Infectious Disease Flashcards
All of the following statements pertaining to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are true except:
a) TSEs are a result of normal prion proteins in the brain changing shape from an alpha helix structure to a beta sheet structure.
b) Chronic wasting disease (CWD) of cervids has been detected in 30 states in the U.S. and 4 Canadian provinces, Norway and South Korea but has not been detected in Africa or Mainland Europe.
c) Prions that cause scrapie can persist in the environment for years.
d) The primary source of infection for classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-type BSE) is feed contaminated with the infectious prion agent. The atypical BSE forms, L-type and H-type, occur spontaneously at low levels in all cattle populations
b) Chronic wasting disease (CWD) of cervids has been detected in 30 states in the U.S. and 4 Canadian provinces, Noeway and South Korea but has not been detected in Africa or Mainland Europe.
USDA recommends which of the following methods to decontaminate premises where scrapie-infected sheep have lambed (choose all that apply)?
a) Till soil of pastures under or do not use contaminated areas to graze susceptible animals.
b) Remove organic material and the top 1-2 inches of soil from lambing pens.
c) Bleach equipment and instruments, followed by autoclaving if possible.
d) Compost contaminated organic material at least 2 miles away from pastures where domestic sheep and goats are located.
a) Till soil of pastures under or do not use contaminated areas to graze susceptible animals.
b) Remove organic material and the top 1-2 inches of soil from lambing pens.
c) Bleach equipment and instruments, followed by autoclaving if possible.
All of the following statements pertaining to cysticercosis are true except:
a) Cysticercosis is a parasitic tissue infection caused by larval cysts of the tapeworm Taenia solium.
b) People get cysticercosis by eating undercooked pork.
c) People get cysticercosis by ingesting Taenia solium eggs found in the feces of a person who has an intestinal tapeworm.
d) Humans are the definitive host for Taenia solium; pigs are the intermediate host.
b) People get cysticercosis by eating undercooked pork.
Streptococcus equi Subspecies zooepidemicus has caused recent mortality events in pigs and dogs in the U.S. Which of the following statements about Streptococcus zooepidemicus is false?
a) Coinfection with influenza and other respiratory viruses can predispose animals to Streptococcus zooepidemicus
b) Human infection is of particular concern for immunocompromised individuals.
c) A vaccine is commercially available for pigs.
d) A key prevention strategy for dogs and pigs is limiting stress (e.g., crowding, temperature extremes, malnutrition).
c) A vaccine is commercially available for pigs.
Choose the correct statement below.
a) Anthrax, a disease caused by Bacillus cereus, causes fever, weakness, and sudden death in cattle.
b) Anthrax, a disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, is transmitted to cattle through respiratory droplets.
c) Anthrax, a disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, is transmitted to cattle through ingestion of contaminated vegetation, soil, or feed.
d) Anthrax, a disease caused by Clostridium anthracis, is transmitted to cattle through ingestion of contaminated vegetation, soil, or feed.
c) Anthrax, a disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, is transmitted to cattle through ingestion of contaminated vegetation, soil, or feed.
Which of the following are risk factors for coccidioidomycosis?
a) Living in or traveling to the Southeastern U.S.
b) Living in or traveling to the Southwestern U.S.
c) Pregnancy, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, or taking immunosuppressive medications.
d) Being within 6 feet of an infected person for 15 minutes or longer.
e) None of these are risk factors for coccidioidomycosis.
b) Living in or traveling to the Southwestern U.S.
c) Pregnancy, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, or taking immunosuppressive medications.
Which of the following statements about neglected parasitic infections in the U.S. is false?
a) Neurocysticercosis, a leading cause of seizures in some parts of the U.S., is associated with eating free-range pork.
b) Strategies to prevent Chagas disease include controlling triatomine insect vectors, blood donor screening, and early detection/treatment in pregnant women.
c) Routinely deworming pets, washing hands after working/playing outdoors, and washing vegetables before eating are preventive measure for toxocariasis in people.
d) Felids are the only definitive host for Toxoplasma gondii.
a) Neurocysticercosis, a leading cause of seizures in some parts of the U.S., is associated with eating free-range pork.
Your friend calls you because she just moved to Lake Michigan and heard someone talking about a 30-foot tapeworm that people can get from eating undercooked fish. She wants to know if such a thing exists, and if so, can her dog get it? You tell her:
a) No, it is an urban legend.
b) Yes, the tapeworm is called Diphyllobothrium latum, but it only infects fish and otters.
c) Yes, the tapeworm is called Diphyllobothrium latum, and people and dogs can be infected by eating undercooked fish.
d) Yes, the tapeworm is called Dipylidium caninum, and it infects fish, cats, and dogs.
c) Yes, the tapeworm is called Diphyllobothrium latum, and people and dogs can be infected by eating undercooked fish.
Choose the incorrectly associated disease, agent, reservoir, and vector below:
a) Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, white-footed mouse, Ixodes scapularis
b) Q fever, Coxiella burnetii, small ruminants, Argasidae
c) Canine ehrlichiosis, Ehrlichia canis, dog, Rhipicephalus sanguineus
d) Tularemia, Francisella tularensis, rabbit/rodent, ixodid ticks
e) Plague, Yersinia pestis, prairie dog, fleas
b) Q fever, Coxiella burnetii, small ruminants, Argasidae
Your friend likes to eat venison, and deer season is coming up. She calls you because she has heard a lot about diseases in deer and is confused about which ones can also infect people. She lists off some diseases. Which one is the least concerning for zoonotic transmission?
a) Brucellosis
b) Tuberculosis
c) Epizootic hemorrhagic disease
d) Chronic wasting disease
e) SARS-CoV-2
c) Epizootic hemorrhagic disease
Which of the following statements regarding zoonotic salmonellosis is false?
a) Most reptiles are asymptomatic carriers of
b) Most cases of zoonotic salmonellosis are caused by typhoidal serovars of Salmonella enterica subspecies
c) Salmonella can spread from animals to people through fecal-oral transmission, mechanical transmission (flies), and eating undercooked eggs and meat.
d) Outbreaks of salmonellosis in people that were linked to pets included pet hedgehogs, small turtles, poultry, and bearded dragons.
b) Most cases of zoonotic salmonellosis are caused by typhoidal serovars of Salmonella enterica subspecies
True or false: The caudal fold tuberculin (CFT) test in cattle/bison and single cervical tuberculin test (SCT) or dual path platform (DPP) serological test in cervids are the primary official screening tests currently used in live animal TB surveillance in the U.S.
True
Which of the following statements regarding Burkholderia infections is false?
a) Glanders is caused by Burkholderia mallei.
b) Glanders is reportable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE).
c) Melioidosis is caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei.
d) Melioidosis is reportable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE).
e) Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei cause disease in humans.
Which of the following statements regarding Burkholderia infections is false?
Glanders is caused by Burkholderia mallei. Glanders is reportable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Melioidosis is caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. Melioidosis is reportable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei cause disease in humans.
d) Melioidosis is reportable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE).
According to the 2019 AAFP Feline Zoonoses Guidelines, zoonotic agents that can be spread by bite wounds from cats include (select all that apply):
a) Rabies virus
b) Francisella tularensis
c) Bartonella
d) Yersinia pestis
e) Capnocytophaga canimorsus
a) Rabies virus
b) Francisella tularensis
c) Bartonella
d) Yersinia pestis
e) Capnocytophaga canimorsus
Rhipicephalus annulatus and microplus, also known as “cattle fever ticks” are the most dangerous cattle ectoparasites in the United States. USDA-APHIS established the Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program in 1906. What disease does this program aim to eliminate?
a) Bovine tick paralysis
b) Bovine borreliosis
c) Bovine theileriosis
d) Bovine babesiosis
e) Bovine anaplasmosis
d) Bovine babesiosis
What causes American foulbrood (AFB)?
a) Paenibacillus larvae (a bacterium)
b) Nosema (a parasite)
c) Cell phone towers
d) Malnutrition
a) Paenibacillus larvae (a bacterium)
True or False: The best test to diagnose canine brucellosis in a sick dog is rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT) because it is an extremely sensitive and specific test.
False
Which of the following statements about campylobacteriosis are true?
a) Caused by a gram-negative bacterium called Campylobacter jejuni.
b) Most canines infected with Campylobacter jejuni have diarrhea and must be treated using antibiotics.
c) Most outbreaks of campylobacteriosis in people are caused by ingesting undercooked poultry products and raw milk.
d) Surveillance using culture-based molecular methods is challenging because the organism is difficult to culture.
e) All of the above are true.
a) Caused by a gram-negative bacterium called Campylobacter jejuni.
c) Most outbreaks of campylobacteriosis in people are caused by ingesting undercooked poultry products and raw milk.
d) Surveillance using culture-based molecular methods is challenging because the organism is difficult to culture.
True or False: Bacteria in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex are inactivated by most disinfectants
False
Select the statement below that most accurately describes sporotrichosis.
a) Fungal lung infection that occurs after cleaning out an attic where bats have been living.
b) Systemic fungal infection that might develop in a dog, then in the dog’s owner, after hunting quail in the Mississippi River basin.
c) Fungal skin infection that occurred after cutting your hand while gardening.
d) Fungal infection of hibernating bats which has caused regional extinction of some bat species in North America.
c) Fungal skin infection that occurred after cutting your hand while gardening.
Which of the following is not a flavivirus?
a) Japanese encephalitis virus
b) Yellow fever virus
c) Chikungunya virus
d) Zika virus
e) All of the above are flaviviruses
c) Chikungunya virus
The primary vectors for Japanese encephalitis virus are Culex spp mosquitoes. Which of the following animals are considered amplifying hosts because they develop sufficient viremia to transmit the virus back to mosquitoes (select all that apply)?
Pigs Horses Humans Egrets Cattle
Pigs
Egrets
Which of the following statements regarding pathogenicity of Avian influenza viruses is false?
a) All type A influenza viruses of H5 and H7 subtypes are highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains.
b) Genetic tests to identify characteristic patterns in the hemagglutinin molecule at its cleavage site are used to distinguish low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses from HPAI viruses.
c) HPAI viruses cause at least seventy-five (75) percent mortality in four (4) to eight (8) week-old chickens infected intravenously.
d) RT-PCR tests can be used to identify H5 and H7 subtype infections, but cannot distinguish between HPAI and LPAI strains.
a) All type A influenza viruses of H5 and H7 subtypes are highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains.
Which of the following statements regarding Hendra virus (HeV) is false?
a) Like Nipah, measles, and Newcastle viruses, HeV belongs to the Paramyxoviridae
b) Pteropid bats (also known as flying foxes or fruit bats) are the reservoir host, and dogs are the amplifying host usually implicated in transmission to humans.
c) Prevention measures include vaccinating horses, removing fruit trees from horse paddocks, and wearing PPE while performing dental procedures on horses in endemic areas.
d) HeV infection of horses is characterized by high fevers, facial swelling, severe respiratory difficulty and, terminally, copious frothy nasal discharge. Some horses display neurological signs or colic-like signs.
e) There is no evidence of human-to-human transmission.
b) Pteropid bats (also known as flying foxes or fruit bats) are the reservoir host, and dogs are the amplifying host usually implicated in transmission to humans.