Infectious and Immune Dz's Flashcards
Infectious agents that cause Hemolytic Anemia
- Hemoplasmas (dogs and cats)
- Bartonella spp (dogs, maybe)
- Babesia spp (dogs)
- Cytauxzoon felis (cats)
- Ehrlichia spp (dogs and cats, maybe)
A dog presents with signs of depression and lethargy. A CBC documents anemia with >60,000 reticulocytes and no evidence of blood loss. A few spherocytes are seen and possible organisms were ini RBC. The dog had been bitten by a pitbull 2 weeks ago.
What’s the bug?
What’s the vector?
Babesia!
Babesia gibsoni
Vector = Rhipicephalus (brown dog tick)
The vector for the three Babesia spp found in the USA (vogeli, gibsoni, and conradae) is?
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
Brown dog tick
Babesia in cats… is it seen here in US?
Very rarely we see B. vogeli
Babesiosis
- ___ and ___ anemia
- _____ is better in the acute phase; _____ is better in the chronic phase
- B. vogeli (canis) is treated with _____
- B. gibsoni is treated with ____ and _____
Fever and hemolytic anemia
PCR is better in the acute phase; serology is better in the chronic phase
- B. vogeli is treated with Imidocarb dipropionate (
- B. gibsoni is treated with Azithromycin or Atovaquone, at least 10 days
Blood cytology - cat with Babesia
Agglutination
Little bugs on the outside edge of the cell
Hemoplasma same as mycoplasma
3 year old, outdoor cat in CO; PCV = 9%. Likely bug?
Mycoplasma hemofelis
Cytauxzoon felis is caused by ______; do we have these in CO?
Amblyoma tick
Nope
Do we have Babesia felis here?
Nope! Its in S. Africa
The only one we see is B. vogeli - which is pretty rare
Whats the main bug that causes Hemoplasmosis in cats? dogs?
Cats = Mycoplasma haemofelis
Dogs = Mycoplasma haemocanis (pretty rare)
Hemoplasmosis
- basic signs of anemia
- main sign in both acute and chronic stage?
- How do we dx?
- How do we tx?
Main sign is FEVER
Dx = Cytology and PCR (pcr is most sensitive)
Tx = Doxycycline and Quinolones
1 year old, MC, outdoor cat in Oklahoma. He has acute onset, fever, dyspnea, anemia, and pale mucous membranes.
Whats the bug?
Cytauxzoon felis
Cytauxzoon felis
- Definitive host?
- How is it transmitted?
- Clinical signs
- Dx?
- Tx?
- Bobcat is DH
- Transmitted by Lone Star Tick (Amblyomma americanum)
- CS: fever, shock, anemia, death
- Dx: organism demonstration, +/- PCR
- Tx: Atovaquone, Azithromycin
What do we think of when we hear a pet is “stiff”?
- muscle pain
- jt pain
- meningeal pain
- bone pain
- parenchymal pain
Hunting cat, “stiff’, with uveitis in CO.
What’s the bug?
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasmosis - Fatal syndromes
- Immunosuppressed
- Transplacental or neonatal infection
- liver
- lung
- brain
- Fading Kitten Syndrome
Toxoplasmosis - Chronic
CS
- fever
- anterior or posterior UVEITIS
- hyperesthesia
- CNS dz
- hepatic/pancreatic dz
- resp dz
- dermatologic (rare)
Cats most common than dogs
Clinical Toxoplasmosis
- CBC
- Chem
- Fecal
CBC:
- nonregen anemia
- neutrophillic leukocytosis
- neutropenia
- lymphocytosis
- monocytosis
Chem:
- inc Bilirubin
- High ALT/AST
- inc CK
- polyclonal gammopathy
Fecal:
- usually negative when CS develop
How do we Dx Toxoplasmosis?
PCR is best (aqueous humor, CSF, BAL/aspirates/tissues)
Serology?
- just shows exposure… need to have multiple
How do we treat Toxoplasmosis?
- Clindamycin**
- Trimethoprim sulfa
- Azithromycin
How do we treat the ocular dz assoc’d with Toxoplasmosis?
Topical glucocorticoids
if resistant to topical… use oral glucocorticoids
Ranch puppy, ascending “stiff” paralysis, previous abortion in the bitch. Bug?
Neospora caninum
(ranch –> access to cow placentas)
*if you have puppies with ascending NM dz… save money and test mom
How do we dx Canine Neosporosis?
Histopathology
PCR (can do in combo with Toxo)
IHC
How do we treat Neospora in dogs? How long?
Clindamycin AND Trimethoprim-sulfa for 4 weeks
*its a bad disease in puppies –> hit it hard with two drugs
**the neuro state they are in will be as good as they get –> we are treating to stop progression of disease
Dog coming from Gulf Coast, has periosteal bone rxn, EXTREME neutrophilia, stiffness, fever, and depression… whats the bug?
How is it transmitted?
Dx?
Tx?
Hepatozoonosis!
Gulf Coast tick (dog eats)
Dx: biopsy, PCR
Tx: 2 Abx and Decoquinate (get from feed store) - Trimethoprim-sulfa - Pyrimethamine - Clindamycin
Sarcocystic spp
Whats the DH and IH?
DH: carnivores
- oocysts passed in feces sporulated and infectious
IH: herbivore
- tissue infections
Sarcocystic neurona
DH?
Whats the dz in Equine?
Dx?
Tx?
Progressive neurological dz
DH: Opposum
EPM in equine
Dx: serology, PCR, IHC
Tx: Ponazuril for 28 days
Polyarthritis
Which form is most common?
Non-erosive most common
Suppurative PA
(review study guide in ppt)
- Primary immune-mediated
- Secondary immune-mediated
- Infectious
Dx (general)
Tx (infectious)
- primary IM: idiopathic or SLE
- secondary IM: vaccines, drugs, neoplasia
- Infectious (lots): Ehrlichia, anaplasma, borrelia, rickettsia, bartonella, mycoplasma
Dx: PCR or serology
Tx: Doxy!
Which of the following is transmitted by Ixodes spp?
- Borrelia burgdorferi
- Rickettsia rickettsia
- Ehrlichia ewingii
- Anaplasma platys
Borrelia burgdorferi! (Lyme)
- rickettsia (brown dog tick)
- ehrlichia (amblyomma)
Dog from East coast has nephritis, and doesn’t use any tick repellant or vaccines. Bug?
Borrelia burgdorferi!
lyme
What breed is predisposed to Lyme nephritis?
Labs and Goldens
How do we dx Lyme? Does this differentiate vaccine from true exposure?
SNAP 4Dx and serology
Yes! C6 peptide!! but a positive just shows exposure, not disease
How do we treat Lyme?
Doxycycline (4 weeks)
Amoxicilline (4 weeks)
How good is the Lyme vaccine?
Needs booster annually
Should be combined with tick control
Besides Borrelia burgdorferi… what other bug is transmitted by Ixodes spp?
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Anaplasma phagocytophilum - Granulocytotropic Anaplasmosis
- how is transmitted?
- CS?
- Dx?
- Tx?
- Ixodes spp
- CS: acute fever, acute PA, mild to mod thrombocytopenia
- Dx: can get false negative SNAP –> confirm with PCR on acute blood
- Tx: Doxy 2-4 weeks
- Tick control for prevention
Causes of Thrombocytopenia
- dec production
- destruction
- Consumption
- Sequestration
Infectious causes of Tpenia - Dogs
- Ehrlichia/Anaplasma group
- Rickettsia rickettsii
- Lepto
- Bartonella vinsonii and henselae
*all but Rickettsia (serology) can be Dx’d with PCR
Infectious causes of Tpenia - Cats
- FeLV
- FIV
- Anaplasma phagocytophilum
- rarely… Ehrlichia
PCR!
Its pretty great
Best in acute phases
Blood collected in EDTA tube
Store at 4 C or frozen
Can combine with Ab tests (e.g. Bartonella spp)
Its midnight on Friday… patient has fever and thrombocytopenia. Snap 4dx is negative. What do you start with for treatment until PCR panel complete on Monday?
Doxy and pred
Ehrlichia canis - Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis
- Only one that has a ____ phase
- Transmitted by…?
- Dx?
- Tx?
- is there immunity after recovery from infection?
CHRONIC phase!
Brown dog tick - R. sangineous
Dx:
- morulae detection
- PCR
- Ab detection (IFA, ELISA)
Tx:
- Doxy (of course)
- Imidocarb diproprionate
- Chloramphenicol
- for 2-4 wks
NO sterilizing immunity –> can be re-infected!!
*use tick control
Speed to kill = 3 hours
What bug is this?
How’s it transmitted?
CS?
Dx?
Tx?
Ehrlichia ewingii! If you live in endemic area you should be using tick control
- Amblyomma americanum
- CS: acute fever and PA
- Dx: can have false snap –> confirm with PCR
- Tx: Doxy (duh)
This is the “sickest” tick borne disease
Transmitted?
Dx?
Tx?
Immunity after infection?
RMSF - Rickettsia rickettsii
Ticks (american dog tick, brown dog tick, RM wood tick)
Dx: Abs (but can cross-react with other Rickettsia spp), CS, response to tx, PCR (acute phase)
Tx: Doxy and enrofloxacin
*only one you can use a quinolone
Gives sterilizing immunity!!
Prevention: use tick control that repels!
Neorickettsia risticii - Atypical
Reservoirs?
Vectors?
CS - Dog
CS - horse
Dx?
Tx?
bats and swallows
trematodes of snails and water insects
dog - similar to E canis, no chronic phase
horse - Potomac horse fever
Dx: serology, confirm with PCR
Tx: Doxy… duh
