Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Which tick is most commonly responsible for Borrelia burgdorferi in the USA and, conversely, Europe?

A

USA: Ixodes scapularis, I. pacificus in the pacific states.
Europe: Ixodes ricinus

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2
Q

What other bacterial organism is co-transmitted with B. burgdorferi?

A

Anaplasma phagocytophilum.

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3
Q

Which is the more common manifestation of Lyme disease in dogs: Lyme nephritis or arthritis?

A

Arthritis

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4
Q

Which European breed is more often reported to be seropositive to Lyme disease?

A

Bernese mountain dog.

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5
Q

Which Borrelia antigens are not present in vaccines?

A

C6, VlsE and OspF

n.b. OspA, in contrast, is more in vaccinated

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6
Q

Which serological tests are not recommended for diagnosis of Borrelia?

A

Whole cell ELISA
IFA
Western blot
IgM vs. IgG.

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7
Q

How long should Borrelia be treated for (clinically affected cases)?

A

4 weeks

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8
Q

What treatment is recommended for immune complex glomerulonephritis?

A

Mycophenolate - minimum of 12 weeks as an immunosuppressive ‘trial’
Prednisolone can be considered for extremely financially constrained cases.

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9
Q

What is the recommended screening for dogs living in Borrelia endemic areas in North America?

A

Annual qualitative antibody assays. If seropositive then perform follow up proteinuria screening (2-3x yearly) and minimum database.

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10
Q

What surface protein do Borrelia vaccines act against?

A

OspA - thus preventing transmission from the tick to the dog. Some also do OspC.

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11
Q

What is the organism in the picture?

A

Babesia, a big one!

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12
Q

What is the organism in the atached picture?

A

Mycoplasma

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13
Q

What is the organism in the attached picture?

A

Anaplasma (note that these are morula inside a granulocyte)

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14
Q

What is the organism in the attached picture?

A

Ehrlichia - note that the morula is within a monocyte (in contrast to Anaplasma that would be in a granulocyte like a neutrophil).

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15
Q

What is the organism in the attached picture?

A

Cytauxzoan

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16
Q

What is the organism in the attached picture?

A

Borrelia (Lyme disease)

17
Q

Which organisms may be present within the following vector?

A

Babesia

Ehrlichia canis

Bartonella vinsonii ss. berkhoffi

Hepatozoon canis

18
Q

Which organisms may be present within the following vector?

A

Ehrlicia chaffenesis
Ehrlichia ewingii
Cytauxzoonosis
Hepatozoon americanum

19
Q

Which organisms may be present within the following vector?

A

Babesia
Anaplasma phagocytophilium
Borrelia

20
Q

Which organisms may be present within the following vector?

A

Babesia
Rocky mountain spotted fever
Cytauxzoonosis

21
Q

Identify the organisms and vectors

A

Top - B. canis

Bottom - B. gibsoni

Vector = Rhipicephalus sanguniaeus, Dermacentor and Ixodes

22
Q

Which breed seems predisposed to Babesia canis vogeli?

A

Greyhounds

23
Q

Which breed would you be most concerned about B. gibsoni?

A

Pitbulls - this seems typically to be transmitted by fighting dogs although some tick transmission can occur,

24
Q

Outline the lifecycle of B. canis

A
  1. Sporozoites infect the host
  2. Asexual reproduction in RBC releases merozoites
  3. Merozoites transmitted to tick where sexual reproduction occurs
25
Q

Most common haematological finding in canine babesiosis?

A

Thrombocytopenia

26
Q

Identify this organism

A

Leishmania