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ACVIM Generals Revision > Immunology: Cytokines, Cell Markers > Flashcards

Immunology: Cytokines, Cell Markers Flashcards

1
Q

CD3

  • Cells
  • Mechanisms
A

Present on all T-cells

Signal transducer for the TCR

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2
Q

CD4

  • Cells
  • Mechanisms
A

T-helper cells

MHC II receptor

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3
Q

CD8

  • Cells
  • Mechanisms
A

Cytotoxic T-cells

MHC I receptor

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4
Q

CD45

A

All T-cells

RTKs

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5
Q

CD21

A

B-cells

Interacts with complement (C3d)

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6
Q

CD35

A

T-cells

Interacts with complement

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7
Q

CD25

A

T-cells, B-cells, monocytes

IL-2 receptor (part of it)

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8
Q

Types of hypersensitivity reaction

A

Type 1 = IgE mediated immediate reaction

Type 2 = IgG or IgM mediated reaction resulting in complement or macrophage

Type 3 = Immune complex

Type 4 = delayed cell based (t-cells)

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9
Q

CD95

A

An extrinsic pathway death receptor (Fas)

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10
Q

Which TLRs are responsible for the detection of viral nucleic acid?

A

3 7 8 & 9

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11
Q

Which TLR detects LPS?

A

4

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12
Q

TLR that detects flagellin

A

TLR 5

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13
Q

Which TLR recognised mitochondrial DNA?

A

TLR 9

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14
Q

Which TLR recognises HMGB1?

A

TLR 2 and TLR 4

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15
Q

Components of the cell wall that are recognised by innate immunity with:

  1. Gram positive bacteria
  2. Gram negative bacteria
  3. Acid-fast bacteria
  4. Yeasts
  5. Viruses
A
  1. Peptidoglycans
  2. LPS
  3. Glycolipids
  4. Mannan or -beta glucan
  5. Nucleic acid
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16
Q

What types of PAMPs are detected by NLRs?

A

Intracellular

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17
Q

Pathways activated/molecules produced due to NOD1/NOD2 activation

A

1 = NF-kappa beta

2 = defensins

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18
Q

Main functions of TNF-a

A

Leukocyte adherance, activation, etc.

Result in classical signs of inflammation (e.g. pain, heat, redness, swelling)

Direct toxic effect on microbial invaders

Facilitation of switching the innate immune response to an adaptive one

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19
Q

IL-1 produced in response to activation of which TLR?

A

4

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20
Q

Main functions of IL-6

A

Induction of pyrexia

Promotion of hepcidin production

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21
Q

Stimulaants for IL-6 production

A

Bacterial endotoxins (by sentinal cells) and in response to TNF-a and IL-1 production.

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22
Q

Main immunologic mediators of vascular permeability

A

Histamine, serotonin, kinins

23
Q

Main functions of prostaglandins

A

Vasodilation and vascular permeability

24
Q

Main function of thromboxanes

A

Platelet activation

25
Q

Main functions of leukotrienes

A

Chemotaxis (B4) and smooth muscle contraction (C, D, E)

26
Q

Which molecules can opsonise invaders?

A

IgG, IgE, C3b and C5b

27
Q

Stimulus for the classical complement pathway

A

Antigen-antibody binding and activation of C1q (binds to Fc region)

28
Q

Stimulus for the lecithin pathway of complement activation

A

Mannose binding lecthin (produced by liver) binds to mannose

29
Q

Stimulus for the alternative complement pathway

A

Bacterial endotoxins

30
Q

Main end pathway of complement activation

A

Production of C3 via C3 convertase which results in production of C5 via C5 convertase which then forms the MAC

31
Q

Complement components that do the following:

Opsonisation

Cell lysis

Chemotaxis

Coagulation

Activation of mast cells

A

Opsonisation

  • C3b and C4b: Activate neutrophils and macrophages

Cell lysis

  • MAC

Chemotaxis

  • C3a: attracts eosinophils
  • C5a: attracts neutrophils and macrophages to where antigens are
  • C567: attracts neutrophils and macrophages.

Coagulation

  • C5a: induces expression of TF and plasminogen activartor inhibitor 1

Activation of mast cells

  • C3a, C4a, C5a
32
Q

Main activators of macrophages

A

IFN-y, TNF-a, IL-2

33
Q

Role of IL-8

A

Attracts neutrophils

It is produced by macrophages.

34
Q

How do pyrogens induce the change in the hypothalamic set point??

A

COX-2 production in the hypothalamus results in PGE2 production

35
Q

Cell that has CD15

A

Granulocytes

36
Q

Cell that has CD14

A

Monocytes

37
Q

Cell that has CD19

A

B-lymphocyte

38
Q

Cell that has CD61

A

Thrombocyte

39
Q

Which MHC class results in the following:

Presentation of intracellular antigen

Presentation of extracellular antigen

A

Intracellular = MHC I

Extracellular = MHC II

40
Q

IL-2 main function

A

Proinflammatory in the Th1 response (cellular immunity)

41
Q

IL-3 main function

A

Growth factor that stimulates maturation of Eo, No and Mo

42
Q

IL-4 main function

A

Immunoregulatory in suppressing macrophages (e.g. reduces cell based response)

Promotes B-cells

43
Q

IL-5 main function

A

Differentiation of eosinophils

44
Q

IL-10 main functions

A

Immunosupressive generally (enhances Treg)

45
Q

IL-11

A

Also a haemotopoitic growht factor.

46
Q

Main interleukins promoting leukocyte growth and activation

A

IL-3 = No, Mo, Eo

IL-5 = Eo

IL-11 = B and megakaryocytes

47
Q

Proinflammatory vs. anti-inflammatory TNFs

A

TNF-a = proinflammatory

TNF-b = anti-inflammatory

TGF-b = immunosupressant, stimulates Treg cells

48
Q

Which chemokines stimulate megakaryocytes

A

TPO, IL-3, IL-6, IL-11

49
Q

T-cell (cytotoxic) effector response

a) T-cell subtype involved
b) Cytokines polarising to this reposnonse
c) Cytokines produced by these cells
d) main cell types effecting the response

A

a) TH-1
b) IFN-y & IL-12
c) IFN-y, IL-2, TNFa
d) macrophages

50
Q

B-cell (humoral) effector response

a) T-cell subtype involved
b) Cytokines polarising to this reposnonse
c) Cytokines produced by these cells
d) main cell types effecting the response

A

a) Th-2
b) IL-4, IL-33, TSLP
c) IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 IL-13
d) mast cells, eosinophils, IgE production

51
Q

Inflammatory (extracellular pathogen) effector response

a) T-cell subtype involved
b) Cytokines polarising to this reposnonse
c) Cytokines produced by these cells
d) main cell types effecting the response

A

a) Th17
b) IL-6, IL-23, TGFb
c) IL-17, IL-21, IL-22
d) neutrophils

52
Q

Immunoregulatory effector response

a) T-cell subtype involved
b) Cytokines polarising to this reposnonse
c) Cytokines produced by these cells
d) main cell types effecting the response

A

a) Treg
b) IL-10, TGFb
c) IL-10, IL-35, TGFb
d) n/a

53
Q
A

ACVIM Generals Revision (32 decks)

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