Infectious Disease Flashcards
amoxicillin coverage
HELPS H.influ E.coli Listeria Proteus Salmonella
amoxicillin best initial tx for:
- otitis media
- dental infection and endocarditis prophylaxis
- lyme disease
- UTI in prego
- listeria
- entercoccal infections
penicillinase resistant pencillins
oxacillin
cloxacillin
dicloxacillin
nafcillin
penicillinase resistant pencillins best intial tx for:
- skin infections
- staph: endocarditis, meningitis, bacteremia
- osteomyelitis and septic arthritis (only when organism proven sensitive)
methicillin ever the right answer
nooooooo
piperacillin, ticarcillin, azclocillin, mezlocillin best initial tx for
- cholecystitis
- ascending cholangitis
- pyelonephritis
- bacteremia
- HAP and VAP
- neutropenia and fever
only cephalosporin that covers MRSA
CEFTAROLINE
rash to pencillin, give….
cephalosporins
anaphylaxis to penicllin, give….
nON-beta lactam
first gen cephs 2 additional
cephadrine
cefadroxyl
first gen cephs for…
- osteomyelitis
- septic arthritis
- cellulitis
- endocarditis
2 second gen cephs which cover anaerobes
cefotetan
cefoxitin
second gen cephs, 3 additional
cefotetan
cefprozil
loracarbef
cefotetan
cefoxitin best initial tx for…
PID + doxycycline
side effects of:
cefotetan
cefoxitin
BLEEDING
DISULFIRAM like reaction
cefurozime, loracarbef, cefprozil, cefaclor tx for
RESPIRATORY infections
- bronchitis
- otitis media
- sinusitis
ceftriaxone first line tx for
- meningitis
- CAP with macrocodes
- gonorrhea
- lyme disease
who to avoid ceftriaxone with…
NEONATES–impairs biliary metabolism
cefotaxime
instead of ceftriaxone in neonates
SBP
cefepime for:
- neutropenia and fever
- VAP
carbapenems for…
- neutropenia and fever
all carbapenems cover…. except….
PSEUDOMONAS, except ERTRAPENEM
morgonella and citrobacter
gram negative bacilli
fluoroquinolones for
- best tx CAP
- cipro- cystitis and pyelonephritis
- diverticulitis and GI infections
what do fluoroquinolones have to be added with for GI infections
METRO
the one fluoroquinolone which can be a single agent in diverticulitis
MOXIFLOXACIN
aminoglycosides
- NO EFFECT ON ANAEROBES
gatifloxacin
REMOVED– because caused GLUCOSE problems
doxycycline used for
- chlamydia
- lyme disease
- rickettsia
- MRSA of skin and soft tissue
- primary and secondary syphilis second line
- borrelia, ehrlichia, mycoplasma
TMP/SMX used for
- cystitis
- pneumocystitis pneumonia both tx and pro
- MRSA cellulitis
first choice for mouth and GI abscess
beta lactam+ beta lactamse – since cover anaerobes
MRSA drugs
- VANCIN: telavancin, dalbavancin, oritavancin
- tedizolid
- vanocmycin
- linezolid
- daptomycin: elevates CPK
- tigecycline
- ceftaroline
minor MRSA skin infections
- TMP/SMX
- clindamycin
- doxy
- linezolid
anaerobes above the diaphragm
- penicillins
- clindamycin
anaerobes below the diaphragm
- metro
- beta lactam/lactamase combinations
general anaerobe coverage
- piperacillin
- carbapenems
- second gen cephalosporins
head CT first in meningitis if….
- papilledema
- seizures
- focal neuro bsnormalities
- confusion interfering with neurological exam
latex agglutination test
similar to gram stain
POSITIVE– very specific
NEGATIVE– chance they could still have it
using protein and glucose levels to guide tx decision
NEVER NEVER too nonspecific
tx meningitis
ceftriaxone, vancomycin, steroids
tx meningitis with listeria
ADD ampicillin
who is at risk for listeria meningitis
- extremes of age: elderly and neonates
- IMMUNOcompromised: steroids/HIV/alcoholic/pregnant
first step for PC encephalitis
head CT first– because of the confusion
most accurate test for herpes encephalitis
PCR of CSF (more beneficial than brain biopsy)
if acyclovir fails in herpes encephalitis….
FOSCARNET
if patients creatinine elevates after tx with acyclovir
REDUCE dose of acyclovir and hydrate
since acyclovir is less nephrotoxic than foscarnet
most sensitive finding for otitis media
IMMOBILE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
if have a mobile tympanic membrane will EXCLUDE otitis media
multiple recurrent otitis media, next best step….
tympanocentesis
tx of otitis media and sinusitis
- amoxicillin (or oc-amox)
- doxy
- TMP/SMX
most accurate test for sinusitis
sinus biopsy or aspirate
culture nasal discharge for sinusitis?
NOOOOO WRONG WRONG WRONG
biopsy of sinusitis only needed if…
- recurrent
- FAILED response to empiric tx
obvi PC of sinusitis… what next…
TREAT THEM! with co-amox + decongestant
pharyngitis with small vesicles
HSV– anterior pharynx
pharyngitis with ulcers
herpangina– posterior pharynx
anterior palatal petechiae
EBV
best initial test with strep throat
rapid strep test
tx of strep throat
- amoxicillin best initial
- cephalexin if rash allergy
clindamycin or macrolide if anaphylaxis allergy
within 48hrs of influenza symptoms
- oseltamivir
- zanamivir
(shorten the duration of influenza A and B symptoms)
diarrhea with shellfish and cruise ships
vibrio parahaemolyticus
diarrhea with shellfish, LIVER disease, SKIN lesions
vibrio vulnificus
diarrhea with HFE, blood transfusions
yersinia
best initial test for infectious diarrhea
blood and or/fecal leukocytes
what is better in dx of infectious diarrhea
FECAL LACTOFERRIN better than fecal leukocytes
most accurate test for infectious disease
stool culture
no blood or WBC’s in stool
- viral
- giardia
- crypto
- bacillius cereus
- staph
wheezing, flushing, RAPIDLY rash after eating fish
scromboid poisoning
tx of scromboid poisoning
ANTIHISTAMINES
tx mild diarrhea
oral fluid replacement
severe diarrhea
- hypotensive
- tachycardic
- fever
- abdo pain
- bloody diarrhea
- metabolic acidosis
tx of severe diarrhea
fluid replacement and cipro
most accurate finding cause of infectious diarrhea
BLOOD IN STOOL= invasive pathogen
tx of viral, bacillus, staph diarrhea
fluid support as needed
hep C and acute presentation….
RARELY OCCURS
hepE is worst in….
PREGNANCY
rare complication of acute hepatitis
aplastic anaemia
highest likelihood of mortality with hepatitis…
INCREASE PT (Since more likely to go onto hepatic failure)
first serology parameter to be abnormal in hep B
hepB surface antigen
if patient doesn’t have with HepB serology= NO LONGER AT RISK OF TRANSMITTING
hepB surface antigen
(since transmissibility only stops when the DNA polymerase is gone, which can still be there when surface and e antigen antibodies appear)
HepB serology= active viral replication
hepE antigen
HepB serology= best response to anti-virals
hepE antigen
what is more precise than hep B e antigen
hep B DNA viral load
best indicator a pregnant woman will transmit infection to child
e antigen or DNA polyermase
e antigen= qualitative, DNA polyermase= quantitative
most common transmission of hep B worldwife
VERTICAL TRANSMISSION
chronic hepatitis
surface antigen for more than 6 months
goal of chronic hepatitis tx
- reduce DNA polymerase to undetectable levels
- convert those patients with e-antigen to having anti-hepatitis e-antibody
if there is active viral replication….
FIBROSIS–> CIRRHOSIS
ALT as indication of activity of chronic hepatitis
NOOOOOO bad indication, since can have significant infection with normal transaminase levels
only form of acute hepatitis to be treated
acute hep C
hep C
- do not test based only on risk factors
- anyone with high PCR RNA viral load needs treatment- genotype predicts the response to tx
- viral load assesses the effect of therapy
- liver biopsy– extent of damage. if viral load is elevated, little use in doing a liver biopsy
PC PID
- lower abdo pain and tenderness
- CERVICAL MOTION TENDERNESS
EXCLUDE PREGNANCY
cefixime for gonorrhea
NOOOOOOOO longer able to be used
most accurate test for PID
LAPAROSCOPY, not cervical testing
inpatient tx for PID
- cefoxitin or cefotetan + doxycycline
outpatient tx for PID
- ceftriaxone + doxycycline (possible with metro)
painless ulcer
syphilis
painful ulcer
chancroid
lymph nodes tender and suppurative
LGV
vesicles before ulcer and painful
HSV
dx for syphilis
- dark field microscopy
- VDRL or RPR
- FTA or MHA-TP= confirmatory
positive dark field….
NO FURTHER TESTING NECESSARY
chancroid dx
stain and culture on special medi
LGV dx
complement fixation titers in blood
NAAT on swab
HSV dx
Tzank= best initial
viral culture= most accurate
tx syphilis
single dose IM bezathine penicillin (doxy if allergies)
tx chancroid
azithromycin (single dose)
LGV tx
doxycycline
HSV tx
- acyclovir, valcyclovir, famciclovir
- foscarnet for acyclovir resistant herpes
topical or oral acyclovir
ORAL
primary syphilis, HY description
indurated edges
secondary syphilis 2 additional
- alopecia areata
- mucous patches
chancres in syphilis
HEAL SPONTANEOUSLY even without tx,
penicillin prevents later stages
tertiary neuro syphilis
- meningovascular- STROKE-from vasculitis
- tabes dorsalis
- general paresis– memory and personality changes
- argyll robertson pupil
negative FTA
EXCLUDES neurosyphilis
false positive for VDRL/RPR
- infection
- older age
- injection drug use
- AIDS
- malaria
- APLS
- endocarditis
reliable titers for VDRL/RPR
greater than 1:8
lower titers for VDRL/RPR
false positive
1:32 or greater titers for VDRL/RPR
RARELY false positive
tertiary syphilis tx
IV penicillin, desensitize if allergic
2 times when desensitize for penicillin
- neurosyphilis
- pregnant
tx of garish herxheimer
aspirin
antipyretics
tx condyloma accuminata
- cryotherapy
- surgery
- podophyllin
- imiquimod
tx of crabs/ pediculosis
permethrin> lindane– less toxic
scabies tx
permethrin
tx widespread crusted/ hyperkeratotic scabies
ivermectin
frequency
multiples episodes of micturition
polyuria
increase in VOLUME of urine
men with UTI—
ANATOMIC abnormalities
best initial test UTI
urinalysis– more than 10 WBCs
most accurate test UTI
urine culture
tx UTI
- nitrofurantoin
- TMP/SMX if low resistance
uncomplicated cystitis tx
3 days nitrofurantoin
anatomic abnormality/ complicated cystitis
7 days nitrofurantoin
first line tx for pyelonephritis
CEFTRIAXONE
empiric tx for pyelonehpritis
ampicillin and gentamicin– until culture is known
outpatient tx pyelonephritis
ciprofloxacin
how to improve dx of prostatitis with urine culture
prostatic massage
timing for male UTI/ tx
7 days
timing for prostatitis tx
2-6 weeks
pyelonephritis that doesn’t resolve with appropriate tx OR persistent fever with tx
PERINEPHRIC ABSCESS
tx of perinephric abscess
drainage
complications of endocarditis
- brain mycotic aneurysm
- kidney: hematuria, GN
- splenomegaly
- septic emboli to lungs
best initial tests for endocarditis
- blood culture
- TEE> TTE
most common bug in endocarditis with colon cancer
clostridium septicum
empiric tx for endocarditis
vancomycin and gentamicin
tx viridans strep
ceftriaxone for 4 weeks
s.aureus (sensitive) endocarditis tx
oxacillin, nafcillin, cefazolin
fungal endocarditis tx
amphotericin
remove valve
staph epi or resistant staph endocarditis tx
vancomycin
enterococci endocarditis tx
ampicillin and gentamicin
number one indication for surgery in endocarditis
CHF from valve rupture
prosthetic valve endocarditis with staph….
ADD RIFAMPIN
most common HHACCEK B organisms
- coxiella
2. bartonella
HHACCEK B
Haemophilus arhorphilus Haemophilus parainfluenzae Actinobacillus Cardiobacterium Eikenella Kingella Bartonella
prophylaxis for endocarditis– big indication
DENTAL WORK WITH BLOOD
DO NOT need endocarditis prophylaxis for:
- flexible endoscopy with bx
- obs/gyn
- urology
- GI procedures, ERCP
- valvular heart disease, MVP, even with murmur
- mr, ms, ar, as, hocm, asd
most common joint involved in lyme disease
KNEE
cardiac manifestation of lyme disease
transient AV block
asymptomatic tick bite tx
NOTHING
rash lyme tx
doxycycline
amoxicillin or cefuroxime
joint, 7th CN palsy lyme tx
doxycycline
amoxicillin or cefuroxime
cardiac and neuro findings (other than bells) lyme tx
IV ceftriaxone
transmission of HIV mc–> least common
- mother to child: 25-30% perinatal transmission without meds
- anal sex
- NSI
- oral sex
- vaginal transmission
best initial test for HIV
ELISA
confirmatory test for HIV
Western blot
dx HIV in infants
PCR or viral culture
treatment failure….
rising PCR-RNA viral load
strongest indication for HAART is
CD4 less than 500
atripla=
emtricitabine, tenofovir, efavirenz
general rule for HIV
ACCEPTABLE to treat everyone, regardless of CD4 levels
ritonavir use
BOOSTS darunavir or atazanavir levels
do not use abacavir in patients with
HLA B5701 mutation
what drug is given with elvitegravir
cobicistat: inhibits its metabolism, thus increasing its levels
second line agents for HAART
entry inhibitors
integrase inhibitors
entry inhibitors
enfurvirtide
maraviroc
integrase inhibitors
raletgravir
dolutegravir
elvitegravir with cobicistat
PEP for NSI without knowing HIV status
NOPE
PEPE for bite from person with HIV
YES
SE zidovudine
anaemia
SE stavudine and didanosine
peripheral neuropathy
pancreatitis
SE abacavir
HSR
SJS
SE protease inhibitors
hyperlipidemia
hyperglycemia
SE indinavir
nephrolithiasis
SE tenofovir
renal insufficiency
one HAART cannot use in pregnancy
EFAVIRENZ!!!! since causes teratogenicity in animals
patient on retrovirals at time of pregnancy
continue same medications, except switch efavirenz to protease inhibitors
pregnant woman NOT on antiretrovirals with LOW CD4 and HIGH viral load
ASAP start HAART
continue after delivery
pregnant woman NOT on antiretrovirals with HIGH CD4 and LOW viral load
ASAP start HAART
intrapartum for baby
zidovudine, and for 6 weeks postpartum
risk of transmission to baby if fully controlled HIV
less than 1%
PC:
- leucocytosis
- LUQ pain
- fever
splenic abscess associated with IE
PC:
- lungs with nodular infiltrate and cavitation
septic pulmonary emboli– associated with IE and IVDU
osteomyelitis with nail puncture
pseudomonas
PC necrotiziing surgical infection
purulent gray cloudy discharge=
DISHWATER DRAINAGE
PC:
- increase transaminases
- leucopenia
- thrombocytopenia
ehrlichosis*** morulae
other name for strep bovis
strep galloyticus biotype 1
pneumatoceles
thin walled cavities a/w post viral pneumonia with S.aureus
leukocytoclasic with kaposi’s
new= violaceous old= coalescent
fear with ludwig’s
asphyxia–> death
TSS can happen secondary to….
nasal packing
PC sore throat with rash and diarrhea
PRIMARY HIV
PC sore throat with exudates
MONO