

1
Q

fungi characteristics

A

eukaryotic
have cell walls with thick carbohydrates
multiple growth forms

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2
Q

types of fungal infections

A

mycoses
superficial mycoses
subcutaneous
systemic

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3
Q

protozoa

A

eukaryotic parasite

single cell organism

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4
Q

example of protozoa

A

malaria

trypanosomiasis

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5
Q

helminth

A

eukaryotic parasite

parasitic worm

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6
Q

examples of helminths

A

tape worms

schistosomiasis

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7
Q

bacteria

A

prokaryotic
large group of unicellular microorganisms
have cell walls
lack organelles and an organized nucleus

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8
Q

prions

A

protein particle
causes protein misfolding disease
contains no nucleic acid
highly resistant to inactivation

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9
Q

routes of transmission

A 
direct contact
exchange of fluid
contamination
airborne
vector
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10
Q

portals of entry

A

mucosal membranes
skin
parenteral route

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11
Q

common types of vaccines

A

inactivated pathogen
live attenuated
subunit purified antigen
toxoid

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12
Q

host factors that influence course of infection

A 
nonspecific immune response
immune status
genetics
age
nutritional status
hormones
personal habits
fever
microbiome
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13
Q

Plasmid

A

Circular DNA
Extra.
Codes for certain characteristics such as antibiotic resistance

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14
Q

What does the cell wall determine

A

Cell shape

Gram stain characteristics

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15
Q

Gram positive bacteria characteristic

A

Thick peptidoglycan with lots of sugar layers.

Can retain stain

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16
Q

Gram negative bacteria characteristic

A

Thin peptidoglycan layer with second membrane layer on top.

Have 2 membranes and peptidoglycan layer

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17
Q

Gram stain steps

A 
Fixation
Crystal violet
Iodine
Decolorization
Counterstain saffanin.
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18
Q

Bacterial replication

A 
DNA origin replicates
DNA replication continues bidirectionally
DNA starts next round
Septum forms
Division in 2 cells
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19
Q

Antibiotics

Cell wall synthesis

A 
B lactam
penicillin
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams
Glycopeptides
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20
Q

Antibiotics

Folate synthesis

A

Sulfonamides

Trimethoprim

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21
Q

Antibiotics
Protein synthesis
50S

A

Macrolide
Oxazolidinone
Chloramphenicol

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22
Q

Antibiotics
Protein synthesis
30S

A

Aminoglycosides

Tetracycline

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23
Q

Antibiotics

RNA polymerase

A

Rifamycin

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24
Q

Antibiotics

Cell membrane disrupters

A

Polymixins

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25
Antibiotics | Nucleic acid synthesis
DNA gyrase | Quinolone
26
No selective growth media
Blood agar | Chocolate agar
27
Selective growth media
Addition of reagents | Macconkey
28
Growth media differential agar
Different growth or fermentation patterns
29
Molecular identification
Nucleic acid amplification Ag detection MS
30
Virulence factors directly involved in pathogenesis
Secreted toxins and enzymes Capsule Cell surface structures
31
Virulence factors indirectly involved in pathogenesis
Siderophores Secretion machinery Catalase Regulatory factors
32
Catalase test
Differentiates gram positive strep and staph | Catalase breaks down H peroxide into O2.
33
Lab tests if gram positive infection
``` CBC Electrolytes Blood cultures Procalcitonin EKG if endocarditis is suspected Jt aspiration if septic jt suspected ```
34
Gram positive infection | Physical
``` Bulbous impetigo Draining sinus tracts Erythema Fever Murmur if endocarditis Petechiae if tss Superficial abscess Warmth ```
35
Catalase test steps
Slide Drop of hydrogen peroxide Bubble = positive
36
Positive catalase test
Staph | Bubbles
37
Negative catalase test
No bubble | Strep
38
Coagulate test positive
Staphylococcus aureus | Clotted
39
Coagulase test negative
Plasma liquidy S epidermidis or S saprophyticus
40
Coagulase test
Used to differentiate between S. Aureus and other Staph species.
41
Staph aureus
Superficial lesions Toxinoses - food poisonings, scalded skin syn, tss Systemic and life threatening cond- endocarditis, osteomyelitis, predominant, brain abcesses, meningitis, and bacteremia
42
Virulence factors of S. Aureus
Adherence factors | Expo rote is
43
Antibiotic susceptibility tests
Broth dilution Antimicrobial gradient Disc diffusion
44
Broth dilution
Concentration of antibiotics has minimal inhibitory effect | Problem> labor intensive
45
Antimicrobial gradient
Agar plate | Strips of abx with dilution going down
46
Disc diffusion
Agar plate disc Different abx with known concentration. Abx diffuse out of disc> clearing
47
Mechanisms of abx resistance
Permeability changes in cell wall restrict abx access Active efflux of abx Degradation of abx Acquisition of alternative metabolic pathway Modification of abx target Overproduction of target enzyme
48
Acquisition of abx genes
Chromosomal mutations Transformation Transfer/acquisition of new genetic material Conjugation
49
Conjugation
Through pilus. | Bacterial “sex”
50
Transformation
Nucleoid/ plasmid from dead cell just hangs out. New cell picks it up
51
Transduction
Use a virus/ phage.
52
Abx Moa
Inhibition of protein synthase Inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis Interfere with cell wall Inhibit energy metabolism (folate synthesis)
53
Abx cell wall synthesis | Beta lactams
Penicillin Cephalosporin Carbapenem Monobactam
54
Abx cell wall synthesis | Vancomycin
Bacitracin
55
Abx cell membrane
Polymixins
56
Abx nucleic acid syn | folate synthesis
Sulfonamide | Trimethoprim
57
Abx nucleic acid syn | DNA gyrase
Quinolone
58
Abx nucleic acid syn | Rna polymerase
Rifampin
59
Abx protein synthesis | 50 s subunit
``` Macrolides Clindamycin Linezoid Chloramphenicol Streptogramin ```
60
Abx protein synthesis | 30 s subunit
Tetracycline | Aminoglycosides
61
S aureus abx resistance
Phage transduction (phage type 80/81) Conjugation plasmids Transformation SCCmec (methicillin resistance)
62
SCCmec type ii
Methicillin resistance | Hospital acquired
63
SCCmec type iv
Methicillin resistance | Gen pop
64
Life cycle of biofilm
Single floating bacti land on surface Bacti cells aggregate and attach Growth and division of bacti for biofilm formation Mature biofilm disperses to release free floating bacti for further colonization Cycle repeats.
65
Biofilms
Aggregates of bacti Extremes resistance to abx Resistant to phagocytosis Gene regulation
66
Streptococcus species classifications
Colony morphology Hemolysis Biochemical rxns Serologic specificity
67
Beta hemolytic
Complete lysis - clear
68
Alpha hemolytic
Incomplete lysis. | Green brown
69
Gamma hemolytic
None
70
Streptococcus species | Streptococcus Pygenes group a
Pharyngitis, scarlet fever, impetigo, cellulitis Invasive infections - necrotizing fasciitis Immune mediated sequelae - acute rheumatic fever Tend to form chains/ clump together
71
Streptococcus pneumonia’s
Pneumonia, meningitis Tend to couple. Diploid cocci Beta hemolytic Susceptible to p disc- optochin
72
Strep agalactiae
Neonates - meningitis, neonate sepsis | Adults - vaginitis, puerperal fever
73
Viridans strep
Endocarditis | In mouth > teeth
74
Enterococcus
Uti | Biliary tract infection
75
Spore forms of gram positive bacilli
Clostridium | Bacillus (anthracis and cereus)
76
Spore formation
Environmental resistant microorganism. Good conditions: germinate Bad conditions: inactive
77
Anaerobes
Fastidious organisms Difficult to grow Requires proper collection and culture Diagnosis requires clinical suspicion

Clinical Foundations (10 decks)

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