Immunology: Cytokines, Cell Markers Flashcards
CD3
- Cells
- Mechanisms
Present on all T-cells
Signal transducer for the TCR
CD4
- Cells
- Mechanisms
T-helper cells
MHC II receptor
CD8
- Cells
- Mechanisms
Cytotoxic T-cells
MHC I receptor
CD45
All T-cells
RTKs
CD21
B-cells
Interacts with complement (C3d)
CD35
T-cells
Interacts with complement
CD25
T-cells, B-cells, monocytes
IL-2 receptor (part of it)
Types of hypersensitivity reaction
Type 1 = IgE mediated immediate reaction
Type 2 = IgG or IgM mediated reaction resulting in complement or macrophage
Type 3 = Immune complex
Type 4 = delayed cell based (t-cells)
CD95
An extrinsic pathway death receptor (Fas)
Which TLRs are responsible for the detection of viral nucleic acid?
3 7 8 & 9
Which TLR detects LPS?
4
TLR that detects flagellin
TLR 5
Which TLR recognised mitochondrial DNA?
TLR 9
Which TLR recognises HMGB1?
TLR 2 and TLR 4
Components of the cell wall that are recognised by innate immunity with:
- Gram positive bacteria
- Gram negative bacteria
- Acid-fast bacteria
- Yeasts
- Viruses
- Peptidoglycans
- LPS
- Glycolipids
- Mannan or -beta glucan
- Nucleic acid
What types of PAMPs are detected by NLRs?
Intracellular
Pathways activated/molecules produced due to NOD1/NOD2 activation
1 = NF-kappa beta
2 = defensins
Main functions of TNF-a
Leukocyte adherance, activation, etc.
Result in classical signs of inflammation (e.g. pain, heat, redness, swelling)
Direct toxic effect on microbial invaders
Facilitation of switching the innate immune response to an adaptive one
IL-1 produced in response to activation of which TLR?
4
Main functions of IL-6
Induction of pyrexia
Promotion of hepcidin production
Stimulaants for IL-6 production
Bacterial endotoxins (by sentinal cells) and in response to TNF-a and IL-1 production.
Main immunologic mediators of vascular permeability
Histamine, serotonin, kinins
Main functions of prostaglandins
Vasodilation and vascular permeability
Main function of thromboxanes
Platelet activation
Main functions of leukotrienes
Chemotaxis (B4) and smooth muscle contraction (C, D, E)
Which molecules can opsonise invaders?
IgG, IgE, C3b and C5b
Stimulus for the classical complement pathway
Antigen-antibody binding and activation of C1q (binds to Fc region)
Stimulus for the lecithin pathway of complement activation
Mannose binding lecthin (produced by liver) binds to mannose
Stimulus for the alternative complement pathway
Bacterial endotoxins
Main end pathway of complement activation
Production of C3 via C3 convertase which results in production of C5 via C5 convertase which then forms the MAC
Complement components that do the following:
Opsonisation
Cell lysis
Chemotaxis
Coagulation
Activation of mast cells
Opsonisation
- C3b and C4b: Activate neutrophils and macrophages
Cell lysis
- MAC
Chemotaxis
- C3a: attracts eosinophils
- C5a: attracts neutrophils and macrophages to where antigens are
- C567: attracts neutrophils and macrophages.
Coagulation
- C5a: induces expression of TF and plasminogen activartor inhibitor 1
Activation of mast cells
- C3a, C4a, C5a
Main activators of macrophages
IFN-y, TNF-a, IL-2
Role of IL-8
Attracts neutrophils
It is produced by macrophages.
How do pyrogens induce the change in the hypothalamic set point??
COX-2 production in the hypothalamus results in PGE2 production
Cell that has CD15
Granulocytes
Cell that has CD14
Monocytes
Cell that has CD19
B-lymphocyte
Cell that has CD61
Thrombocyte
Which MHC class results in the following:
Presentation of intracellular antigen
Presentation of extracellular antigen
Intracellular = MHC I
Extracellular = MHC II
IL-2 main function
Proinflammatory in the Th1 response (cellular immunity)
IL-3 main function
Growth factor that stimulates maturation of Eo, No and Mo
IL-4 main function
Immunoregulatory in suppressing macrophages (e.g. reduces cell based response)
Promotes B-cells
IL-5 main function
Differentiation of eosinophils
IL-10 main functions
Immunosupressive generally (enhances Treg)
IL-11
Also a haemotopoitic growht factor.
Main interleukins promoting leukocyte growth and activation
IL-3 = No, Mo, Eo
IL-5 = Eo
IL-11 = B and megakaryocytes
Proinflammatory vs. anti-inflammatory TNFs
TNF-a = proinflammatory
TNF-b = anti-inflammatory
TGF-b = immunosupressant, stimulates Treg cells
Which chemokines stimulate megakaryocytes
TPO, IL-3, IL-6, IL-11
T-cell (cytotoxic) effector response
a) T-cell subtype involved
b) Cytokines polarising to this reposnonse
c) Cytokines produced by these cells
d) main cell types effecting the response
a) TH-1
b) IFN-y & IL-12
c) IFN-y, IL-2, TNFa
d) macrophages
B-cell (humoral) effector response
a) T-cell subtype involved
b) Cytokines polarising to this reposnonse
c) Cytokines produced by these cells
d) main cell types effecting the response
a) Th-2
b) IL-4, IL-33, TSLP
c) IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 IL-13
d) mast cells, eosinophils, IgE production
Inflammatory (extracellular pathogen) effector response
a) T-cell subtype involved
b) Cytokines polarising to this reposnonse
c) Cytokines produced by these cells
d) main cell types effecting the response
a) Th17
b) IL-6, IL-23, TGFb
c) IL-17, IL-21, IL-22
d) neutrophils
Immunoregulatory effector response
a) T-cell subtype involved
b) Cytokines polarising to this reposnonse
c) Cytokines produced by these cells
d) main cell types effecting the response
a) Treg
b) IL-10, TGFb
c) IL-10, IL-35, TGFb
d) n/a
