Infectious Causes Flashcards
What is the new and better name for Kennel Cough?
Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex
CIRD
Viral causes of CIRD (major)
- parainfluenza
- adenovirus 2
- CIV**
- distemper
- coronavirus**
Bacterial causes of CIRD (major)
- Bordetella bronchiseptica **
- Mycoplasma group **
- Strep equi
Resp PCR Panels are
Best bargain
but…
- no correlation between CS and +
- herd health
- prolonged cases
*still better than random nasal culture swabs
CIRD
- incubation
- shedding
- transmission
- dx
incubation < 1 wk
Shedding - most ~2 wks
Aerosol, direct, fomites
Dx:
- CS
- Further dx
- systemic illness
- herd health
- significant comorbidities
- cadillac
CIRD - Treatment
Pretty much like us… Supportive Care
If its goes on >10days or is systemic, should start Abx (Doxy)
- if you culture and its Bord –> Doxy
- if you don’t culture –> use more broad spectrum
- avoid antivirals
CO is endemic for _____
influenza
Whats crazy about Bordetella?
Can shed for weeks to months!
*Subclinical carrier state
Treatment for Bodetellosis
Abx
- If you test and its Bord –> Doxy to treat systemic
- if you don’t sample and its systemic –> use more broad-spectrum
Different kinds of vaccines (route) for Bordetella. How frequent should we be vaccinating?
Annually is usually okay
If they are high-risk probably give more often (bi-annual)
Whats the old vs new Canine Influenza subtypes?
Old = H3N8
New = H3N2 (spreading)
Canine influenza
Mortality, morbidity, CS
High morbidity
Low mortality
CS: HIGH fever (103.5), chronic cough (14-21 days), peracute cases: hemorrhagic pneumonia
CIV (H3N8) - Shedding
Usually have been shedding a whole day before CS appear
Dx for influenza?
Cornell Dx Lab –> Tests for both H3:N8 and H3:N2 for $30
- Hemaglutination Inhibition (Serology)
○ ANTIBODY detection
○ Send serum samples –> best to send paired (more than one) to see if there is an increase in Abs
Infleunza and PCR
False-negatives
Shedding peaks before we see pet in clinic
Influenza
Prevention
Enveloped RNA - wimp!
bleach and quaternary ammonium compounds should take care of it
Isolate suspects
Should we vaccinate for influenza?
Endemic in CO
Killed vaccine so 2 doses to be effective
*administer 1st one month before high risk (boarding, travel)
Viral infections usually stay around for about 14 days… how is H3N2 different?
stays about 21 days
Is Mycoplasma a primary upper resp pathogen?
we don’t know
Whats different about Mycoplasma?
What drugs can we use?
No cell walls!
Use:
Doxy (confirmed PCR+)
others:
Fluoroquinolones
Azithromycin
Clindamycin
Is there a vaccine for Coronavirus, mycoplasma, or Strep?
Nope
Nasal Mites!
- what’s the parasite’s name?
- Dx?
- Tx?
- Pneumonyssoides
- Dx = trial treatment
- Tx:
milbemycin
ivermectin (high dose)
selamectin
Primary viral infections - feline URTD
- herpesvirus (eyes)
- calicivirus (oral)
Often these are chronic
Primary bacterial infections - Feline URTD
- Bordetella bronchiseptica
- Chlamydophila felis
- Mycoplasma spp
Primary fungal - feline URTD
Cryptococcus (chronic)
Sinonasal/Sino-orbital aspergillosis (mainly chronic()
Herpes hits _____
Calicivirus hits ______
Herpes = eyes
Calicivirus = oral cavity
- virulent strain –> edema face and limbs
Feline Chronic URTD - DX
Workup in phases - don’t want to spend a ton of money right away
1) cytology for fungal
2) simple tests for underlying dz
3) oral exam
4) PCR - take with grain of salt
if those dont work…
1) imaging
2) dental exam
3) scopes
4) deep tissue cultures
5) biopsies
Feline URTD Viral Dx
- Clinical signs (common)
- PCR for herpes
- RT-PCR for Calici
- Vaccines will show in PCR –> take with a grain of salt
- serology sucks
Tx for confirmed Herpes
Famcyclovir
Some may use Lysine - but don’t know how well it really works
Common 1st line Empiric Abx for URTD
Doxy - SUSPENSION!!
Chronic Rhino Sinusitis
(CRS: I can’t find a primary treatable cause)
What do we do?
humidification anti-histamines meloxicam/apoquel? HA diet/tx Topical therapy prenisolone
“Roman Nose
in a cat….
most common fungi? Dx? Tx?
Space-occupying mass
Cryptococcus!!!
Dx: See organism on cytology
Tx: Fluconazole
Most common organism responsible for Canine sinonasal mycosis?
Aspergillus fumigatus
Tx debated
Canine SNA
CS?
Dx?
CS: depigmentation of nose
normal commensal!
Dx: AGID (Ab!)
Feline Lower Airway Dx
Hyperreactive or inflammatory
Dx: Ab + Ag
Tx: Doxy
Parasitic: inappropriate immune or primary
Bacterial: secondary
LAD
Protozoal
Bacterial
Protozoal:
- toxo gondii
- neospora caninum
Primary bacti:
- bordetella
- mycoplasma
- strep zooepid
- yersinia pestis
Respiratory Fungi
Pulmonary -
Dogs and Cats
Histoplasma - Missouri Coccidioides - SW Blastomyces - Missouri
Blastomycosis - BELLS
Bone, eyes, lungs, lymph nodes, skin
Histoplasmosis
Fungal organisms inhaled from contaminated soil (bird and bat manure)
- Fungi sets up shop in lungs but can also enter bloodstream and effects different areas of body (bone marrow and eyes) - Signs vary and depend on where the fungi travels to (e.g. eyes, GI, bm)
Coccidiomycosis
Arizona! (Sonoran zone)
Clinical:
- resp
- hilar lymph nodes
Dx: (hard!)
- use titers
Look at slide 87 for cytology
*
Treating systemic fungal infections
Hard - fungi is very close to humans (egosterol and cholesterol)
Super expensive
Empirical Abx for pneumonia
Usually just use potentiated penicillin
slide 91
Pleural infections - treatment?>
You MUST Culture! Aerobic and Anaerobic!
