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Clinical Foundations > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Plasmalemma / cell membrane components

A

Lipid bilayer (including phospholipids and cholesterol)
Membrane associated proteins
Glycocalyx

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2
Q

Plasma membrane functions

A

Acts as physical barrier to enclose cell contents
Regulates material movement in and out
Establishes and maintains electrical charge difference
Functions in cell communication

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3
Q

Passive processes

A

Movement of substances down a concentration gradient due to kinetic energy of substance
No expenditure of cellular energy is required
Continues until equilibrium is reached.

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4
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Unassisted net movement of small, nonpolar substances down concentration gradient across across selectively permeable membrane
Passive process

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5
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Movement of ions and small, polar molecules down concentration gradient,
Assisted across selectively permeable membrane by transport protein.
Passive process

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6
Q

Channel mediated diffusion

A

Passive facilitated diffusion

Movement of ion down its concentration gradient through protein channel

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7
Q

Carrier mediated diffusion

A

Passive facilitated diffusion

Movement of small polar molecule down concentration gradient by carrier protein

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8
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane
Direction is determined by relative solute concentrations
Continues until equilibrium is reached

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9
Q

Active processes

A

Movement of ions or small molecules across membrane against a concentration gradient by transmembrane protein pumps

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10
Q

Primary active transport

A

Movement. Of substance up its concentration gradient
Powered directly by ATP
Active transport

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11
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Movement of substance up its concentration gradient powered by harnessing movement of a second substance down its concentration gradient
Active transport

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12
Q

Symport

A

Movement of substance up its concentration gradient is in same direction as na+
Active transport

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13
Q

Antiport

A

Active transport

Movement of substance up its concentration gradient in the opposite direction as na+

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14
Q

Vesicular transport

A

Vesicle formed or lost as material is brought into a cell or released from cell.

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15
Q

Exocytosis

A

Vesicular transport

Bulk movement of substance out of cell by fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane

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16
Q

Endocytosis

A

Vesicular transport

Bulk movement of substances into cell by vesicles forming at the plasma membrane.

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17
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Vesicular transport
Type of endocytosis in which vesicles are formed as particulate materials external to the cell are engulfed by pseudopodia

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18
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Vesicular transport

Type of endocytosis in which vesicles are formed as interstitial fluid is taken up by cell

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19
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Vesicular transport
Type of endocytosis is which plasma membrane receptors first bind specific substances
Receptor and bound substance then taken up by cell

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20
Q

Cytoplasm structures

A

Cytosol
Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Inclusions (insoluble granules)

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21
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contents of cells between plasma membrane and nuclear envelope

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22
Q

Cytoplasm function

A

Provides support for organelles

Serves as viscous fluid medium through which diffusion occurs.

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23
Q

Organelles

A

Membrane ground and non membrane bound structures

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24
Q

Organelles function

A

Carry out specific metabolic activities of the cell

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25
Q

Rough endplasmic reticulum

A

Modifies, transports, and stores proteins produced by attached ribosomes
Proteins are secreted, become components of plasma membrane or serve as enzymes of lysosomes

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26
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Extensive interconnected membrane lacking ribosomes

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27
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function

A

Synthesizes, transports and stores lipids (steroids),
Metabolizes carbohydrates
Detoxifies drugs, alcohol and poisons
Forms vesicles and peroxisomes

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28
Q

Golgi apparatus function

A

Modifies, packages, and sorts materials that arrive from ER in transport vesicles,
Forms secretory vesicles and lysosomes

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29
Q

Vesicles

A

Spherical shaped membrane bound sacs

Contain various types of materials to be transported through cell

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30
Q

Vesicle function

A

Transport cellular material

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31
Q

Lysosomes

A

Spherical shaped membrane bound organelles formed from Golgi apparatus
Contain digestive enzymes

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32
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Smaller spherical shaped membrane bound organelles formed from ER or through fission
Contain oxidative enzymes

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33
Q

Lysosome function

A

Digest microbes or materials (ingested by cell, worn out cellular components or entire cell)

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34
Q

Mitochondria function

A

Synthesizes most ATP during aerobic cellular respiration by digestion of fuel molecules in the presence of oxygen.

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35
Q

Ribosomes function

A

Engage in protein synthesis
Bound ribosomes produce proteins that are secreted, incorporated into plasma membrane and within lysosomes
Free ribosomes produce proteins used within the cell

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36
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Organized network of protein filaments and hollow tubes, including microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

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37
Q

Cytoskeleton function

A

maintains intracellular support and organization of cells
Participates in cell division
Facilitates movement

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38
Q

Microfilaments

A

Actin protein monomers organized into 2 thin intertwined protein filaments (actin filaments)

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39
Q

Microfilaments function

5

A 
Maintain cell shape 
Support microvilli 
Separate two cells during cytokinesis
Facilitate change in cell shape
Participate in muscle contraction
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40
Q

Intermediate filaments function

A

Provide structural support

Stabilize junctions between cells

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41
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow cylinders composed of tubulin

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42
Q

Microtubules function

A 
Maintain cell shape and rigidity
Organize and move organelles
Support cilia and flagella
Participate in vesicular transport
Separate chromosomes during cell division
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43
Q

Centrosome

A

Amorphous region adjacent to nucleus.

Contains a pair of centrioles

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44
Q

Centrosome function

A

Organizes microtubules

Participates in mitosis spindle formation during cell division

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45
Q

Proteasomes function

A

Degrade and digest damaged or unneeded proteins

Ensure quality of exported proteins

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46
Q

Inclusions functions

A

Serve as temporary storage

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47
Q

Tissues

A

Aggregate of cells and their extracellular matrix of common embryonic origin
Organized to perform a specific function(s)

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48
Q

General cellular activity

Synthesize and secrete components of the extracellular matrix

A

Specialized cell

Fibroblasts, cells of bone and cartilage

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49
Q

General cellular activity

Convert physical and chemical stimuli into action potentials

A

Specialized cells

Neurons and sensory cells

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50
Q

General cellular activity

Intracellular digestion

A

Specialized cells

Macrophages and neutrophils

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51
Q

Extracellular matrix composed of

A

Ground substance

Protein fibers

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52
Q

Major tissue types

A

Epithelial
Muscular
Nervous
Connective

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53
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers body surfaces, lines body cavities and internal tubes, and forms glands

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54
Q

Muscular tissue

A

Contractile cells responsible for movement

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55
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Receives, transmits and integrates info to modulate body activity via electrical impulses

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56
Q

Connective tissue

A

Supports other three types of tissue

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57
Q

Hollow organ wall

A 
Concentric layers of 3-4 tissues
Mucosa 
Submucosa
Muscular layers
Serous/ adventitia
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58
Q

Mucosa

A

Epithelium with an underlying ct

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59
Q

Submucosa

A

Supportive ct with blood vessels, lymphatic, and nerves

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60
Q

Solid organ organization

A

Parenchyma
Storma
Capsule

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61
Q

Parenchyma

A

Functional part of solid organ
Bulk of tissue making up organ
Most commonly glandular epithelium

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62
Q

Stroma

A

Supportive parts of solid organ
Supportive connective tissues
Nerves, blood vessels and lymphatics

63
Q

Tissue preparation steps

A

Fixing
Processing
Staining

64
Q

Fixing of tissue preparation

A

Hardens tissue and prevents/ delays degradation

65
Q

Staining

Tissue preparation

A

Provides contrast between constituents of tissue

66
Q

simple squamous epithelial locations

A

lining of vessels (endothelieum), serous lining of cavities, pericardium, pleura, peritoneum (mesothelieum)

67
Q

simple cuboidal epithelial locations

A

covering the ovary, thyroid

68
Q

simple columnar epithelial locations

A

lining of intestine and gallbladder

69
Q

simple squamous epithelial functions

A

facilitates movement of viscera, active transport by pinocytosis, secretion of biologically active molecules

70
Q

simple cuboidal epithelial functions

A

covering, secreting

71
Q

simple columnar epithelial functions

A

protection, lubrication, absorption, secretion

72
Q

stratified squamous keratinized locations

73
Q

stratified squamous keratinized functions

A

protection, prevents water loss

74
Q

stratified squamous nonkeratinized locations

A

mouth, esophagus, larynx, vagina, anal canal

75
Q

stratified squamous nonkeratinized functions

A

protection, secretion, prevents water loss

76
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelial locations

A

sweat glands, developing ovarian follicles

77
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelial functions

A

protection, secretion

78
Q

stratified transitional epithelial locations

A

bladder, ureters, renal calyces

79
Q

stratified transitional epithelial functions

A

protection, distensibility

80
Q

stratified columnar epithelial locations

A

conjunctiva

81
Q

stratified columnar epithelial functions

A

protection

82
Q

pseudostratified epithelial locations

A

lining of trachea bronchi nasal cavity

83
Q

pseudostratified epithelial functions

A

protection, secretion, cilia mediated transport of particles trapped in mucus

84
Q

keratinized cells

A

no nuclei. dead cells at pushed to apical surface

85
Q

umbrella cells are found where? what is so special about them?

A

they are found in transitional epithelium (bladder) they are have a domed appearance when they are collapsed, but are able to stretch when bladder is full

86
Q

what makes up a cilia?

A

inside the core are microtubules in a 9+2 fashion

87
Q

how do cilia move

A

they have 2 motor proteins - actin and dyein

88
Q

stereolivilli

A

nonmotile
mobile
in inner ear

89
Q

microvilli purpose

A

increase surface area

90
Q

plicae

A

interdigiated infoldings of the lateral membrane

increase surface area for more cellular transportation

91
Q

basement membrane

A

thin dense ecm under the basal domain

92
Q

what purpose does the basement membrane serve

A

it binds the basal domain to the underlying ct
a barrier to downward growth
permits movement of nutrients, metabolites etc between the epithelium and the ct
facilitates selective permeability

93
Q

what are the 4 cell to cell junctions

A

zonula occludens
zonula adherins
maula adherins
gap junctions

94
Q

zonula occludens

A

tight junctions

95
Q

zonula adherins

A

adherins belt all around the cell

96
Q

macula adherins

A

desomosome

97
Q

gap junctions

98
Q

hemidesomosomes

A

similar to desomosomes of lateral domain but on the basal domain

99
Q

cell to basement junctions

A

hemidesmosomes

focal adhesions

100
Q

basal folding

A

similar to lateral domain’s plicae. folding to increase surface area

101
Q

tight junctions major functions

A

seals adjacent cells to one another
controls passage of molecules between them
separates apical and basolateral domains

102
Q

adherens junction major functions

A

provides points linking the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells

strengthens and stabilizes nearby tight junctions

103
Q

desmosome major functions

A

provides points of strong intermediate filament coupling between adjacent cells
strengthens the tissue

104
Q

hemidesmosome major functions

A

anchors cytoskeleton to the basal lamina

105
Q

gap junction major functions

A

allows direct transfer of small molecules and ions to one another

106
Q

glycocalyx

A

part of cell membrane
glycolipid
useful for cell interactions

107
Q

can water pass through cell membrane

A

yes, very slowly. aquaporins make the process quicker

108
Q

what can pass through the cell membrane

A

small nonpolar lipid soluble molecules
water
small polar

109
Q

what are the general functions of epithelial tissues

A

line body surfaces, cavities, and lumens
protection
selective barrier
secretory products

110
Q

what are general histological characteristics of epithelial tissues

A

closely apposed cells with little ecm
basement membrane
polarity
avascular

111
Q

mesothelium

A

lines body cavity

112
Q

endothelium

A

lines heart, blood vessels and lymphatic ducts

113
Q

epithelium

A

lines body wall glands and remainng structures with lumen

114
Q

general functions of muscular tissue

A

contractions provide movement of appendages or content within viscera/ vessels

115
Q

general histological characteristics of muscular tissue

A

cytoplasm is highly organized contractile proteins

myofibrils aligned parallel to each other

116
Q

skeletal muscle functional characteristics

A 
initiate movement (concentric)
resist movement (eccentric)
maintain position (isomeric)
117
Q

histological charactersistics of skeletal muscle

A

contractile proteins arranged in cross striated patterns visible in lm
muscle fivers long with multiple nuclei located peripherally

118
Q

functional characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

involuntary forces of heart
myogenic contractions
directional ovement of blood through heart

119
Q

histological characteristics of cardiac muscles

A

cross striated pattens
short branched fibers with single central nuclei
ntercalated discs join adjacent muscles

120
Q

functional characteristics of smooth muscle

A

involuntary contractile forces of viscera

constriction/ dilation of hollow organs

121
Q

histological characteristics of smooth muscle

A

contractile proteins arranged, unstriated

elongated muscle fibers with single central nuclei

122
Q

general connective tissue functional characteristics

A

underlies or surrounds tissues to provide mechanical, metabolic or functional support

123
Q

general histological characteristics of connective tissue

A

extracellular matrix with large protein fibers predominate

cells are often sparsely distributed

124
Q

ct proper subtypes

A

dense ct - many proteins

loose ct - few proteins

125
Q

fibroblast

A

produce extracellular fibers and ground substance

126
Q

collagen fibers

A

resist tensile forces.

in connective tissue proper

127
Q

reticular fibers

A

found in reticular loose ct and basal membrane of epithelium

128
Q

elastic fibers

A

of ct proper

compliant to tensile forces but return to resting length when unloaded

129
Q

ground substances of ecm of ct proper

A

3 types of hydrophilic macrmolecules that keep grd substances well hydrated
gags
proteoglycans
multiadhesive glycoproteins

130
Q

functional characteristics of loose ct

A

supports microvasculature nerves, immune defense cells

131
Q

histological characteristics of loose ct

A

ground substance is a major component
few fibers randomly oriented
lots of various cells

132
Q

common locations of loose ct

A

lamina propria of gi

mesenteries

133
Q

functional characteristics of dense irregular ct

A

protection and support

resist tearing

134
Q

histological characteristics of dense irregular ct

A

little ground substance
lots of collagen randomly oriented
few cells, mostly fibroblasts

135
Q

commmon locations of dense irregular ct

A

dermis

submucosa layer of gi

136
Q

functional characteristics of dense regular ct

A

connection within musculoskeletal system

resists tearing

137
Q

histological characteristics of dense regular ct

A

almost no ground substance
almost all collagen fibers - parallel orientation
few cells, mostly fibroblasts aligned with collagen

138
Q

common locations of dense regular ct

A

ligaments
tendons
aponeuroses
submucosa layer

139
Q

secretory epithelium subtypes

A

endocrine

exocrine

140
Q

endocrine

A

ductless glands that release their products into the blood stream

141
Q

exocrine glands

A

maintain connection to free surface

directly or via duct

142
Q

unicellular exocrine

A

reside within surface of epithelum

goblet cells

143
Q

multicellular exocrine

A

invaginate into underlying ct with duct to transport secretory products

144
Q

secretory mechanisms of exocrine glands

A

merocrine
holocrine
apocrine

145
Q

merocrine

A

membrane bound vesicle fuses to apical membrane and releases product to lumen

146
Q

holocrine

A

secretory product builds up in cytoplasm

apoptosis releases product

147
Q

apocrine

A

secretory product with some cytoplasm is released within envelope of plasm membrane

148
Q

exocrine cell signaling types

A

endocrine
paracrine
autocrine

149
Q

endocrine

A

molecules enter blood stream and are carried off into distance

150
Q

paracrine

A

molecules act on neighboring cells without entering blood stream

151
Q

autocrine

A

molecules bind to own receptors, often initiating negative feedback to regulate own secretion

152
Q

exocrine gland classifications based on morphological features

A

duct portion
secretory portion complexity
secretory portion shape

153
Q

acinar

A

roughly spherical

Clinical Foundations (10 decks)

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