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Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Primary (central) lymphoid organs

A

Site of lymphocyte production and maturation

Bone marrow, thymus, fetal liver

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2
Q

Secondary / peripheral lymphoid organs

A

Site of lymphocyte activation

Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)

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3
Q

Bone marrow

A

Responsible for formation of all postnatal blood cells.

B and NK cells continue to develop in bone marrow.

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4
Q

Red marrow

A

Highly vascularized spongy reticular framework filled with hematopoietic tissues
All lymphocytes begin development here

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5
Q

Thymus

A

Blooped gland above the heart
Encapsulated organ - 2 lobules cortex and medulla
Site of T cell maturation

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6
Q

Thymocytes

A

Progenitor T cells that enter thymus via small blood vessels

Embed in mesh work of stromatolites cells

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7
Q

Thymus cortex

A

Darker staining

More T cells

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8
Q

Thymus medulla

A 
Lighter staining. 
Fewer T cells
Dendritic cells
Epithelial cells
Macrophages
Hassan’s corpuscles (but dont know what they do yet)
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9
Q

Thymus involution

A

Volume of active tissue decreases over time

Does not completely lose function

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10
Q

Lymph nodes

A

“Grand central station” of immune responses
Cells bring pathogens here to activate immune system
Antigens diffuse in via afferent lymphatic vessels
Dc migrate via afferent lymphatic vessels
Follow chemokine signals

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11
Q

What do lymph nodes swell

A

Commonly due to viral or bacterial infections
Can swell several times their normal size
May feel firm and look misshapen
Surrounding skin may be warm
Return to normal with resolution of infection

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12
Q

Spleen

A

Blood filtration system

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13
Q

Red pulp spleen

A

Phagocytosis of old or damaged RBC and antigens/microbes from blood

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14
Q

White pulp

A

Areas of lymphocytes around arterioles

Some separation of b and T cell areas

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15
Q

What happens if you don’t have a spleen

A

Life long risk of serious infection.
Most instances of serious infection are due to infections with encapsulated bacteria (just slip away)
Vaccination to minimize/prevent
Daily therapy commonly includes low doses of prophylactic antibiotics.

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16
Q

Mucosal immune system

A 
Secondary lymphoid organ/tissue 
Encounters antigen/pathogens in great number and frequency compared to systemic 
GI tract
Respiratory
Urogenital
Salivary
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17
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

Almost like lymph nodes without encapsulation

Mucosal layer of the gut

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18
Q

Lymphatic vessels system

A

Not closed loop - meets circulatory system

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19
Q

Where are lymphatic vessels found?

A 
Everywhere except:
Cartilage
CNS
Cornea 
Epidermis
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20
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Network of capillaries that transport cells and anything foreign from tissues to lymph nodes

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21
Q

How does lymph move

A

Result of muscle contraction and one way valves

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22
Q

Extravasation

A

Cell migration
Movement of blood cells through an unruptured vessel wall into surrounding tissue
Mediated by two groups of cell adhesion molecules (CAM)
Selectins and integrins.

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23
Q

Selectins

A

Rolling / weak adhesion. Post it note

Cell migration

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24
Q

Integrins

A

Tight adhesions - superglue

Cell migration

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25
Chemotaxis
Receptor mediated movement of cells through tissues. Elicited by chemokines Neutrophil migration to infection site T/b cell migration to areas within secondary lymphoid tissues
26
Extravasation general process
Rolling adhesion, | Stable / tight adhesion
27
Rolling adhesion
A weak interaction between WBC and endothelial cell via selectins binding to ligand Expression is constitutive, allowing all wbc to slow down in capillaries
28
Stable / tight adhesions
Strong interaction between wbc and endothelial cell via integrins binding to ligands Expression is unregulated by inflammatory mediators, allowing wbc to adhere tightly and extravasated
29
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Genetic disorder characterized by deficiency of integrins Marked by recurrent bacterial infections and severe neutrophilia (can get out of blood) Lack of pus at infection sites. Can’t exit vasculature to get to tissues
30
Chemokine directed migration
Cells follow concentration gradient of chemokine Cellular movement depends on the chemokine and chemokine receptor Homing of lymphocytes to specific areas of lymphoid tissue is mediated by chemokines.
31
Lymphocyte recirculating
Naive lymphocytes recirculate between blood and lymph until antigen encounter or death. If antigen is encountered then activation, proliferation and differentiation If antigen is not encountered then re enter blood/lymph after 1 day. Enter lymph nodes via high endothelial venules, re enter blood via lymphatics and thoracic duct. Enter and exit spleen through blood vessels
32
Functions of immune response
Recognition Removal/restraint Regulation Memory
33
Antigens
Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody or antigen receptors on cells of immune system.
34
Epitomes
Smallest unit of an antigen that are recognized by antibodies and antigen receptors. Can have 1 or more epitopes.
35
Conformational epitope
``` Found in native structure Type of epitope recognized by Antibodies B cell receptors Innate receptors 3D folded structure. ``` Cells and antibodies can recognize
36
Linear (continuous) epitope
Found in denatured structure Only type of epitope presented by MHC and recognized by T cell receptors Can also be recognized by antibodies / B cell receptors/ innate receptors T cells only recognize this one when in certain length and presented by mhc.
37
4 types of antigens
Immunogens Haptens Tolerogens Mitogens
38
Polyclonal antiserum and B cells
Different epitome specificity. | B cells produce antibodies to different epitome but specific to 1 bacteria
39
Monoclonal antibodies and B cell
Important in pharmaceutical therapies | B. Cell and daughter cells produces antibodies that recognize same 1 epitome
40
Immunogens
Produce good immune response Can bind AND induce an immune response. Subsequent exposures result in increased responsiveness. Proteins tend to be more immunogenicity than lipids carbohydrates and nucleic acids.
41
Why are proteins more immunogenicity
More specific to pathogen. Can tell difference.
42
Haptens
Don’t illicit immune response. Need a carrier molecule Small molecules that can bind to antibodies and receptors but cannot induce an immune response by themselves. Can be immunogenicity when linked to carrier.
43
Tolerogens
Illicit little bit of immune response Small but exposed over and over again for tolerance Can bind and induce immune response. Subsequent exposures or a different route of exposure results in decreased responsiveness
44
Explain how the new treatment for reversing a peanut allergy works, as well as drawbacks of this treatment
Using tolerogens. Exposed to small doses of the peanut antigen over and over again can build a tolerance / decreased responsiveness. Drawbacks are that if too much time elapses between doses or completely stop use can result in a worse reaction
45
Mitogens
Super immunogen Strong nonspecific response. T and B cell response Polyclonal activators
46
Polyclonal activators
Mitogens Induce nonspecific division and differentiation. Response is not directed at specific antigen
47
T cell polyclonal activators
Produce nonspecific cytokines and nonspecific killing
48
B cell polyclonal activators
Nonspecific antibody production
49
Superantigens
Mitogens Hold TCR:MHC together no matter what antigen is being presented and leads to unregulated cytokine production. Cytokine storm Produced by some pathogen. Super activated >lots of clones > lots of cytokines> septic shock> immune cells to tissues> bp drops and edema
50
Adjuvants
Added to vaccines for boosted immune response | Patent protected so dont know exactly what it is
51
Factors that influence immunogenicity of proteins
``` Size Dose Route Composition Form Similarity to self protein Adjuvants Interaction with host MHC ```
52
Why does subcutaneous route increase immunogenicity. Why is intragastic the least?
Dendritic cells prevent it from gettin in. Dermatological response is the biggest part of the immune system Gastric immune is the least amount. Don’t want to attack our healthy gut microbes, because inflammation is a huge problem there.
53
Why are large proteins more immunogenic
More surface area and epitopes
54
Why are less differences in similarity to self protein have decreased immunogenicity
Some bacteria make similar self antigens. The body’s respond to those antigens but then because they are so similar to self, they end up also attacking itself. >autoimmune
55
Antigen receptors adaptive and innate immune system
Innate immune system uses pattern recognition receptors (PRR) B and T cells of the adaptive immune system have antigen specific receptors
56
Explain the pattern recognition receptors
Common component is recognized. Such as CPG repeats in pathogens since we do not have that.
57
Explain adaptive immune system antigen receptors
1 adaptive cell recognizes 1 epitope.
58
Innate antigen receptors
uses PRR to facilitate pathogen removal Recognize PAMPs, pathogen associated molecular patterns MAMPs microbe associated molecular patterns DAMPs danger associated molecular patterns
59
PRR TLR
Toll like receptors Membrane bound cell surface or in endosomes Found predominantly on cells of immune system. Have bunch of different ones specific to something/ component of pathogen Flagella, parasite etc
60
Antigen receptors of adaptive immunity B cell receptors
B cell receptors recognize unprocessed antigen. Recognize conformational and/or linear epitopes. Can just bump into pathogen
61
Antigen receptors adaptive immunity T cell receptors
Recognize processed peptides presented by MHC molecules. Peptides have to be linear and of a certain short length. It is held for quite some time to recognize and then create antibodies for response. > why takes 8-10 days to have adaptive response and symptoms statutory to subside
62
Primary (central) lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte production and maturation | Bone marrow, thymus, fetal liver
63
Secondary / peripheral lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte activation | Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
64
Bone marrow
Responsible for formation of all postnatal blood cells. | B and NK cells continue to develop in bone marrow.
65
Red marrow
Highly vascularized spongy reticular framework filled with hematopoietic tissues All lymphocytes begin development here
66
Thymus
Blooped gland above the heart Encapsulated organ - 2 lobules cortex and medulla Site of T cell maturation
67
Thymus cortex
Darker staining | More T cells
68
Thymus medulla
``` Lighter staining. Fewer T cells Dendritic cells Epithelial cells Macrophages Hassan’s corpuscles (but dont know what they do yet) ```
69
Thymus involution
Volume of active tissue decreases over time | Does not completely lose function
70
Lymph nodes
“Grand central station” of immune responses Cells bring pathogens here to activate immune system Antigens diffuse in via afferent lymphatic vessels Dc migrate via afferent lymphatic vessels Follow chemokine signals
71
What do lymph nodes swell
Commonly due to viral or bacterial infections Can swell several times their normal size May feel firm and look misshapen Surrounding skin may be warm Return to normal with resolution of infection
72
Spleen
Blood filtration system
73
Red pulp spleen
Phagocytosis of old or damaged RBC and antigens/microbes from blood
74
White pulp
Areas of lymphocytes around arterioles | Some separation of b and T cell areas
75
What happens if you don’t have a spleen
Life long risk of serious infection. Most instances of serious infection are due to infections with encapsulated bacteria (just slip away) Vaccination to minimize/prevent Daily therapy commonly includes low doses of prophylactic antibiotics.
76
Mucosal immune system
``` Secondary lymphoid organ/tissue Encounters antigen/pathogens in great number and frequency compared to systemic GI tract Respiratory Urogenital Salivary ```
77
Peyer’s patches
Almost like lymph nodes without encapsulation | Mucosal layer of the gut
78
Lymphatic vessels system
Not closed loop - meets circulatory system
79
Where are lymphatic vessels found?
``` Everywhere except: Cartilage CNS Cornea Epidermis ```
80
Lymphatic vessels
Network of capillaries that transport cells and anything foreign from tissues to lymph nodes
81
How does lymph move
Result of muscle contraction and one way valves
82
Extravasation
Cell migration Movement of blood cells through an unruptured vessel wall into surrounding tissue Mediated by two groups of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) Selectins and integrins.
83
Selectins
Rolling / weak adhesion. Post it note | Cell migration
84
Integrins
Tight adhesions - superglue | Cell migration
85
Chemotaxis
Receptor mediated movement of cells through tissues. Elicited by chemokines Neutrophil migration to infection site T/b cell migration to areas within secondary lymphoid tissues
86
Extravasation general process
Rolling adhesion, | Stable / tight adhesion
87
Rolling adhesion
A weak interaction between WBC and endothelial cell via selectins binding to ligand Expression is constitutive, allowing all wbc to slow down in capillaries
88
Stable / tight adhesions
Strong interaction between wbc and endothelial cell via integrins binding to ligands Expression is unregulated by inflammatory mediators, allowing wbc to adhere tightly and extravasated
89
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Genetic disorder characterized by deficiency of integrins Marked by recurrent bacterial infections and severe neutrophilia (can get out of blood) Lack of pus at infection sites. Can’t exit vasculature to get to tissues
90
Chemokine directed migration
Cells follow concentration gradient of chemokine Cellular movement depends on the chemokine and chemokine receptor Homing of lymphocytes to specific areas of lymphoid tissue is mediated by chemokines.
91
Lymphocyte recirculating
Naive lymphocytes recirculate between blood and lymph until antigen encounter or death. If antigen is encountered then activation, proliferation and differentiation If antigen is not encountered then re enter blood/lymph after 1 day. Enter lymph nodes via high endothelial venules, re enter blood via lymphatics and thoracic duct. Enter and exit spleen through blood vessels
92
Functions of immune response
Recognition Removal/restraint Regulation Memory
93
Antigens
Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody or antigen receptors on cells of immune system.
94
Epitomes
Smallest unit of an antigen that are recognized by antibodies and antigen receptors. Can have 1 or more epitopes.
95
Conformational epitope
``` Found in native structure Type of epitope recognized by Antibodies B cell receptors Innate receptors ```
96
Linear (continuous) epitope
Found in denatured structure Only type of epitope presented by MHC and recognized by T cell receptors Can also be recognized by antibodies / B cell receptors/ innate receptors
97
4 types of antigens
Immunogens Haptens Tolerogens Mitogens
98
Primary (central) lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte production and maturation | Bone marrow, thymus, fetal liver
99
Secondary / peripheral lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte activation | Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
100
Bone marrow
Responsible for formation of all postnatal blood cells. | B and NK cells continue to develop in bone marrow.
101
Red marrow
Highly vascularized spongy reticular framework filled with hematopoietic tissues All lymphocytes begin development here
102
Thymus
Blooped gland above the heart Encapsulated organ - 2 lobules cortex and medulla Site of T cell maturation
103
Thymocytes
Progenitor T cells that enter thymus via small blood vessels | Embed in mesh work of stromatolites cells
104
Thymus cortex
Darker staining | More T cells
105
Thymus medulla
``` Lighter staining. Fewer T cells Dendritic cells Epithelial cells Macrophages Hassan’s corpuscles (but dont know what they do yet) ```
106
Thymus involution
Volume of active tissue decreases over time | Does not completely lose function
107
Lymph nodes
“Grand central station” of immune responses Cells bring pathogens here to activate immune system Antigens diffuse in via afferent lymphatic vessels Dc migrate via afferent lymphatic vessels Follow chemokine signals
108
What do lymph nodes swell
Commonly due to viral or bacterial infections Can swell several times their normal size May feel firm and look misshapen Surrounding skin may be warm Return to normal with resolution of infection
109
Spleen
Blood filtration system
110
Red pulp spleen
Phagocytosis of old or damaged RBC and antigens/microbes from blood
111
White pulp
Areas of lymphocytes around arterioles | Some separation of b and T cell areas
112
What happens if you don’t have a spleen
Life long risk of serious infection. Most instances of serious infection are due to infections with encapsulated bacteria (just slip away) Vaccination to minimize/prevent Daily therapy commonly includes low doses of prophylactic antibiotics.
113
Mucosal immune system
``` Secondary lymphoid organ/tissue Encounters antigen/pathogens in great number and frequency compared to systemic GI tract Respiratory Urogenital Salivary ```
114
Peyer’s patches
Almost like lymph nodes without encapsulation | Mucosal layer of the gut
115
Lymphatic vessels system
Not closed loop - meets circulatory system
116
Where are lymphatic vessels found?
``` Everywhere except: Cartilage CNS Cornea Epidermis ```
117
Lymphatic vessels
Network of capillaries that transport cells and anything foreign from tissues to lymph nodes
118
How does lymph move
Result of muscle contraction and one way valves
119
Extravasation
Cell migration Movement of blood cells through an unruptured vessel wall into surrounding tissue Mediated by two groups of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) Selectins and integrins.
120
Selectins
Rolling / weak adhesion. Post it note | Cell migration
121
Integrins
Tight adhesions - superglue | Cell migration
122
Chemotaxis
Receptor mediated movement of cells through tissues. Elicited by chemokines Neutrophil migration to infection site T/b cell migration to areas within secondary lymphoid tissues
123
Extravasation general process
Rolling adhesion, | Stable / tight adhesion
124
Rolling adhesion
A weak interaction between WBC and endothelial cell via selectins binding to ligand Expression is constitutive, allowing all wbc to slow down in capillaries
125
Stable / tight adhesions
Strong interaction between wbc and endothelial cell via integrins binding to ligands Expression is unregulated by inflammatory mediators, allowing wbc to adhere tightly and extravasated
126
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Genetic disorder characterized by deficiency of integrins Marked by recurrent bacterial infections and severe neutrophilia (can get out of blood) Lack of pus at infection sites. Can’t exit vasculature to get to tissues
127
Chemokine directed migration
Cells follow concentration gradient of chemokine Cellular movement depends on the chemokine and chemokine receptor Homing of lymphocytes to specific areas of lymphoid tissue is mediated by chemokines.
128
Lymphocyte recirculating
Naive lymphocytes recirculate between blood and lymph until antigen encounter or death. If antigen is encountered then activation, proliferation and differentiation If antigen is not encountered then re enter blood/lymph after 1 day. Enter lymph nodes via high endothelial venules, re enter blood via lymphatics and thoracic duct. Enter and exit spleen through blood vessels
129
Functions of immune response
Recognition Removal/restraint Regulation Memory
130
Antigens
Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody or antigen receptors on cells of immune system.
131
Epitomes
Smallest unit of an antigen that are recognized by antibodies and antigen receptors. Can have 1 or more epitopes.
132
Conformational epitope
``` Found in native structure Type of epitope recognized by Antibodies B cell receptors Innate receptors ```
133
Linear (continuous) epitope
Found in denatured structure Only type of epitope presented by MHC and recognized by T cell receptors Can also be recognized by antibodies / B cell receptors/ innate receptors
134
4 types of antigens
Immunogens Haptens Tolerogens Mitogens
135
Primary (central) lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte production and maturation | Bone marrow, thymus, fetal liver
136
Secondary / peripheral lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte activation | Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
137
Bone marrow
Responsible for formation of all postnatal blood cells. | B and NK cells continue to develop in bone marrow.
138
Red marrow
Highly vascularized spongy reticular framework filled with hematopoietic tissues All lymphocytes begin development here
139
Thymus
Blooped gland above the heart Encapsulated organ - 2 lobules cortex and medulla Site of T cell maturation
140
Thymocytes
Progenitor T cells that enter thymus via small blood vessels | Embed in mesh work of stromatolites cells
141
Thymus cortex
Darker staining | More T cells
142
Thymus medulla
``` Lighter staining. Fewer T cells Dendritic cells Epithelial cells Macrophages Hassan’s corpuscles (but dont know what they do yet) ```
143
Thymus involution
Volume of active tissue decreases over time | Does not completely lose function
144
Lymph nodes
“Grand central station” of immune responses Cells bring pathogens here to activate immune system Antigens diffuse in via afferent lymphatic vessels Dc migrate via afferent lymphatic vessels Follow chemokine signals
145
What do lymph nodes swell
Commonly due to viral or bacterial infections Can swell several times their normal size May feel firm and look misshapen Surrounding skin may be warm Return to normal with resolution of infection
146
Spleen
Blood filtration system
147
Red pulp spleen
Phagocytosis of old or damaged RBC and antigens/microbes from blood
148
White pulp
Areas of lymphocytes around arterioles | Some separation of b and T cell areas
149
What happens if you don’t have a spleen
Life long risk of serious infection. Most instances of serious infection are due to infections with encapsulated bacteria (just slip away) Vaccination to minimize/prevent Daily therapy commonly includes low doses of prophylactic antibiotics.
150
Mucosal immune system
``` Secondary lymphoid organ/tissue Encounters antigen/pathogens in great number and frequency compared to systemic GI tract Respiratory Urogenital Salivary ```
151
Peyer’s patches
Almost like lymph nodes without encapsulation | Mucosal layer of the gut
152
Lymphatic vessels system
Not closed loop - meets circulatory system
153
Where are lymphatic vessels found?
``` Everywhere except: Cartilage CNS Cornea Epidermis ```
154
Lymphatic vessels
Network of capillaries that transport cells and anything foreign from tissues to lymph nodes
155
How does lymph move
Result of muscle contraction and one way valves
156
Extravasation
Cell migration Movement of blood cells through an unruptured vessel wall into surrounding tissue Mediated by two groups of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) Selectins and integrins.
157
Selectins
Rolling / weak adhesion. Post it note | Cell migration
158
Integrins
Tight adhesions - superglue | Cell migration
159
Chemotaxis
Receptor mediated movement of cells through tissues. Elicited by chemokines Neutrophil migration to infection site T/b cell migration to areas within secondary lymphoid tissues
160
Extravasation general process
Rolling adhesion, | Stable / tight adhesion
161
Rolling adhesion
A weak interaction between WBC and endothelial cell via selectins binding to ligand Expression is constitutive, allowing all wbc to slow down in capillaries
162
Stable / tight adhesions
Strong interaction between wbc and endothelial cell via integrins binding to ligands Expression is unregulated by inflammatory mediators, allowing wbc to adhere tightly and extravasated
163
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Genetic disorder characterized by deficiency of integrins Marked by recurrent bacterial infections and severe neutrophilia (can get out of blood) Lack of pus at infection sites. Can’t exit vasculature to get to tissues
164
Chemokine directed migration
Cells follow concentration gradient of chemokine Cellular movement depends on the chemokine and chemokine receptor Homing of lymphocytes to specific areas of lymphoid tissue is mediated by chemokines.
165
Lymphocyte recirculating
Naive lymphocytes recirculate between blood and lymph until antigen encounter or death. If antigen is encountered then activation, proliferation and differentiation If antigen is not encountered then re enter blood/lymph after 1 day. Enter lymph nodes via high endothelial venules, re enter blood via lymphatics and thoracic duct. Enter and exit spleen through blood vessels
166
Functions of immune response
Recognition Removal/restraint Regulation Memory
167
Antigens
Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody or antigen receptors on cells of immune system.
168
Epitomes
Smallest unit of an antigen that are recognized by antibodies and antigen receptors. Can have 1 or more epitopes.
169
Conformational epitope
``` Found in native structure Type of epitope recognized by Antibodies B cell receptors Innate receptors ```
170
Linear (continuous) epitope
Found in denatured structure Only type of epitope presented by MHC and recognized by T cell receptors Can also be recognized by antibodies / B cell receptors/ innate receptors
171
4 types of antigens
Immunogens Haptens Tolerogens Mitogens
172
Primary (central) lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte production and maturation | Bone marrow, thymus, fetal liver
173
Secondary / peripheral lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte activation | Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
174
Bone marrow
Responsible for formation of all postnatal blood cells. | B and NK cells continue to develop in bone marrow.
175
Red marrow
Highly vascularized spongy reticular framework filled with hematopoietic tissues All lymphocytes begin development here
176
Thymus
Blooped gland above the heart Encapsulated organ - 2 lobules cortex and medulla Site of T cell maturation
177
Thymocytes
Progenitor T cells that enter thymus via small blood vessels | Embed in mesh work of stromatolites cells
178
Thymus cortex
Darker staining | More T cells
179
Thymus medulla
``` Lighter staining. Fewer T cells Dendritic cells Epithelial cells Macrophages Hassan’s corpuscles (but dont know what they do yet) ```
180
Thymus involution
Volume of active tissue decreases over time | Does not completely lose function
181
Lymph nodes
“Grand central station” of immune responses Cells bring pathogens here to activate immune system Antigens diffuse in via afferent lymphatic vessels Dc migrate via afferent lymphatic vessels Follow chemokine signals
182
What do lymph nodes swell
Commonly due to viral or bacterial infections Can swell several times their normal size May feel firm and look misshapen Surrounding skin may be warm Return to normal with resolution of infection
183
Spleen
Blood filtration system
184
Red pulp spleen
Phagocytosis of old or damaged RBC and antigens/microbes from blood
185
White pulp
Areas of lymphocytes around arterioles | Some separation of b and T cell areas
186
What happens if you don’t have a spleen
Life long risk of serious infection. Most instances of serious infection are due to infections with encapsulated bacteria (just slip away) Vaccination to minimize/prevent Daily therapy commonly includes low doses of prophylactic antibiotics.
187
Mucosal immune system
``` Secondary lymphoid organ/tissue Encounters antigen/pathogens in great number and frequency compared to systemic GI tract Respiratory Urogenital Salivary ```
188
Peyer’s patches
Almost like lymph nodes without encapsulation | Mucosal layer of the gut
189
Lymphatic vessels system
Not closed loop - meets circulatory system
190
Where are lymphatic vessels found?
``` Everywhere except: Cartilage CNS Cornea Epidermis ```
191
Lymphatic vessels
Network of capillaries that transport cells and anything foreign from tissues to lymph nodes
192
How does lymph move
Result of muscle contraction and one way valves
193
Extravasation
Cell migration Movement of blood cells through an unruptured vessel wall into surrounding tissue Mediated by two groups of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) Selectins and integrins.
194
Selectins
Rolling / weak adhesion. Post it note | Cell migration
195
Integrins
Tight adhesions - superglue | Cell migration
196
Chemotaxis
Receptor mediated movement of cells through tissues. Elicited by chemokines Neutrophil migration to infection site T/b cell migration to areas within secondary lymphoid tissues
197
Extravasation general process
Rolling adhesion, | Stable / tight adhesion
198
Rolling adhesion
A weak interaction between WBC and endothelial cell via selectins binding to ligand Expression is constitutive, allowing all wbc to slow down in capillaries
199
Stable / tight adhesions
Strong interaction between wbc and endothelial cell via integrins binding to ligands Expression is unregulated by inflammatory mediators, allowing wbc to adhere tightly and extravasated
200
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Genetic disorder characterized by deficiency of integrins Marked by recurrent bacterial infections and severe neutrophilia (can get out of blood) Lack of pus at infection sites. Can’t exit vasculature to get to tissues
201
Chemokine directed migration
Cells follow concentration gradient of chemokine Cellular movement depends on the chemokine and chemokine receptor Homing of lymphocytes to specific areas of lymphoid tissue is mediated by chemokines.
202
Lymphocyte recirculating
Naive lymphocytes recirculate between blood and lymph until antigen encounter or death. If antigen is encountered then activation, proliferation and differentiation If antigen is not encountered then re enter blood/lymph after 1 day. Enter lymph nodes via high endothelial venules, re enter blood via lymphatics and thoracic duct. Enter and exit spleen through blood vessels
203
Functions of immune response
Recognition Removal/restraint Regulation Memory
204
Antigens
Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody or antigen receptors on cells of immune system.
205
Epitomes
Smallest unit of an antigen that are recognized by antibodies and antigen receptors. Can have 1 or more epitopes.
206
Conformational epitope
``` Found in native structure Type of epitope recognized by Antibodies B cell receptors Innate receptors ```
207
Linear (continuous) epitope
Found in denatured structure Only type of epitope presented by MHC and recognized by T cell receptors Can also be recognized by antibodies / B cell receptors/ innate receptors
208
4 types of antigens
Immunogens Haptens Tolerogens Mitogens
209
Primary (central) lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte production and maturation | Bone marrow, thymus, fetal liver
210
Secondary / peripheral lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte activation | Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
211
Bone marrow
Responsible for formation of all postnatal blood cells. | B and NK cells continue to develop in bone marrow.
212
Red marrow
Highly vascularized spongy reticular framework filled with hematopoietic tissues All lymphocytes begin development here
213
Thymus
Blooped gland above the heart Encapsulated organ - 2 lobules cortex and medulla Site of T cell maturation
214
Thymocytes
Progenitor T cells that enter thymus via small blood vessels | Embed in mesh work of stromatolites cells
215
Thymus cortex
Darker staining | More T cells
216
Thymus medulla
``` Lighter staining. Fewer T cells Dendritic cells Epithelial cells Macrophages Hassan’s corpuscles (but dont know what they do yet) ```
217
Thymus involution
Volume of active tissue decreases over time | Does not completely lose function
218
Lymph nodes
“Grand central station” of immune responses Cells bring pathogens here to activate immune system Antigens diffuse in via afferent lymphatic vessels Dc migrate via afferent lymphatic vessels Follow chemokine signals
219
What do lymph nodes swell
Commonly due to viral or bacterial infections Can swell several times their normal size May feel firm and look misshapen Surrounding skin may be warm Return to normal with resolution of infection
220
Spleen
Blood filtration system
221
Red pulp spleen
Phagocytosis of old or damaged RBC and antigens/microbes from blood
222
White pulp
Areas of lymphocytes around arterioles | Some separation of b and T cell areas
223
What happens if you don’t have a spleen
Life long risk of serious infection. Most instances of serious infection are due to infections with encapsulated bacteria (just slip away) Vaccination to minimize/prevent Daily therapy commonly includes low doses of prophylactic antibiotics.
224
Mucosal immune system
``` Secondary lymphoid organ/tissue Encounters antigen/pathogens in great number and frequency compared to systemic GI tract Respiratory Urogenital Salivary ```
225
Peyer’s patches
Almost like lymph nodes without encapsulation | Mucosal layer of the gut
226
Lymphatic vessels system
Not closed loop - meets circulatory system
227
Where are lymphatic vessels found?
``` Everywhere except: Cartilage CNS Cornea Epidermis ```
228
Lymphatic vessels
Network of capillaries that transport cells and anything foreign from tissues to lymph nodes
229
How does lymph move
Result of muscle contraction and one way valves
230
Extravasation
Cell migration Movement of blood cells through an unruptured vessel wall into surrounding tissue Mediated by two groups of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) Selectins and integrins.
231
Selectins
Rolling / weak adhesion. Post it note | Cell migration
232
Integrins
Tight adhesions - superglue | Cell migration
233
Chemotaxis
Receptor mediated movement of cells through tissues. Elicited by chemokines Neutrophil migration to infection site T/b cell migration to areas within secondary lymphoid tissues
234
Extravasation general process
Rolling adhesion, | Stable / tight adhesion
235
Rolling adhesion
A weak interaction between WBC and endothelial cell via selectins binding to ligand Expression is constitutive, allowing all wbc to slow down in capillaries
236
Stable / tight adhesions
Strong interaction between wbc and endothelial cell via integrins binding to ligands Expression is unregulated by inflammatory mediators, allowing wbc to adhere tightly and extravasated
237
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Genetic disorder characterized by deficiency of integrins Marked by recurrent bacterial infections and severe neutrophilia (can get out of blood) Lack of pus at infection sites. Can’t exit vasculature to get to tissues
238
Chemokine directed migration
Cells follow concentration gradient of chemokine Cellular movement depends on the chemokine and chemokine receptor Homing of lymphocytes to specific areas of lymphoid tissue is mediated by chemokines.
239
Lymphocyte recirculating
Naive lymphocytes recirculate between blood and lymph until antigen encounter or death. If antigen is encountered then activation, proliferation and differentiation If antigen is not encountered then re enter blood/lymph after 1 day. Enter lymph nodes via high endothelial venules, re enter blood via lymphatics and thoracic duct. Enter and exit spleen through blood vessels
240
Functions of immune response
Recognition Removal/restraint Regulation Memory
241
Antigens
Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody or antigen receptors on cells of immune system.
242
Epitomes
Smallest unit of an antigen that are recognized by antibodies and antigen receptors. Can have 1 or more epitopes.
243
Conformational epitope
``` Found in native structure Type of epitope recognized by Antibodies B cell receptors Innate receptors ```
244
Linear (continuous) epitope
Found in denatured structure Only type of epitope presented by MHC and recognized by T cell receptors Can also be recognized by antibodies / B cell receptors/ innate receptors
245
4 types of antigens
Immunogens Haptens Tolerogens Mitogens
246
Primary (central) lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte production and maturation | Bone marrow, thymus, fetal liver
247
Secondary / peripheral lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte activation | Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
248
Bone marrow
Responsible for formation of all postnatal blood cells. | B and NK cells continue to develop in bone marrow.
249
Red marrow
Highly vascularized spongy reticular framework filled with hematopoietic tissues All lymphocytes begin development here
250
Thymus
Blooped gland above the heart Encapsulated organ - 2 lobules cortex and medulla Site of T cell maturation
251
Thymocytes
Progenitor T cells that enter thymus via small blood vessels | Embed in mesh work of stromatolites cells
252
Thymus cortex
Darker staining | More T cells
253
Thymus medulla
``` Lighter staining. Fewer T cells Dendritic cells Epithelial cells Macrophages Hassan’s corpuscles (but dont know what they do yet) ```
254
Thymus involution
Volume of active tissue decreases over time | Does not completely lose function
255
Lymph nodes
“Grand central station” of immune responses Cells bring pathogens here to activate immune system Antigens diffuse in via afferent lymphatic vessels Dc migrate via afferent lymphatic vessels Follow chemokine signals
256
What do lymph nodes swell
Commonly due to viral or bacterial infections Can swell several times their normal size May feel firm and look misshapen Surrounding skin may be warm Return to normal with resolution of infection
257
Spleen
Blood filtration system
258
Red pulp spleen
Phagocytosis of old or damaged RBC and antigens/microbes from blood
259
White pulp
Areas of lymphocytes around arterioles | Some separation of b and T cell areas
260
What happens if you don’t have a spleen
Life long risk of serious infection. Most instances of serious infection are due to infections with encapsulated bacteria (just slip away) Vaccination to minimize/prevent Daily therapy commonly includes low doses of prophylactic antibiotics.
261
Mucosal immune system
``` Secondary lymphoid organ/tissue Encounters antigen/pathogens in great number and frequency compared to systemic GI tract Respiratory Urogenital Salivary ```
262
Peyer’s patches
Almost like lymph nodes without encapsulation | Mucosal layer of the gut
263
Lymphatic vessels system
Not closed loop - meets circulatory system
264
Where are lymphatic vessels found?
``` Everywhere except: Cartilage CNS Cornea Epidermis ```
265
Lymphatic vessels
Network of capillaries that transport cells and anything foreign from tissues to lymph nodes
266
How does lymph move
Result of muscle contraction and one way valves
267
Extravasation
Cell migration Movement of blood cells through an unruptured vessel wall into surrounding tissue Mediated by two groups of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) Selectins and integrins.
268
Selectins
Rolling / weak adhesion. Post it note | Cell migration
269
Integrins
Tight adhesions - superglue | Cell migration
270
Chemotaxis
Receptor mediated movement of cells through tissues. Elicited by chemokines Neutrophil migration to infection site T/b cell migration to areas within secondary lymphoid tissues
271
Extravasation general process
Rolling adhesion, | Stable / tight adhesion
272
Rolling adhesion
A weak interaction between WBC and endothelial cell via selectins binding to ligand Expression is constitutive, allowing all wbc to slow down in capillaries
273
Stable / tight adhesions
Strong interaction between wbc and endothelial cell via integrins binding to ligands Expression is unregulated by inflammatory mediators, allowing wbc to adhere tightly and extravasated
274
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Genetic disorder characterized by deficiency of integrins Marked by recurrent bacterial infections and severe neutrophilia (can get out of blood) Lack of pus at infection sites. Can’t exit vasculature to get to tissues
275
Chemokine directed migration
Cells follow concentration gradient of chemokine Cellular movement depends on the chemokine and chemokine receptor Homing of lymphocytes to specific areas of lymphoid tissue is mediated by chemokines.
276
Lymphocyte recirculating
Naive lymphocytes recirculate between blood and lymph until antigen encounter or death. If antigen is encountered then activation, proliferation and differentiation If antigen is not encountered then re enter blood/lymph after 1 day. Enter lymph nodes via high endothelial venules, re enter blood via lymphatics and thoracic duct. Enter and exit spleen through blood vessels
277
Functions of immune response
Recognition Removal/restraint Regulation Memory
278
Antigens
Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody or antigen receptors on cells of immune system.
279
Epitomes
Smallest unit of an antigen that are recognized by antibodies and antigen receptors. Can have 1 or more epitopes.
280
Conformational epitope
``` Found in native structure Type of epitope recognized by Antibodies B cell receptors Innate receptors ```
281
Linear (continuous) epitope
Found in denatured structure Only type of epitope presented by MHC and recognized by T cell receptors Can also be recognized by antibodies / B cell receptors/ innate receptors
282
4 types of antigens
Immunogens Haptens Tolerogens Mitogens
283
Primary (central) lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte production and maturation | Bone marrow, thymus, fetal liver
284
Secondary / peripheral lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte activation | Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
285
Bone marrow
Responsible for formation of all postnatal blood cells. | B and NK cells continue to develop in bone marrow.
286
Red marrow
Highly vascularized spongy reticular framework filled with hematopoietic tissues All lymphocytes begin development here
287
Thymus
Blooped gland above the heart Encapsulated organ - 2 lobules cortex and medulla Site of T cell maturation
288
Thymocytes
Progenitor T cells that enter thymus via small blood vessels | Embed in mesh work of stromatolites cells
289
Thymus cortex
Darker staining | More T cells
290
Thymus medulla
``` Lighter staining. Fewer T cells Dendritic cells Epithelial cells Macrophages Hassan’s corpuscles (but dont know what they do yet) ```
291
Thymus involution
Volume of active tissue decreases over time | Does not completely lose function
292
Lymph nodes
“Grand central station” of immune responses Cells bring pathogens here to activate immune system Antigens diffuse in via afferent lymphatic vessels Dc migrate via afferent lymphatic vessels Follow chemokine signals
293
What do lymph nodes swell
Commonly due to viral or bacterial infections Can swell several times their normal size May feel firm and look misshapen Surrounding skin may be warm Return to normal with resolution of infection
294
Spleen
Blood filtration system
295
Red pulp spleen
Phagocytosis of old or damaged RBC and antigens/microbes from blood
296
White pulp
Areas of lymphocytes around arterioles | Some separation of b and T cell areas
297
What happens if you don’t have a spleen
Life long risk of serious infection. Most instances of serious infection are due to infections with encapsulated bacteria (just slip away) Vaccination to minimize/prevent Daily therapy commonly includes low doses of prophylactic antibiotics.
298
Mucosal immune system
``` Secondary lymphoid organ/tissue Encounters antigen/pathogens in great number and frequency compared to systemic GI tract Respiratory Urogenital Salivary ```
299
Peyer’s patches
Almost like lymph nodes without encapsulation | Mucosal layer of the gut
300
Lymphatic vessels system
Not closed loop - meets circulatory system
301
Where are lymphatic vessels found?
``` Everywhere except: Cartilage CNS Cornea Epidermis ```
302
Lymphatic vessels
Network of capillaries that transport cells and anything foreign from tissues to lymph nodes
303
How does lymph move
Result of muscle contraction and one way valves
304
Extravasation
Cell migration Movement of blood cells through an unruptured vessel wall into surrounding tissue Mediated by two groups of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) Selectins and integrins.
305
Selectins
Rolling / weak adhesion. Post it note | Cell migration
306
Integrins
Tight adhesions - superglue | Cell migration
307
Chemotaxis
Receptor mediated movement of cells through tissues. Elicited by chemokines Neutrophil migration to infection site T/b cell migration to areas within secondary lymphoid tissues
308
Extravasation general process
Rolling adhesion, | Stable / tight adhesion
309
Rolling adhesion
A weak interaction between WBC and endothelial cell via selectins binding to ligand Expression is constitutive, allowing all wbc to slow down in capillaries
310
Stable / tight adhesions
Strong interaction between wbc and endothelial cell via integrins binding to ligands Expression is unregulated by inflammatory mediators, allowing wbc to adhere tightly and extravasated
311
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Genetic disorder characterized by deficiency of integrins Marked by recurrent bacterial infections and severe neutrophilia (can get out of blood) Lack of pus at infection sites. Can’t exit vasculature to get to tissues
312
Chemokine directed migration
Cells follow concentration gradient of chemokine Cellular movement depends on the chemokine and chemokine receptor Homing of lymphocytes to specific areas of lymphoid tissue is mediated by chemokines.
313
Lymphocyte recirculating
Naive lymphocytes recirculate between blood and lymph until antigen encounter or death. If antigen is encountered then activation, proliferation and differentiation If antigen is not encountered then re enter blood/lymph after 1 day. Enter lymph nodes via high endothelial venules, re enter blood via lymphatics and thoracic duct. Enter and exit spleen through blood vessels
314
Functions of immune response
Recognition Removal/restraint Regulation Memory
315
Antigens
Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody or antigen receptors on cells of immune system.
316
Epitomes
Smallest unit of an antigen that are recognized by antibodies and antigen receptors. Can have 1 or more epitopes.
317
Conformational epitope
``` Found in native structure Type of epitope recognized by Antibodies B cell receptors Innate receptors ```
318
Linear (continuous) epitope
Found in denatured structure Only type of epitope presented by MHC and recognized by T cell receptors Can also be recognized by antibodies / B cell receptors/ innate receptors
319
4 types of antigens
Immunogens Haptens Tolerogens Mitogens
320
Primary (central) lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte production and maturation | Bone marrow, thymus, fetal liver
321
Secondary / peripheral lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte activation | Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
322
Bone marrow
Responsible for formation of all postnatal blood cells. | B and NK cells continue to develop in bone marrow.
323
Red marrow
Highly vascularized spongy reticular framework filled with hematopoietic tissues All lymphocytes begin development here
324
Thymus
Blooped gland above the heart Encapsulated organ - 2 lobules cortex and medulla Site of T cell maturation
325
Thymocytes
Progenitor T cells that enter thymus via small blood vessels | Embed in mesh work of stromatolites cells
326
Thymus cortex
Darker staining | More T cells
327
Thymus medulla
``` Lighter staining. Fewer T cells Dendritic cells Epithelial cells Macrophages Hassan’s corpuscles (but dont know what they do yet) ```
328
Thymus involution
Volume of active tissue decreases over time | Does not completely lose function
329
Lymph nodes
“Grand central station” of immune responses Cells bring pathogens here to activate immune system Antigens diffuse in via afferent lymphatic vessels Dc migrate via afferent lymphatic vessels Follow chemokine signals
330
What do lymph nodes swell
Commonly due to viral or bacterial infections Can swell several times their normal size May feel firm and look misshapen Surrounding skin may be warm Return to normal with resolution of infection
331
Spleen
Blood filtration system
332
Red pulp spleen
Phagocytosis of old or damaged RBC and antigens/microbes from blood
333
White pulp
Areas of lymphocytes around arterioles | Some separation of b and T cell areas
334
What happens if you don’t have a spleen
Life long risk of serious infection. Most instances of serious infection are due to infections with encapsulated bacteria (just slip away) Vaccination to minimize/prevent Daily therapy commonly includes low doses of prophylactic antibiotics.
335
Mucosal immune system
``` Secondary lymphoid organ/tissue Encounters antigen/pathogens in great number and frequency compared to systemic GI tract Respiratory Urogenital Salivary ```
336
Peyer’s patches
Almost like lymph nodes without encapsulation | Mucosal layer of the gut
337
Lymphatic vessels system
Not closed loop - meets circulatory system
338
Where are lymphatic vessels found?
``` Everywhere except: Cartilage CNS Cornea Epidermis ```
339
Lymphatic vessels
Network of capillaries that transport cells and anything foreign from tissues to lymph nodes
340
How does lymph move
Result of muscle contraction and one way valves
341
Extravasation
Cell migration Movement of blood cells through an unruptured vessel wall into surrounding tissue Mediated by two groups of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) Selectins and integrins.
342
Selectins
Rolling / weak adhesion. Post it note | Cell migration
343
Integrins
Tight adhesions - superglue | Cell migration
344
Chemotaxis
Receptor mediated movement of cells through tissues. Elicited by chemokines Neutrophil migration to infection site T/b cell migration to areas within secondary lymphoid tissues
345
Extravasation general process
Rolling adhesion, | Stable / tight adhesion
346
Rolling adhesion
A weak interaction between WBC and endothelial cell via selectins binding to ligand Expression is constitutive, allowing all wbc to slow down in capillaries
347
Stable / tight adhesions
Strong interaction between wbc and endothelial cell via integrins binding to ligands Expression is unregulated by inflammatory mediators, allowing wbc to adhere tightly and extravasated
348
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Genetic disorder characterized by deficiency of integrins Marked by recurrent bacterial infections and severe neutrophilia (can get out of blood) Lack of pus at infection sites. Can’t exit vasculature to get to tissues
349
Chemokine directed migration
Cells follow concentration gradient of chemokine Cellular movement depends on the chemokine and chemokine receptor Homing of lymphocytes to specific areas of lymphoid tissue is mediated by chemokines.
350
Lymphocyte recirculating
Naive lymphocytes recirculate between blood and lymph until antigen encounter or death. If antigen is encountered then activation, proliferation and differentiation If antigen is not encountered then re enter blood/lymph after 1 day. Enter lymph nodes via high endothelial venules, re enter blood via lymphatics and thoracic duct. Enter and exit spleen through blood vessels
351
Functions of immune response
Recognition Removal/restraint Regulation Memory
352
Antigens
Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody or antigen receptors on cells of immune system.
353
Epitomes
Smallest unit of an antigen that are recognized by antibodies and antigen receptors. Can have 1 or more epitopes.
354
Conformational epitope
``` Found in native structure Type of epitope recognized by Antibodies B cell receptors Innate receptors ```
355
Linear (continuous) epitope
Found in denatured structure Only type of epitope presented by MHC and recognized by T cell receptors Can also be recognized by antibodies / B cell receptors/ innate receptors
356
4 types of antigens
Immunogens Haptens Tolerogens Mitogens
357
Primary (central) lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte production and maturation | Bone marrow, thymus, fetal liver
358
Secondary / peripheral lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte activation | Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
359
Bone marrow
Responsible for formation of all postnatal blood cells. | B and NK cells continue to develop in bone marrow.
360
Red marrow
Highly vascularized spongy reticular framework filled with hematopoietic tissues All lymphocytes begin development here
361
Thymus
Blooped gland above the heart Encapsulated organ - 2 lobules cortex and medulla Site of T cell maturation
362
Thymocytes
Progenitor T cells that enter thymus via small blood vessels | Embed in mesh work of stromatolites cells
363
Thymus cortex
Darker staining | More T cells
364
Thymus medulla
``` Lighter staining. Fewer T cells Dendritic cells Epithelial cells Macrophages Hassan’s corpuscles (but dont know what they do yet) ```
365
Thymus involution
Volume of active tissue decreases over time | Does not completely lose function
366
Lymph nodes
“Grand central station” of immune responses Cells bring pathogens here to activate immune system Antigens diffuse in via afferent lymphatic vessels Dc migrate via afferent lymphatic vessels Follow chemokine signals
367
What do lymph nodes swell
Commonly due to viral or bacterial infections Can swell several times their normal size May feel firm and look misshapen Surrounding skin may be warm Return to normal with resolution of infection
368
Spleen
Blood filtration system
369
Red pulp spleen
Phagocytosis of old or damaged RBC and antigens/microbes from blood
370
White pulp
Areas of lymphocytes around arterioles | Some separation of b and T cell areas
371
What happens if you don’t have a spleen
Life long risk of serious infection. Most instances of serious infection are due to infections with encapsulated bacteria (just slip away) Vaccination to minimize/prevent Daily therapy commonly includes low doses of prophylactic antibiotics.
372
Mucosal immune system
``` Secondary lymphoid organ/tissue Encounters antigen/pathogens in great number and frequency compared to systemic GI tract Respiratory Urogenital Salivary ```
373
Peyer’s patches
Almost like lymph nodes without encapsulation | Mucosal layer of the gut
374
Lymphatic vessels system
Not closed loop - meets circulatory system
375
Where are lymphatic vessels found?
``` Everywhere except: Cartilage CNS Cornea Epidermis ```
376
Lymphatic vessels
Network of capillaries that transport cells and anything foreign from tissues to lymph nodes
377
How does lymph move
Result of muscle contraction and one way valves
378
Extravasation
Cell migration Movement of blood cells through an unruptured vessel wall into surrounding tissue Mediated by two groups of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) Selectins and integrins.
379
Selectins
Rolling / weak adhesion. Post it note | Cell migration
380
Integrins
Tight adhesions - superglue | Cell migration
381
Chemotaxis
Receptor mediated movement of cells through tissues. Elicited by chemokines Neutrophil migration to infection site T/b cell migration to areas within secondary lymphoid tissues
382
Extravasation general process
Rolling adhesion, | Stable / tight adhesion
383
Rolling adhesion
A weak interaction between WBC and endothelial cell via selectins binding to ligand Expression is constitutive, allowing all wbc to slow down in capillaries
384
Stable / tight adhesions
Strong interaction between wbc and endothelial cell via integrins binding to ligands Expression is unregulated by inflammatory mediators, allowing wbc to adhere tightly and extravasated
385
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Genetic disorder characterized by deficiency of integrins Marked by recurrent bacterial infections and severe neutrophilia (can get out of blood) Lack of pus at infection sites. Can’t exit vasculature to get to tissues
386
Chemokine directed migration
Cells follow concentration gradient of chemokine Cellular movement depends on the chemokine and chemokine receptor Homing of lymphocytes to specific areas of lymphoid tissue is mediated by chemokines.
387
Lymphocyte recirculating
Naive lymphocytes recirculate between blood and lymph until antigen encounter or death. If antigen is encountered then activation, proliferation and differentiation If antigen is not encountered then re enter blood/lymph after 1 day. Enter lymph nodes via high endothelial venules, re enter blood via lymphatics and thoracic duct. Enter and exit spleen through blood vessels
388
Functions of immune response
Recognition Removal/restraint Regulation Memory
389
Antigens
Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody or antigen receptors on cells of immune system.
390
Epitomes
Smallest unit of an antigen that are recognized by antibodies and antigen receptors. Can have 1 or more epitopes.
391
Conformational epitope
``` Found in native structure Type of epitope recognized by Antibodies B cell receptors Innate receptors ```
392
Linear (continuous) epitope
Found in denatured structure Only type of epitope presented by MHC and recognized by T cell receptors Can also be recognized by antibodies / B cell receptors/ innate receptors
393
4 types of antigens
Immunogens Haptens Tolerogens Mitogens
394
Primary (central) lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte production and maturation | Bone marrow, thymus, fetal liver
395
Secondary / peripheral lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte activation | Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
396
Bone marrow
Responsible for formation of all postnatal blood cells. | B and NK cells continue to develop in bone marrow.
397
Red marrow
Highly vascularized spongy reticular framework filled with hematopoietic tissues All lymphocytes begin development here
398
Thymus
Blooped gland above the heart Encapsulated organ - 2 lobules cortex and medulla Site of T cell maturation
399
Thymocytes
Progenitor T cells that enter thymus via small blood vessels | Embed in mesh work of stromatolites cells
400
Thymus cortex
Darker staining | More T cells
401
Thymus medulla
``` Lighter staining. Fewer T cells Dendritic cells Epithelial cells Macrophages Hassan’s corpuscles (but dont know what they do yet) ```
402
Thymus involution
Volume of active tissue decreases over time | Does not completely lose function
403
Lymph nodes
“Grand central station” of immune responses Cells bring pathogens here to activate immune system Antigens diffuse in via afferent lymphatic vessels Dc migrate via afferent lymphatic vessels Follow chemokine signals
404
What do lymph nodes swell
Commonly due to viral or bacterial infections Can swell several times their normal size May feel firm and look misshapen Surrounding skin may be warm Return to normal with resolution of infection
405
Spleen
Blood filtration system
406
Red pulp spleen
Phagocytosis of old or damaged RBC and antigens/microbes from blood
407
White pulp
Areas of lymphocytes around arterioles | Some separation of b and T cell areas
408
What happens if you don’t have a spleen
Life long risk of serious infection. Most instances of serious infection are due to infections with encapsulated bacteria (just slip away) Vaccination to minimize/prevent Daily therapy commonly includes low doses of prophylactic antibiotics.
409
Mucosal immune system
``` Secondary lymphoid organ/tissue Encounters antigen/pathogens in great number and frequency compared to systemic GI tract Respiratory Urogenital Salivary ```
410
Peyer’s patches
Almost like lymph nodes without encapsulation | Mucosal layer of the gut
411
Lymphatic vessels system
Not closed loop - meets circulatory system
412
Where are lymphatic vessels found?
``` Everywhere except: Cartilage CNS Cornea Epidermis ```
413
Lymphatic vessels
Network of capillaries that transport cells and anything foreign from tissues to lymph nodes
414
How does lymph move
Result of muscle contraction and one way valves
415
Extravasation
Cell migration Movement of blood cells through an unruptured vessel wall into surrounding tissue Mediated by two groups of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) Selectins and integrins.
416
Selectins
Rolling / weak adhesion. Post it note | Cell migration
417
Integrins
Tight adhesions - superglue | Cell migration
418
Chemotaxis
Receptor mediated movement of cells through tissues. Elicited by chemokines Neutrophil migration to infection site T/b cell migration to areas within secondary lymphoid tissues
419
Extravasation general process
Rolling adhesion, | Stable / tight adhesion
420
Rolling adhesion
A weak interaction between WBC and endothelial cell via selectins binding to ligand Expression is constitutive, allowing all wbc to slow down in capillaries
421
Stable / tight adhesions
Strong interaction between wbc and endothelial cell via integrins binding to ligands Expression is unregulated by inflammatory mediators, allowing wbc to adhere tightly and extravasated
422
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Genetic disorder characterized by deficiency of integrins Marked by recurrent bacterial infections and severe neutrophilia (can get out of blood) Lack of pus at infection sites. Can’t exit vasculature to get to tissues
423
Chemokine directed migration
Cells follow concentration gradient of chemokine Cellular movement depends on the chemokine and chemokine receptor Homing of lymphocytes to specific areas of lymphoid tissue is mediated by chemokines.
424
Lymphocyte recirculating
Naive lymphocytes recirculate between blood and lymph until antigen encounter or death. If antigen is encountered then activation, proliferation and differentiation If antigen is not encountered then re enter blood/lymph after 1 day. Enter lymph nodes via high endothelial venules, re enter blood via lymphatics and thoracic duct. Enter and exit spleen through blood vessels
425
Functions of immune response
Recognition Removal/restraint Regulation Memory
426
Antigens
Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody or antigen receptors on cells of immune system.
427
Epitomes
Smallest unit of an antigen that are recognized by antibodies and antigen receptors. Can have 1 or more epitopes.
428
Conformational epitope
``` Found in native structure Type of epitope recognized by Antibodies B cell receptors Innate receptors ```
429
Linear (continuous) epitope
Found in denatured structure Only type of epitope presented by MHC and recognized by T cell receptors Can also be recognized by antibodies / B cell receptors/ innate receptors
430
4 types of antigens
Immunogens Haptens Tolerogens Mitogens
431
Primary (central) lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte production and maturation | Bone marrow, thymus, fetal liver
432
Secondary / peripheral lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte activation | Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
433
Bone marrow
Responsible for formation of all postnatal blood cells. | B and NK cells continue to develop in bone marrow.
434
Red marrow
Highly vascularized spongy reticular framework filled with hematopoietic tissues All lymphocytes begin development here
435
Thymus
Blooped gland above the heart Encapsulated organ - 2 lobules cortex and medulla Site of T cell maturation
436
Thymocytes
Progenitor T cells that enter thymus via small blood vessels | Embed in mesh work of stromatolites cells
437
Thymus cortex
Darker staining | More T cells
438
Thymus medulla
``` Lighter staining. Fewer T cells Dendritic cells Epithelial cells Macrophages Hassan’s corpuscles (but dont know what they do yet) ```
439
Thymus involution
Volume of active tissue decreases over time | Does not completely lose function
440
Lymph nodes
“Grand central station” of immune responses Cells bring pathogens here to activate immune system Antigens diffuse in via afferent lymphatic vessels Dc migrate via afferent lymphatic vessels Follow chemokine signals
441
What do lymph nodes swell
Commonly due to viral or bacterial infections Can swell several times their normal size May feel firm and look misshapen Surrounding skin may be warm Return to normal with resolution of infection
442
Spleen
Blood filtration system
443
Red pulp spleen
Phagocytosis of old or damaged RBC and antigens/microbes from blood
444
White pulp
Areas of lymphocytes around arterioles | Some separation of b and T cell areas
445
What happens if you don’t have a spleen
Life long risk of serious infection. Most instances of serious infection are due to infections with encapsulated bacteria (just slip away) Vaccination to minimize/prevent Daily therapy commonly includes low doses of prophylactic antibiotics.
446
Mucosal immune system
``` Secondary lymphoid organ/tissue Encounters antigen/pathogens in great number and frequency compared to systemic GI tract Respiratory Urogenital Salivary ```
447
Peyer’s patches
Almost like lymph nodes without encapsulation | Mucosal layer of the gut
448
Lymphatic vessels system
Not closed loop - meets circulatory system
449
Where are lymphatic vessels found?
``` Everywhere except: Cartilage CNS Cornea Epidermis ```
450
Lymphatic vessels
Network of capillaries that transport cells and anything foreign from tissues to lymph nodes
451
How does lymph move
Result of muscle contraction and one way valves
452
Extravasation
Cell migration Movement of blood cells through an unruptured vessel wall into surrounding tissue Mediated by two groups of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) Selectins and integrins.
453
Selectins
Rolling / weak adhesion. Post it note | Cell migration
454
Integrins
Tight adhesions - superglue | Cell migration
455
Chemotaxis
Receptor mediated movement of cells through tissues. Elicited by chemokines Neutrophil migration to infection site T/b cell migration to areas within secondary lymphoid tissues
456
Extravasation general process
Rolling adhesion, | Stable / tight adhesion
457
Rolling adhesion
A weak interaction between WBC and endothelial cell via selectins binding to ligand Expression is constitutive, allowing all wbc to slow down in capillaries
458
Stable / tight adhesions
Strong interaction between wbc and endothelial cell via integrins binding to ligands Expression is unregulated by inflammatory mediators, allowing wbc to adhere tightly and extravasated
459
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Genetic disorder characterized by deficiency of integrins Marked by recurrent bacterial infections and severe neutrophilia (can get out of blood) Lack of pus at infection sites. Can’t exit vasculature to get to tissues
460
Chemokine directed migration
Cells follow concentration gradient of chemokine Cellular movement depends on the chemokine and chemokine receptor Homing of lymphocytes to specific areas of lymphoid tissue is mediated by chemokines.
461
Lymphocyte recirculating
Naive lymphocytes recirculate between blood and lymph until antigen encounter or death. If antigen is encountered then activation, proliferation and differentiation If antigen is not encountered then re enter blood/lymph after 1 day. Enter lymph nodes via high endothelial venules, re enter blood via lymphatics and thoracic duct. Enter and exit spleen through blood vessels
462
Functions of immune response
Recognition Removal/restraint Regulation Memory
463
Antigens
Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody or antigen receptors on cells of immune system.
464
Epitomes
Smallest unit of an antigen that are recognized by antibodies and antigen receptors. Can have 1 or more epitopes.
465
Conformational epitope
``` Found in native structure Type of epitope recognized by Antibodies B cell receptors Innate receptors ```
466
Linear (continuous) epitope
Found in denatured structure Only type of epitope presented by MHC and recognized by T cell receptors Can also be recognized by antibodies / B cell receptors/ innate receptors
467
4 types of antigens
Immunogens Haptens Tolerogens Mitogens
468
Primary (central) lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte production and maturation | Bone marrow, thymus, fetal liver
469
Secondary / peripheral lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte activation | Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
470
Bone marrow
Responsible for formation of all postnatal blood cells. | B and NK cells continue to develop in bone marrow.
471
Red marrow
Highly vascularized spongy reticular framework filled with hematopoietic tissues All lymphocytes begin development here
472
Thymus
Blooped gland above the heart Encapsulated organ - 2 lobules cortex and medulla Site of T cell maturation
473
Thymocytes
Progenitor T cells that enter thymus via small blood vessels | Embed in mesh work of stromatolites cells
474
Thymus cortex
Darker staining | More T cells
475
Thymus medulla
``` Lighter staining. Fewer T cells Dendritic cells Epithelial cells Macrophages Hassan’s corpuscles (but dont know what they do yet) ```
476
Thymus involution
Volume of active tissue decreases over time | Does not completely lose function
477
Lymph nodes
“Grand central station” of immune responses Cells bring pathogens here to activate immune system Antigens diffuse in via afferent lymphatic vessels Dc migrate via afferent lymphatic vessels Follow chemokine signals
478
What do lymph nodes swell
Commonly due to viral or bacterial infections Can swell several times their normal size May feel firm and look misshapen Surrounding skin may be warm Return to normal with resolution of infection
479
Spleen
Blood filtration system
480
Red pulp spleen
Phagocytosis of old or damaged RBC and antigens/microbes from blood
481
White pulp
Areas of lymphocytes around arterioles | Some separation of b and T cell areas
482
What happens if you don’t have a spleen
Life long risk of serious infection. Most instances of serious infection are due to infections with encapsulated bacteria (just slip away) Vaccination to minimize/prevent Daily therapy commonly includes low doses of prophylactic antibiotics.
483
Mucosal immune system
``` Secondary lymphoid organ/tissue Encounters antigen/pathogens in great number and frequency compared to systemic GI tract Respiratory Urogenital Salivary ```
484
Peyer’s patches
Almost like lymph nodes without encapsulation | Mucosal layer of the gut
485
Lymphatic vessels system
Not closed loop - meets circulatory system
486
Where are lymphatic vessels found?
``` Everywhere except: Cartilage CNS Cornea Epidermis ```
487
Lymphatic vessels
Network of capillaries that transport cells and anything foreign from tissues to lymph nodes
488
How does lymph move
Result of muscle contraction and one way valves
489
Extravasation
Cell migration Movement of blood cells through an unruptured vessel wall into surrounding tissue Mediated by two groups of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) Selectins and integrins.
490
Selectins
Rolling / weak adhesion. Post it note | Cell migration
491
Integrins
Tight adhesions - superglue | Cell migration
492
Chemotaxis
Receptor mediated movement of cells through tissues. Elicited by chemokines Neutrophil migration to infection site T/b cell migration to areas within secondary lymphoid tissues
493
Extravasation general process
Rolling adhesion, | Stable / tight adhesion
494
Rolling adhesion
A weak interaction between WBC and endothelial cell via selectins binding to ligand Expression is constitutive, allowing all wbc to slow down in capillaries
495
Stable / tight adhesions
Strong interaction between wbc and endothelial cell via integrins binding to ligands Expression is unregulated by inflammatory mediators, allowing wbc to adhere tightly and extravasated
496
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Genetic disorder characterized by deficiency of integrins Marked by recurrent bacterial infections and severe neutrophilia (can get out of blood) Lack of pus at infection sites. Can’t exit vasculature to get to tissues
497
Chemokine directed migration
Cells follow concentration gradient of chemokine Cellular movement depends on the chemokine and chemokine receptor Homing of lymphocytes to specific areas of lymphoid tissue is mediated by chemokines.
498
Lymphocyte recirculating
Naive lymphocytes recirculate between blood and lymph until antigen encounter or death. If antigen is encountered then activation, proliferation and differentiation If antigen is not encountered then re enter blood/lymph after 1 day. Enter lymph nodes via high endothelial venules, re enter blood via lymphatics and thoracic duct. Enter and exit spleen through blood vessels
499
Functions of immune response
Recognition Removal/restraint Regulation Memory
500
Antigens
Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody or antigen receptors on cells of immune system.
501
Epitomes
Smallest unit of an antigen that are recognized by antibodies and antigen receptors. Can have 1 or more epitopes.
502
Conformational epitope
``` Found in native structure Type of epitope recognized by Antibodies B cell receptors Innate receptors ```
503
Linear (continuous) epitope
Found in denatured structure Only type of epitope presented by MHC and recognized by T cell receptors Can also be recognized by antibodies / B cell receptors/ innate receptors
504
4 types of antigens
Immunogens Haptens Tolerogens Mitogens
505
Primary (central) lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte production and maturation | Bone marrow, thymus, fetal liver
506
Secondary / peripheral lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte activation | Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
507
Bone marrow
Responsible for formation of all postnatal blood cells. | B and NK cells continue to develop in bone marrow.
508
Red marrow
Highly vascularized spongy reticular framework filled with hematopoietic tissues All lymphocytes begin development here
509
Thymus
Blooped gland above the heart Encapsulated organ - 2 lobules cortex and medulla Site of T cell maturation
510
Thymocytes
Progenitor T cells that enter thymus via small blood vessels | Embed in mesh work of stromatolites cells
511
Thymus cortex
Darker staining | More T cells
512
Thymus medulla
``` Lighter staining. Fewer T cells Dendritic cells Epithelial cells Macrophages Hassan’s corpuscles (but dont know what they do yet) ```
513
Thymus involution
Volume of active tissue decreases over time | Does not completely lose function
514
Lymph nodes
“Grand central station” of immune responses Cells bring pathogens here to activate immune system Antigens diffuse in via afferent lymphatic vessels Dc migrate via afferent lymphatic vessels Follow chemokine signals
515
What do lymph nodes swell
Commonly due to viral or bacterial infections Can swell several times their normal size May feel firm and look misshapen Surrounding skin may be warm Return to normal with resolution of infection
516
Spleen
Blood filtration system
517
Red pulp spleen
Phagocytosis of old or damaged RBC and antigens/microbes from blood
518
White pulp
Areas of lymphocytes around arterioles | Some separation of b and T cell areas
519
What happens if you don’t have a spleen
Life long risk of serious infection. Most instances of serious infection are due to infections with encapsulated bacteria (just slip away) Vaccination to minimize/prevent Daily therapy commonly includes low doses of prophylactic antibiotics.
520
Mucosal immune system
``` Secondary lymphoid organ/tissue Encounters antigen/pathogens in great number and frequency compared to systemic GI tract Respiratory Urogenital Salivary ```
521
Peyer’s patches
Almost like lymph nodes without encapsulation | Mucosal layer of the gut
522
Lymphatic vessels system
Not closed loop - meets circulatory system
523
Where are lymphatic vessels found?
``` Everywhere except: Cartilage CNS Cornea Epidermis ```
524
Lymphatic vessels
Network of capillaries that transport cells and anything foreign from tissues to lymph nodes
525
How does lymph move
Result of muscle contraction and one way valves
526
Extravasation
Cell migration Movement of blood cells through an unruptured vessel wall into surrounding tissue Mediated by two groups of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) Selectins and integrins.
527
Selectins
Rolling / weak adhesion. Post it note | Cell migration
528
Integrins
Tight adhesions - superglue | Cell migration
529
Chemotaxis
Receptor mediated movement of cells through tissues. Elicited by chemokines Neutrophil migration to infection site T/b cell migration to areas within secondary lymphoid tissues
530
Extravasation general process
Rolling adhesion, | Stable / tight adhesion
531
Rolling adhesion
A weak interaction between WBC and endothelial cell via selectins binding to ligand Expression is constitutive, allowing all wbc to slow down in capillaries
532
Stable / tight adhesions
Strong interaction between wbc and endothelial cell via integrins binding to ligands Expression is unregulated by inflammatory mediators, allowing wbc to adhere tightly and extravasated
533
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Genetic disorder characterized by deficiency of integrins Marked by recurrent bacterial infections and severe neutrophilia (can get out of blood) Lack of pus at infection sites. Can’t exit vasculature to get to tissues
534
Chemokine directed migration
Cells follow concentration gradient of chemokine Cellular movement depends on the chemokine and chemokine receptor Homing of lymphocytes to specific areas of lymphoid tissue is mediated by chemokines.
535
Lymphocyte recirculating
Naive lymphocytes recirculate between blood and lymph until antigen encounter or death. If antigen is encountered then activation, proliferation and differentiation If antigen is not encountered then re enter blood/lymph after 1 day. Enter lymph nodes via high endothelial venules, re enter blood via lymphatics and thoracic duct. Enter and exit spleen through blood vessels
536
Functions of immune response
Recognition Removal/restraint Regulation Memory
537
Antigens
Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody or antigen receptors on cells of immune system.
538
Epitomes
Smallest unit of an antigen that are recognized by antibodies and antigen receptors. Can have 1 or more epitopes.
539
Conformational epitope
``` Found in native structure Type of epitope recognized by Antibodies B cell receptors Innate receptors ```
540
Linear (continuous) epitope
Found in denatured structure Only type of epitope presented by MHC and recognized by T cell receptors Can also be recognized by antibodies / B cell receptors/ innate receptors
541
4 types of antigens
Immunogens Haptens Tolerogens Mitogens
542
Primary (central) lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte production and maturation | Bone marrow, thymus, fetal liver
543
Secondary / peripheral lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte activation | Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
544
Bone marrow
Responsible for formation of all postnatal blood cells. | B and NK cells continue to develop in bone marrow.
545
Red marrow
Highly vascularized spongy reticular framework filled with hematopoietic tissues All lymphocytes begin development here
546
Thymus
Blooped gland above the heart Encapsulated organ - 2 lobules cortex and medulla Site of T cell maturation
547
Thymocytes
Progenitor T cells that enter thymus via small blood vessels | Embed in mesh work of stromatolites cells
548
Thymus cortex
Darker staining | More T cells
549
Thymus medulla
``` Lighter staining. Fewer T cells Dendritic cells Epithelial cells Macrophages Hassan’s corpuscles (but dont know what they do yet) ```
550
Thymus involution
Volume of active tissue decreases over time | Does not completely lose function
551
Lymph nodes
“Grand central station” of immune responses Cells bring pathogens here to activate immune system Antigens diffuse in via afferent lymphatic vessels Dc migrate via afferent lymphatic vessels Follow chemokine signals
552
What do lymph nodes swell
Commonly due to viral or bacterial infections Can swell several times their normal size May feel firm and look misshapen Surrounding skin may be warm Return to normal with resolution of infection
553
Spleen
Blood filtration system
554
Red pulp spleen
Phagocytosis of old or damaged RBC and antigens/microbes from blood
555
White pulp
Areas of lymphocytes around arterioles | Some separation of b and T cell areas
556
What happens if you don’t have a spleen
Life long risk of serious infection. Most instances of serious infection are due to infections with encapsulated bacteria (just slip away) Vaccination to minimize/prevent Daily therapy commonly includes low doses of prophylactic antibiotics.
557
Mucosal immune system
``` Secondary lymphoid organ/tissue Encounters antigen/pathogens in great number and frequency compared to systemic GI tract Respiratory Urogenital Salivary ```
558
Peyer’s patches
Almost like lymph nodes without encapsulation | Mucosal layer of the gut
559
Lymphatic vessels system
Not closed loop - meets circulatory system
560
Where are lymphatic vessels found?
``` Everywhere except: Cartilage CNS Cornea Epidermis ```
561
Lymphatic vessels
Network of capillaries that transport cells and anything foreign from tissues to lymph nodes
562
How does lymph move
Result of muscle contraction and one way valves
563
Extravasation
Cell migration Movement of blood cells through an unruptured vessel wall into surrounding tissue Mediated by two groups of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) Selectins and integrins.
564
Selectins
Rolling / weak adhesion. Post it note | Cell migration
565
Integrins
Tight adhesions - superglue | Cell migration
566
Chemotaxis
Receptor mediated movement of cells through tissues. Elicited by chemokines Neutrophil migration to infection site T/b cell migration to areas within secondary lymphoid tissues
567
Extravasation general process
Rolling adhesion, | Stable / tight adhesion
568
Rolling adhesion
A weak interaction between WBC and endothelial cell via selectins binding to ligand Expression is constitutive, allowing all wbc to slow down in capillaries
569
Stable / tight adhesions
Strong interaction between wbc and endothelial cell via integrins binding to ligands Expression is unregulated by inflammatory mediators, allowing wbc to adhere tightly and extravasated
570
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Genetic disorder characterized by deficiency of integrins Marked by recurrent bacterial infections and severe neutrophilia (can get out of blood) Lack of pus at infection sites. Can’t exit vasculature to get to tissues
571
Chemokine directed migration
Cells follow concentration gradient of chemokine Cellular movement depends on the chemokine and chemokine receptor Homing of lymphocytes to specific areas of lymphoid tissue is mediated by chemokines.
572
Lymphocyte recirculating
Naive lymphocytes recirculate between blood and lymph until antigen encounter or death. If antigen is encountered then activation, proliferation and differentiation If antigen is not encountered then re enter blood/lymph after 1 day. Enter lymph nodes via high endothelial venules, re enter blood via lymphatics and thoracic duct. Enter and exit spleen through blood vessels
573
Functions of immune response
Recognition Removal/restraint Regulation Memory
574
Antigens
Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody or antigen receptors on cells of immune system.
575
Epitomes
Smallest unit of an antigen that are recognized by antibodies and antigen receptors. Can have 1 or more epitopes.
576
Conformational epitope
``` Found in native structure Type of epitope recognized by Antibodies B cell receptors Innate receptors ```
577
Linear (continuous) epitope
Found in denatured structure Only type of epitope presented by MHC and recognized by T cell receptors Can also be recognized by antibodies / B cell receptors/ innate receptors
578
4 types of antigens
Immunogens Haptens Tolerogens Mitogens
579
Primary (central) lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte production and maturation | Bone marrow, thymus, fetal liver
580
Secondary / peripheral lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte activation | Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
581
Bone marrow
Responsible for formation of all postnatal blood cells. | B and NK cells continue to develop in bone marrow.
582
Red marrow
Highly vascularized spongy reticular framework filled with hematopoietic tissues All lymphocytes begin development here
583
Thymus
Blooped gland above the heart Encapsulated organ - 2 lobules cortex and medulla Site of T cell maturation
584
Thymocytes
Progenitor T cells that enter thymus via small blood vessels | Embed in mesh work of stromatolites cells
585
Thymus cortex
Darker staining | More T cells
586
Thymus medulla
``` Lighter staining. Fewer T cells Dendritic cells Epithelial cells Macrophages Hassan’s corpuscles (but dont know what they do yet) ```
587
Thymus involution
Volume of active tissue decreases over time | Does not completely lose function
588
Lymph nodes
“Grand central station” of immune responses Cells bring pathogens here to activate immune system Antigens diffuse in via afferent lymphatic vessels Dc migrate via afferent lymphatic vessels Follow chemokine signals
589
What do lymph nodes swell
Commonly due to viral or bacterial infections Can swell several times their normal size May feel firm and look misshapen Surrounding skin may be warm Return to normal with resolution of infection
590
Spleen
Blood filtration system
591
Red pulp spleen
Phagocytosis of old or damaged RBC and antigens/microbes from blood
592
White pulp
Areas of lymphocytes around arterioles | Some separation of b and T cell areas
593
What happens if you don’t have a spleen
Life long risk of serious infection. Most instances of serious infection are due to infections with encapsulated bacteria (just slip away) Vaccination to minimize/prevent Daily therapy commonly includes low doses of prophylactic antibiotics.
594
Mucosal immune system
``` Secondary lymphoid organ/tissue Encounters antigen/pathogens in great number and frequency compared to systemic GI tract Respiratory Urogenital Salivary ```
595
Peyer’s patches
Almost like lymph nodes without encapsulation | Mucosal layer of the gut
596
Lymphatic vessels system
Not closed loop - meets circulatory system
597
Where are lymphatic vessels found?
``` Everywhere except: Cartilage CNS Cornea Epidermis ```
598
Lymphatic vessels
Network of capillaries that transport cells and anything foreign from tissues to lymph nodes
599
How does lymph move
Result of muscle contraction and one way valves
600
Extravasation
Cell migration Movement of blood cells through an unruptured vessel wall into surrounding tissue Mediated by two groups of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) Selectins and integrins.
601
Selectins
Rolling / weak adhesion. Post it note | Cell migration
602
Integrins
Tight adhesions - superglue | Cell migration
603
Chemotaxis
Receptor mediated movement of cells through tissues. Elicited by chemokines Neutrophil migration to infection site T/b cell migration to areas within secondary lymphoid tissues
604
Extravasation general process
Rolling adhesion, | Stable / tight adhesion
605
Rolling adhesion
A weak interaction between WBC and endothelial cell via selectins binding to ligand Expression is constitutive, allowing all wbc to slow down in capillaries
606
Stable / tight adhesions
Strong interaction between wbc and endothelial cell via integrins binding to ligands Expression is unregulated by inflammatory mediators, allowing wbc to adhere tightly and extravasated
607
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Genetic disorder characterized by deficiency of integrins Marked by recurrent bacterial infections and severe neutrophilia (can get out of blood) Lack of pus at infection sites. Can’t exit vasculature to get to tissues
608
Chemokine directed migration
Cells follow concentration gradient of chemokine Cellular movement depends on the chemokine and chemokine receptor Homing of lymphocytes to specific areas of lymphoid tissue is mediated by chemokines.
609
Lymphocyte recirculating
Naive lymphocytes recirculate between blood and lymph until antigen encounter or death. If antigen is encountered then activation, proliferation and differentiation If antigen is not encountered then re enter blood/lymph after 1 day. Enter lymph nodes via high endothelial venules, re enter blood via lymphatics and thoracic duct. Enter and exit spleen through blood vessels
610
Functions of immune response
Recognition Removal/restraint Regulation Memory
611
Antigens
Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody or antigen receptors on cells of immune system.
612
Epitomes
Smallest unit of an antigen that are recognized by antibodies and antigen receptors. Can have 1 or more epitopes.
613
Conformational epitope
``` Found in native structure Type of epitope recognized by Antibodies B cell receptors Innate receptors ```
614
Linear (continuous) epitope
Found in denatured structure Only type of epitope presented by MHC and recognized by T cell receptors Can also be recognized by antibodies / B cell receptors/ innate receptors
615
4 types of antigens
Immunogens Haptens Tolerogens Mitogens
616
Primary (central) lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte production and maturation | Bone marrow, thymus, fetal liver
617
Secondary / peripheral lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte activation | Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
618
Bone marrow
Responsible for formation of all postnatal blood cells. | B and NK cells continue to develop in bone marrow.
619
Red marrow
Highly vascularized spongy reticular framework filled with hematopoietic tissues All lymphocytes begin development here
620
Thymus
Blooped gland above the heart Encapsulated organ - 2 lobules cortex and medulla Site of T cell maturation
621
Thymocytes
Progenitor T cells that enter thymus via small blood vessels | Embed in mesh work of stromatolites cells
622
Thymus cortex
Darker staining | More T cells
623
Thymus medulla
``` Lighter staining. Fewer T cells Dendritic cells Epithelial cells Macrophages Hassan’s corpuscles (but dont know what they do yet) ```
624
Thymus involution
Volume of active tissue decreases over time | Does not completely lose function
625
Lymph nodes
“Grand central station” of immune responses Cells bring pathogens here to activate immune system Antigens diffuse in via afferent lymphatic vessels Dc migrate via afferent lymphatic vessels Follow chemokine signals
626
What do lymph nodes swell
Commonly due to viral or bacterial infections Can swell several times their normal size May feel firm and look misshapen Surrounding skin may be warm Return to normal with resolution of infection
627
Spleen
Blood filtration system
628
Red pulp spleen
Phagocytosis of old or damaged RBC and antigens/microbes from blood
629
White pulp
Areas of lymphocytes around arterioles | Some separation of b and T cell areas
630
What happens if you don’t have a spleen
Life long risk of serious infection. Most instances of serious infection are due to infections with encapsulated bacteria (just slip away) Vaccination to minimize/prevent Daily therapy commonly includes low doses of prophylactic antibiotics.
631
Mucosal immune system
``` Secondary lymphoid organ/tissue Encounters antigen/pathogens in great number and frequency compared to systemic GI tract Respiratory Urogenital Salivary ```
632
Peyer’s patches
Almost like lymph nodes without encapsulation | Mucosal layer of the gut
633
Lymphatic vessels system
Not closed loop - meets circulatory system
634
Where are lymphatic vessels found?
``` Everywhere except: Cartilage CNS Cornea Epidermis ```
635
Lymphatic vessels
Network of capillaries that transport cells and anything foreign from tissues to lymph nodes
636
How does lymph move
Result of muscle contraction and one way valves
637
Extravasation
Cell migration Movement of blood cells through an unruptured vessel wall into surrounding tissue Mediated by two groups of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) Selectins and integrins.
638
Selectins
Rolling / weak adhesion. Post it note | Cell migration
639
Integrins
Tight adhesions - superglue | Cell migration
640
Chemotaxis
Receptor mediated movement of cells through tissues. Elicited by chemokines Neutrophil migration to infection site T/b cell migration to areas within secondary lymphoid tissues
641
Extravasation general process
Rolling adhesion, | Stable / tight adhesion
642
Rolling adhesion
A weak interaction between WBC and endothelial cell via selectins binding to ligand Expression is constitutive, allowing all wbc to slow down in capillaries
643
Stable / tight adhesions
Strong interaction between wbc and endothelial cell via integrins binding to ligands Expression is unregulated by inflammatory mediators, allowing wbc to adhere tightly and extravasated
644
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Genetic disorder characterized by deficiency of integrins Marked by recurrent bacterial infections and severe neutrophilia (can get out of blood) Lack of pus at infection sites. Can’t exit vasculature to get to tissues
645
Chemokine directed migration
Cells follow concentration gradient of chemokine Cellular movement depends on the chemokine and chemokine receptor Homing of lymphocytes to specific areas of lymphoid tissue is mediated by chemokines.
646
Lymphocyte recirculating
Naive lymphocytes recirculate between blood and lymph until antigen encounter or death. If antigen is encountered then activation, proliferation and differentiation If antigen is not encountered then re enter blood/lymph after 1 day. Enter lymph nodes via high endothelial venules, re enter blood via lymphatics and thoracic duct. Enter and exit spleen through blood vessels
647
Functions of immune response
Recognition Removal/restraint Regulation Memory
648
Antigens
Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody or antigen receptors on cells of immune system.
649
Epitomes
Smallest unit of an antigen that are recognized by antibodies and antigen receptors. Can have 1 or more epitopes.
650
Conformational epitope
``` Found in native structure Type of epitope recognized by Antibodies B cell receptors Innate receptors ```
651
Linear (continuous) epitope
Found in denatured structure Only type of epitope presented by MHC and recognized by T cell receptors Can also be recognized by antibodies / B cell receptors/ innate receptors
652
4 types of antigens
Immunogens Haptens Tolerogens Mitogens
653
Primary (central) lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte production and maturation | Bone marrow, thymus, fetal liver
654
Secondary / peripheral lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte activation | Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
655
Bone marrow
Responsible for formation of all postnatal blood cells. | B and NK cells continue to develop in bone marrow.
656
Red marrow
Highly vascularized spongy reticular framework filled with hematopoietic tissues All lymphocytes begin development here
657
Thymus
Blooped gland above the heart Encapsulated organ - 2 lobules cortex and medulla Site of T cell maturation
658
Thymocytes
Progenitor T cells that enter thymus via small blood vessels | Embed in mesh work of stromatolites cells
659
Thymus cortex
Darker staining | More T cells
660
Thymus medulla
``` Lighter staining. Fewer T cells Dendritic cells Epithelial cells Macrophages Hassan’s corpuscles (but dont know what they do yet) ```
661
Thymus involution
Volume of active tissue decreases over time | Does not completely lose function
662
Lymph nodes
“Grand central station” of immune responses Cells bring pathogens here to activate immune system Antigens diffuse in via afferent lymphatic vessels Dc migrate via afferent lymphatic vessels Follow chemokine signals
663
What do lymph nodes swell
Commonly due to viral or bacterial infections Can swell several times their normal size May feel firm and look misshapen Surrounding skin may be warm Return to normal with resolution of infection
664
Spleen
Blood filtration system
665
Red pulp spleen
Phagocytosis of old or damaged RBC and antigens/microbes from blood
666
White pulp
Areas of lymphocytes around arterioles | Some separation of b and T cell areas
667
What happens if you don’t have a spleen
Life long risk of serious infection. Most instances of serious infection are due to infections with encapsulated bacteria (just slip away) Vaccination to minimize/prevent Daily therapy commonly includes low doses of prophylactic antibiotics.
668
Mucosal immune system
``` Secondary lymphoid organ/tissue Encounters antigen/pathogens in great number and frequency compared to systemic GI tract Respiratory Urogenital Salivary ```
669
Peyer’s patches
Almost like lymph nodes without encapsulation | Mucosal layer of the gut
670
Lymphatic vessels system
Not closed loop - meets circulatory system
671
Where are lymphatic vessels found?
``` Everywhere except: Cartilage CNS Cornea Epidermis ```
672
Lymphatic vessels
Network of capillaries that transport cells and anything foreign from tissues to lymph nodes
673
How does lymph move
Result of muscle contraction and one way valves
674
Extravasation
Cell migration Movement of blood cells through an unruptured vessel wall into surrounding tissue Mediated by two groups of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) Selectins and integrins.
675
Selectins
Rolling / weak adhesion. Post it note | Cell migration
676
Integrins
Tight adhesions - superglue | Cell migration
677
Chemotaxis
Receptor mediated movement of cells through tissues. Elicited by chemokines Neutrophil migration to infection site T/b cell migration to areas within secondary lymphoid tissues
678
Extravasation general process
Rolling adhesion, | Stable / tight adhesion
679
Rolling adhesion
A weak interaction between WBC and endothelial cell via selectins binding to ligand Expression is constitutive, allowing all wbc to slow down in capillaries
680
Stable / tight adhesions
Strong interaction between wbc and endothelial cell via integrins binding to ligands Expression is unregulated by inflammatory mediators, allowing wbc to adhere tightly and extravasated
681
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Genetic disorder characterized by deficiency of integrins Marked by recurrent bacterial infections and severe neutrophilia (can get out of blood) Lack of pus at infection sites. Can’t exit vasculature to get to tissues
682
Chemokine directed migration
Cells follow concentration gradient of chemokine Cellular movement depends on the chemokine and chemokine receptor Homing of lymphocytes to specific areas of lymphoid tissue is mediated by chemokines.
683
Lymphocyte recirculating
Naive lymphocytes recirculate between blood and lymph until antigen encounter or death. If antigen is encountered then activation, proliferation and differentiation If antigen is not encountered then re enter blood/lymph after 1 day. Enter lymph nodes via high endothelial venules, re enter blood via lymphatics and thoracic duct. Enter and exit spleen through blood vessels
684
Functions of immune response
Recognition Removal/restraint Regulation Memory
685
Antigens
Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody or antigen receptors on cells of immune system.
686
Epitomes
Smallest unit of an antigen that are recognized by antibodies and antigen receptors. Can have 1 or more epitopes.
687
Conformational epitope
``` Found in native structure Type of epitope recognized by Antibodies B cell receptors Innate receptors ```
688
Linear (continuous) epitope
Found in denatured structure Only type of epitope presented by MHC and recognized by T cell receptors Can also be recognized by antibodies / B cell receptors/ innate receptors
689
4 types of antigens
Immunogens Haptens Tolerogens Mitogens
690
Primary (central) lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte production and maturation | Bone marrow, thymus, fetal liver
691
Secondary / peripheral lymphoid organs
Site of lymphocyte activation | Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
692
Bone marrow
Responsible for formation of all postnatal blood cells. | B and NK cells continue to develop in bone marrow.
693
Red marrow
Highly vascularized spongy reticular framework filled with hematopoietic tissues All lymphocytes begin development here
694
Thymus
Blooped gland above the heart Encapsulated organ - 2 lobules cortex and medulla Site of T cell maturation
695
Thymocytes
Progenitor T cells that enter thymus via small blood vessels | Embed in mesh work of stromatolites cells
696
Thymus cortex
Darker staining | More T cells
697
Thymus medulla
``` Lighter staining. Fewer T cells Dendritic cells Epithelial cells Macrophages Hassan’s corpuscles (but dont know what they do yet) ```
698
Thymus involution
Volume of active tissue decreases over time | Does not completely lose function
699
Lymph nodes
“Grand central station” of immune responses Cells bring pathogens here to activate immune system Antigens diffuse in via afferent lymphatic vessels Dc migrate via afferent lymphatic vessels Follow chemokine signals
700
What do lymph nodes swell
Commonly due to viral or bacterial infections Can swell several times their normal size May feel firm and look misshapen Surrounding skin may be warm Return to normal with resolution of infection
701
Spleen
Blood filtration system
702
Red pulp spleen
Phagocytosis of old or damaged RBC and antigens/microbes from blood
703
White pulp
Areas of lymphocytes around arterioles | Some separation of b and T cell areas
704
What happens if you don’t have a spleen
Life long risk of serious infection. Most instances of serious infection are due to infections with encapsulated bacteria (just slip away) Vaccination to minimize/prevent Daily therapy commonly includes low doses of prophylactic antibiotics.
705
Mucosal immune system
``` Secondary lymphoid organ/tissue Encounters antigen/pathogens in great number and frequency compared to systemic GI tract Respiratory Urogenital Salivary ```
706
Peyer’s patches
Almost like lymph nodes without encapsulation | Mucosal layer of the gut
707
Lymphatic vessels system
Not closed loop - meets circulatory system
708
Where are lymphatic vessels found?
``` Everywhere except: Cartilage CNS Cornea Epidermis ```
709
Lymphatic vessels
Network of capillaries that transport cells and anything foreign from tissues to lymph nodes
710
How does lymph move
Result of muscle contraction and one way valves
711
Extravasation
Cell migration Movement of blood cells through an unruptured vessel wall into surrounding tissue Mediated by two groups of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) Selectins and integrins.
712
Selectins
Rolling / weak adhesion. Post it note | Cell migration
713
Integrins
Tight adhesions - superglue | Cell migration
714
Chemotaxis
Receptor mediated movement of cells through tissues. Elicited by chemokines Neutrophil migration to infection site T/b cell migration to areas within secondary lymphoid tissues
715
Extravasation general process
Rolling adhesion, | Stable / tight adhesion
716
Rolling adhesion
A weak interaction between WBC and endothelial cell via selectins binding to ligand Expression is constitutive, allowing all wbc to slow down in capillaries
717
Stable / tight adhesions
Strong interaction between wbc and endothelial cell via integrins binding to ligands Expression is unregulated by inflammatory mediators, allowing wbc to adhere tightly and extravasated
718
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Genetic disorder characterized by deficiency of integrins Marked by recurrent bacterial infections and severe neutrophilia (can get out of blood) Lack of pus at infection sites. Can’t exit vasculature to get to tissues
719
Chemokine directed migration
Cells follow concentration gradient of chemokine Cellular movement depends on the chemokine and chemokine receptor Homing of lymphocytes to specific areas of lymphoid tissue is mediated by chemokines.
720
Lymphocyte recirculating
Naive lymphocytes recirculate between blood and lymph until antigen encounter or death. If antigen is encountered then activation, proliferation and differentiation If antigen is not encountered then re enter blood/lymph after 1 day. Enter lymph nodes via high endothelial venules, re enter blood via lymphatics and thoracic duct. Enter and exit spleen through blood vessels
721
Functions of immune response
Recognition Removal/restraint Regulation Memory
722
Antigens
Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody or antigen receptors on cells of immune system.
723
Epitomes
Smallest unit of an antigen that are recognized by antibodies and antigen receptors. Can have 1 or more epitopes.
724
Conformational epitope
``` Found in native structure Type of epitope recognized by Antibodies B cell receptors Innate receptors ```
725
Linear (continuous) epitope
Found in denatured structure Only type of epitope presented by MHC and recognized by T cell receptors Can also be recognized by antibodies / B cell receptors/ innate receptors
726
4 types of antigens
Immunogens Haptens Tolerogens Mitogens
727
antibodies/ immunoglobulins
proteins used by mmune system to neutralize pathogens | secreted by b cell receptor
728
what are the two major functions of antibodies
specifically bind to a pathogen or its proguces | recruit cells/ molecules to destroy or get rid of pathogen
729
serology
identification of antibodies against a specific antigen in serum
730
what can serology tell you
if vaccinated distinguish between 2 closely related pathogens id specific pathogen id noninfectious diseases
731
fators affecting strength of ab response
t cell help locations protein or nonprotein
732
how do cells have ab dversity
combinatorial diversity via rag | junctional diversity
733
combinatorial diversity
vdj segments can comvine in different ways mediated by rag - recombinant activatiing gene
734
junctional diversity
additions and deletions of nucleotides at juncions beteen segments during recombination
735
valence
number of binding sites
736
affinity
strength of binding at single site
737
avidity
total strength when all binding sites are included
738
omenn syndrome
defect in rag partial enzyme activaty have b cells but can't make diverse ab lack / have few b and t cells
739
SCID
no rag activity fatal total lack of b and t cells no adaptive immune system
740
variable region
vinds noncovalently to conformatonal epitopes
741
what do mature naiive b cells express
igm and igd
742
memory b cells can express
any 1 isotype as bcr
743
functions of bcr
recognize and bind antigen via variable region after antigen is bound signal is transmitted - b cell activation activation- ab production, clonal expansion
744
functons of secreted antibodies
``` function is dependent in isotype class neutralization complement ativation opsonization ab dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity mast cell degranulation ```
745
neutralization
igg subtypes in blood / tissues dimeric iga at mucosal surface ab blocks penetration of microbe and infection of cells ab blocks binding of toxin to cellular receptor
746
opsonization
ab on pathogen surfaces are recognized by fc receptors on phagocytes - enhanced phagocytosis igg abs attach to pathogen coating it and making it look more attractive
747
adcc | ab dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
virally infected cells often express viral proteins on their surface and can be recognized by other abs infected cells coated with ab are recognized by binding fc receptor on nk cells nk cell then kill infected
748
degranulation - eosinophile
ige opsonizes parasite eosin binds to ige coated parasite using fc receptors, stimulating to degranulate toxic effect of granule contents on parasite is to cause fragmentation then can phagocytose
749
degranulation - mast cells
allergies | ige can bind to fc on mast cell then is cross linked by ag leading to massive histamine release
750
what determine ab function
different heavy chain constant regions determne ab class which determines ab function
751
igm
secreted as pentamer and membrane bound as monomer can activate complement through classical pathway has variable regions with variable affinity but high avidit can be transported across epithelum b/c j chain
752
igg
secreted as monomer most abundant in serum can pass through placenta
753
ige
secreted as monomer <1% serum ab role in allergies and important to parasites
754
iga
secreted monomer in blood dimer in secretions and mucus predominant class in secretions / mucosal surfaces binds to polymeric ig receptor for easy transport through epithelial cells
755
antibody tter
measure how much ab a person has to a specific antigen
756
characteristic infections associated with ab deficiencies
recurrent pyogenic nfections with extracellular pathogens encapusulated bacteria recurrent respiratory infection enteritis
757
how pathogens evade ab
antigenic variation - mutate surface antigens | encapsulation
758
cytokines
intercellular regulatory proteins produced in response to microbes and other antigens communication between immunce cells not stored as preformed molecules
759
types of cytokines
``` interferons chemokines interleukins tnf alpha growth factors ```
760
interferons
innate antiviral response
761
chemokines
chemotaxis | proinflammation
762
interleukins
leukocyte development
763
tnf alpha
acute phase response | coagulation
764
growth factors
growth differentiation
765
general properties of cytokines
``` function is to stimulate, regulate, inhibit and/or modfy innate and adaptive responses can regulate growth and diffrentiation of hemopoietic cells ```
766
cytokine mechanism of action | activation of JAK STAT pathway
``` cytokine signal to nucleus to turn on transcription binding of cytokine to receptor= JAKs activation function of activated JAKs phosphorylate receptor to provide binding sites for stat protein stat proteins dmerize, translocate into nucleus and activate/inhibit transcription of specific genes ```
767
pleiotropism
1 cytokine - different receptors
768
redundancy
many cytokines for same receptor
769
synergy
2 cytokines work together fo ran effect
770
antagonism
1 upregulates 1 downregulates
771
type 1 interferons
binding of viral components to certan TLRs also stimulates the release of IFN alpha and beta from macrophages and other virally infected cells
772
functons of type 1 interferons
``` activate antiviral mechanisms n neighboring cells increase class 1 MHC expression to present antigens to CD8 t cells stimulate nk cell activity ```
773
antiviral state
type 1 interferons from neighboring cells land on surface receptors signal activation of rnase rnase chops up viral rna before can be translated viral replication is halted b/c no viral proteins willbe translated
774
most important cytokines that induce inflammation
il1 il6 tnf alpha
775
acute phase response
inflammation subset of innate immune response results in dramatic hcanges n metabolism, vasculature and plasm protein composition
776
interferon gamma
not type 1 ifn naturally ireleased by t cells and nk cells to stimulate activity of many cells increases microbicidal activity of macrophage increases cytotoxic activity of nk cells stimulates b cells to produce ab
777
Inflammation
Localized, protective response elicited by injury, infection, toxin, allergy or autoimmune disease. Serve to destroy, dilute, or wall off both the injurious agent and injured tissue.
778
Acute inflammation
Rapid and short lived Release of vascular components into extra vasculature 5 cardinal signs; influx of neutrophils (PMNs)
779
Chronic inflammation
Longer duration, slow progression Influx of macrophages and lymphocytes Can result in granuloma formation
780
5 cardinal signs of acute inflammation
``` Fever Erythema Edema Pain Loss of function ```
781
Erythema
Result of increased blood flow and permeability
782
Edema
Result of increased vascular permeability, allowing serum components and cells into tissue spaces
783
Hallmark of acute inflammation
Influx of PMNs (1st leukocyte on scene) into tissues
784
Activation of innate immune mechanisms in acute inflammation result in
Vasodilation Increased expression of cell adhesion molecules Influx of PMNs
785
Most important cytokines that induce inflammation
IL1 IL6 TNF alpha
786
Acute phase response
Results in dramatic changes in metabolism, vasculature and plasma protein composition. Serve as red flag to rest of body Effects occur within hours and assist in protecting before and during adaptive process
787
Acute phase is prolonged
Adverse effects may arise
788
Haptoglobin
Binds hemoglobin and protects the iron from being used by iron utilizing bacti
789
Increase in acute phase proteins
Causes RBCs to sediment faster than usual
790
ESR
Simple measure of inflammation
791
Complement proteins
Anaphylatoxins Opsonins Chemotaxins
792
Anaphylatoxins
C5a, c3a | Complement products that mediate mast cell degranulation
793
Opsonins
C3b | Assist in phagocytosis
794
Chemotaxins
Attract WBC and macrophages to sites of injury
795
C Reactive Protein CRP
Most sensitive of acute phase proteins. | Rise 1000x.
796
CRP as useful marker
Assesses and monitors presence, severity and course of inflammation response.
797
Plasma derived inflammatory mediators
Kinins/ bradykinin Coagulation factors Acute phase proteins Ferritin
798
Kinins/ bradykinin
Group of plasma proteins that form potent vasodilator | Contribute to pain associated with inflammation
799
Ferritin
Reduces amount of iron present in locale, inhibits select microbial growth
800
Inflammatory mediators | Cell derived
Histamine and serotonin Nitric oxide/ RNS Arachidonic acid metabolites Inflammatory cytokines
801
Histamine and serotonin
Released from mast cells | Vasodilator
802
Nitric oxide/ reactive nitrogen species
Produced by endothelial cells and macrophages | Vasodilator
803
Arachidonic acid metaobolites
``` Prostaglandin Leukotrienes Thromboxane Produced mainly by WBC and injured cells Vasodilators that funciton in fever and pain Can act as chemotactic agents ```
804
Inflammatory cytokines
``` IL1 IL6 Tnf alpha Il12 Il18 Gm csf ```
805
Inflammasome
Multiprotein complex that functions in regulation of cytokine release following infections Promotes the maturation of inflammatory cytokines IL1 and IL18 Novel target for anti inflammatory therapy
806
Vasodilation goals
Increase permeability of endothelium to allow proteins and cells to move from blood into tissue spaces to fight infection As vessels increase in diameter, intercellular spaces increase in vessel walls to allow movement of cells out of vessel
807
Extravasation
Mediated by cell adhesion molecules CAMs | WBC adhere to endothelium and squeeze through pores between endothelial cells
808
Rolling adhesion
Weak interaction | Selectins
809
Stable/tight adhesion
Strong interaction | Integrins
810
Expression of selectins
Constitutive | Slow down
811
Expression of integrins
Unregulated by inflammatory mediators | Adhere tight and exit
812
Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency
Genetic disorder Deficiency of integrins CD18 deficiency Marked by recurrent bacterial infections and severe neutrophilia
813
Resolution of inflammation | Stimulus removed/eradicated
Often occurs with no tissue injury Rate of arrival of new cells decreases rapidly Leukocytes present at site undergo apoptosis and are removed by macrophages Fibroblasts repair CT Epithelium heals
814
Acute inflammation link to adaptive immune system
Enhances Ag presentation | APC at site take up antigen and become activated and migrate to regional lymph nodes
815
Resolution of inflammation
Removal of microbes, dead cells and debris Restoration of vascular integrity and perfusion Regeneration of tissue Remission of fever Relief of pain
816
Resolution of inflammation | Monocytes steps
Phagocytosis of leftovers Release collagenases and elastase to soften tissue matrix Release cytokines to stimulate fibroblasts to produce collagen and repair damaged tissue Produce angiogenic factors to promote new cap growth
817
Chronic inflammation
Prolonged duration | Associated with impaired function
818
Chronic inflammation can be due to
Persistence of antigen Autoimmune disease Cancer
819
Chronic inflammation hallmark
Infiltration of tissue with monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes (t and B cells)
820
Granulomatous inflammation
Specific type of chronic inflammation that is associated with macrophage activation driven by IFN gamma producing T cells
821
Granulomatous inflammation characterized by
Macrophages that have been transformed into epithelioid cells
822
Granulomatous inflammation surrounded by
Lymphocytes fibroblasts and local parenchymal cells
823
Granuloma
Lesion that develops as result of prolonged chemotactic stimulation Can become necrotic in center
824
Granuloma consists of
Epithelioid cells and/or multinucleated giant cells surrounded by fribroblasts and T cells
825
Epithelioid cells
Enlarged macrophages
826
Multinucleated giant cells
2+ macrophages that have fused together
827
Function of granuloma
Wall off the offending pathogen or injury if it cannot be eliminated.
828
Chronic granulomatous disease
Phagocytes lack ROI and have defect in killing intracellular microbes. Immune system responds by granuloma. Granuloma replaces healthy tissue to point of organ dysfunction. Patients present with recurrent infection and multiple granuloma.
829
Chronic granulomatous disease treated with IFN-g
IFN g further activates macrophages
830
Ulceration
Another manifestation of chronic inflammation | Local defect/excavation in surface of tissue/organ which is produced by shedding of inflammatory necrotic tissue.
831
Anti-inflammatory agents | Corticosteroids
Prednisone, prednisolone Inhibit phospholipase A - decreases production of arachidonic acid metabolites Inhibits T cell activation and cytokine production (IL2) Decreases phagocytic and killing ability of macrophages nad PMNs Decreases chemotaxis. Decreases IL1 secretion by macrophages
832
Anti inflammatory Agents | NSAIDS
Aspirin, naproxen, ibuprofen Inhibit cyclooxygenase pathway Decrease production of prostaglandin Help limit increase in vascular permeability and neutrophil chemotaxis.
833
Alternative targets for treatment of inflammation | TNF neutralizing agents
Monoclonal antibodies Block action of proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha Decreases WBC inflammation.
834
Disease control
Disease currently present Reduce frequency of infection Reduce effects of the disease
835
Disease prevention
Disease not yet present Prevent disease intro to area/pop Prevent infection of uninflected ind Prevent disease development
836
Disease elimination
Zero incidence in defined geographic location w/ continued intervention required
837
Disease eradication
Zero incidence globally | No continued intervention required
838
Disease extinction
Not present in nature or lab
839
Threshold susceptible size
Related to basic reproduction number of pathogen
840
Susceptible population reduced below threshold size
Pathogen cannot continue to be transmitted | But can be reintroduced
841
R0=1
Each case generates a replacement> disease stable in population
842
R0> 1
Each case generates >1 new case | Disease increases in population
843
R0<1
Each case generates new case | Disease decreases in population
844
R0
Average number of secondary cases produced by one primary case in a completely susceptible population
845
Threshold
Percentage of population that needs to be immune for strong herd immunity 1-1/R0
846
As R0 increases what does threshold have to do
Increase as well
847
Cancer preventation vaccines
Prevents infection associated with cancer
848
Approved cancer preventative vaccines
HPV vaccine - genitourinary cancer | Hep B- liver cancer
849
Passive immunity pro
Immediate protection
850
Passive immunity cons
Short lived protection | No immunological memory
851
Passive immunity conferred by
Preformed antibodies
852
Passive immunity | Clinical examples
``` Tetanus Botulinum Rabies HPV Varicella Diphtheria Post venomous bites ```
853
Active immunity
Long lasting protection with development of immunological memory. Adaptive immune response
854
Immunological memory
Bcell activated - starts proliferating and secreting specific ab. Some differentiate into B memory cells B memory cells - long lived and carry same specificity as parent. Come into contact with same pathogen, respond more rapidly and robustly Same applies to T cells
855
Vaccine modes of delivery
``` I trader all SubQ Intramuscular Oral Aerosol Ocular Transdermal In ovo ```
856
Non infectious vaccines
Low risk Most need boosters Cannot replicate in host
857
Infectious vaccines
``` Can replicate in host Have ability to actively infect the host without causing the disease or harsh symptoms Most effective vaccine type Higher risk Most single dose ```
858
Infectious types of vaccines
Live attenuated | Viral vectors
859
Noninfectious types of vaccines
``` I activated Recombinant DNA Ab fusions Toxoids Polysaccharides Purified protein Synthetic Virus like particles ```
860
Live attenuated vaccines critical component
Loss of virulence
861
Virulence
Capacity of a pathogen to cause disease
862
Live attenuated vaccines | Risks
``` Reversion to virulent - rare Recombination to virulent - rare Disease in immunocopromised pt’s Temperature sensitivity Contaminating viruses - rare Abortigenic / teratogenic ```
863
Live attenuated vaccines | Pros
Elicit some of the strongest immunity of all vaccination types Protection can last lifetime/ decades
864
Examples of live attenuated vaccines
``` MMR Influenza Varicella Rotavirus Yellow fever Smallpox ```
865
Viral vectors
``` Can replicate in the host Infectious Vector virus is nonpathogenic Carries in genes from other pathogen Immune response to pathogenic proteins One and done though ```
866
Inactivated/ killed vaccines | Critical component
Loss of infectivity/ unable to replicate
867
How inactivate vaccine
Chemical Temperature Irradiation
868
Inactivated vaccines cons
Not as effected as live vaccines DIVA problem Incomplete inactivation - rare Contamination - rare
869
DIVA
Distinguishing infected from vaccinated
870
Inactivated vaccines | Pros
Typically much safer than live vaccinated
871
Toxoids
Inactivated pathogenic toxins that retain their ability to induce host antitoxins
872
Genetically engineered vaccines | Recombinant DNA
``` Genetically modified DNA 2 or more species DNA stuck together Gene segments/fragments Plasmids Naked DNA ```
873
Virus like particles
Used in HPV vaccine
874
Virus like particles | Pros
Safety | Looks like the pathogen but is empty inside
875
Virus like particles | Cons
``` High production costs Lower immunogenicity Low yields Stability DIVA ```
876
Polysaccharides
Haptens | Need protein carrier to induce immune response
877
Adjuvants
Enhance host immune response to antigen | Enhance Ag presentation, improve ag stability or immunomodulation
878
Problem with adjuvants
Safety is inversely proportional to efficacy
879
Adjuvants | Alum
``` Promotes aggregates for phagocytosis Targets inflammasome activity Th2 skew Holds it in place so Ag can’t diffuse through body. Why arm aches. Allergies and granulomas possible ```
880
Adjuvants | Other emulsions
Squalene based MF 59 and AddaVax Approved in Europe, but not US yet.
881
Vaccine responsiveness | Genetic predisposition
Hypersensitivities to adjuvants or other vaccine components | MHC alleles
882
Size of person and vaccine doses
Average same number of immune response cells
883
Adverse events | Hypersensitivities
Injection site problems/scarring Inadequate inactivation, recombination, disease in immunocompromised pt’s, loss of effectiveness due to temp variations in transport or storage.
884
Dengvaxia
Early 2016 promising dengue vaccine. Live recombinant tetravalent vaccine Up to 80% effective Exposed after vaccination got horrific disease Vaccination after infection eliminated response

Clinical Foundations (10 decks)

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