Infectious and Immune Dz's Flashcards

1
Q

Infectious agents that cause Hemolytic Anemia

A
  • Hemoplasmas (dogs and cats)
  • Bartonella spp (dogs, maybe)
  • Babesia spp (dogs)
  • Cytauxzoon felis (cats)
  • Ehrlichia spp (dogs and cats, maybe)
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2
Q

A dog presents with signs of depression and lethargy. A CBC documents anemia with >60,000 reticulocytes and no evidence of blood loss. A few spherocytes are seen and possible organisms were ini RBC. The dog had been bitten by a pitbull 2 weeks ago.

What’s the bug?

What’s the vector?

A

Babesia!

Babesia gibsoni

Vector = Rhipicephalus (brown dog tick)

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3
Q

The vector for the three Babesia spp found in the USA (vogeli, gibsoni, and conradae) is?

A

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Brown dog tick

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4
Q

Babesia in cats… is it seen here in US?

A

Very rarely we see B. vogeli

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5
Q

Babesiosis

  • ___ and ___ anemia
  • _____ is better in the acute phase; _____ is better in the chronic phase
  • B. vogeli (canis) is treated with _____
  • B. gibsoni is treated with ____ and _____
A

Fever and hemolytic anemia

PCR is better in the acute phase; serology is better in the chronic phase

  • B. vogeli is treated with Imidocarb dipropionate (
  • B. gibsoni is treated with Azithromycin or Atovaquone, at least 10 days
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6
Q

Blood cytology - cat with Babesia

A

Agglutination

Little bugs on the outside edge of the cell

Hemoplasma same as mycoplasma

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7
Q

3 year old, outdoor cat in CO; PCV = 9%. Likely bug?

A

Mycoplasma hemofelis

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8
Q

Cytauxzoon felis is caused by ______; do we have these in CO?

A

Amblyoma tick

Nope

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9
Q

Do we have Babesia felis here?

A

Nope! Its in S. Africa

The only one we see is B. vogeli - which is pretty rare

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10
Q

Whats the main bug that causes Hemoplasmosis in cats? dogs?

A

Cats = Mycoplasma haemofelis

Dogs = Mycoplasma haemocanis (pretty rare)

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11
Q

Hemoplasmosis

  • basic signs of anemia
  • main sign in both acute and chronic stage?
  • How do we dx?
  • How do we tx?
A

Main sign is FEVER

Dx = Cytology and PCR (pcr is most sensitive)

Tx = Doxycycline and Quinolones

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12
Q

1 year old, MC, outdoor cat in Oklahoma. He has acute onset, fever, dyspnea, anemia, and pale mucous membranes.

Whats the bug?

A

Cytauxzoon felis

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13
Q

Cytauxzoon felis

  • Definitive host?
  • How is it transmitted?
  • Clinical signs
  • Dx?
  • Tx?
A
  • Bobcat is DH
  • Transmitted by Lone Star Tick (Amblyomma americanum)
  • CS: fever, shock, anemia, death
  • Dx: organism demonstration, +/- PCR
  • Tx: Atovaquone, Azithromycin
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14
Q

What do we think of when we hear a pet is “stiff”?

A
  • muscle pain
  • jt pain
  • meningeal pain
  • bone pain
  • parenchymal pain
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15
Q

Hunting cat, “stiff’, with uveitis in CO.

What’s the bug?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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16
Q

Toxoplasmosis - Fatal syndromes

A
  1. Immunosuppressed
  2. Transplacental or neonatal infection
    - liver
    - lung
    - brain
    - Fading Kitten Syndrome
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17
Q

Toxoplasmosis - Chronic

CS

A
  • fever
  • anterior or posterior UVEITIS
  • hyperesthesia
  • CNS dz
  • hepatic/pancreatic dz
  • resp dz
  • dermatologic (rare)

Cats most common than dogs

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18
Q

Clinical Toxoplasmosis

  • CBC
  • Chem
  • Fecal
A

CBC:

  • nonregen anemia
  • neutrophillic leukocytosis
  • neutropenia
  • lymphocytosis
  • monocytosis

Chem:

  • inc Bilirubin
  • High ALT/AST
  • inc CK
  • polyclonal gammopathy

Fecal:
- usually negative when CS develop

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19
Q

How do we Dx Toxoplasmosis?

A

PCR is best (aqueous humor, CSF, BAL/aspirates/tissues)

Serology?
- just shows exposure… need to have multiple

20
Q

How do we treat Toxoplasmosis?

A
  1. Clindamycin**
  2. Trimethoprim sulfa
  3. Azithromycin
21
Q

How do we treat the ocular dz assoc’d with Toxoplasmosis?

A

Topical glucocorticoids

if resistant to topical… use oral glucocorticoids

22
Q

Ranch puppy, ascending “stiff” paralysis, previous abortion in the bitch. Bug?

A

Neospora caninum

(ranch –> access to cow placentas)

*if you have puppies with ascending NM dz… save money and test mom

23
Q

How do we dx Canine Neosporosis?

A

Histopathology

PCR (can do in combo with Toxo)

IHC

24
Q

How do we treat Neospora in dogs? How long?

A

Clindamycin AND Trimethoprim-sulfa for 4 weeks

*its a bad disease in puppies –> hit it hard with two drugs

**the neuro state they are in will be as good as they get –> we are treating to stop progression of disease

25
Q

Dog coming from Gulf Coast, has periosteal bone rxn, EXTREME neutrophilia, stiffness, fever, and depression… whats the bug?

How is it transmitted?

Dx?

Tx?

A

Hepatozoonosis!

Gulf Coast tick (dog eats)

Dx: biopsy, PCR

Tx: 
2 Abx and Decoquinate (get from feed store) 
- Trimethoprim-sulfa
- Pyrimethamine 
- Clindamycin
26
Q

Sarcocystic spp

Whats the DH and IH?

A

DH: carnivores
- oocysts passed in feces sporulated and infectious

IH: herbivore
- tissue infections

27
Q

Sarcocystic neurona

DH?

Whats the dz in Equine?

Dx?

Tx?

A

Progressive neurological dz

DH: Opposum

EPM in equine

Dx: serology, PCR, IHC

Tx: Ponazuril for 28 days

28
Q

Polyarthritis

Which form is most common?

A

Non-erosive most common

29
Q

Suppurative PA
(review study guide in ppt)

  1. Primary immune-mediated
  2. Secondary immune-mediated
  3. Infectious

Dx (general)

Tx (infectious)

A
  1. primary IM: idiopathic or SLE
  2. secondary IM: vaccines, drugs, neoplasia
  3. Infectious (lots): Ehrlichia, anaplasma, borrelia, rickettsia, bartonella, mycoplasma

Dx: PCR or serology

Tx: Doxy!

30
Q

Which of the following is transmitted by Ixodes spp?

  • Borrelia burgdorferi
  • Rickettsia rickettsia
  • Ehrlichia ewingii
  • Anaplasma platys
A

Borrelia burgdorferi! (Lyme)

  • rickettsia (brown dog tick)
  • ehrlichia (amblyomma)
31
Q

Dog from East coast has nephritis, and doesn’t use any tick repellant or vaccines. Bug?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi!

lyme

32
Q

What breed is predisposed to Lyme nephritis?

A

Labs and Goldens

33
Q

How do we dx Lyme? Does this differentiate vaccine from true exposure?

A

SNAP 4Dx and serology

Yes! C6 peptide!! but a positive just shows exposure, not disease

34
Q

How do we treat Lyme?

A

Doxycycline (4 weeks)

Amoxicilline (4 weeks)

35
Q

How good is the Lyme vaccine?

A

Needs booster annually

Should be combined with tick control

36
Q

Besides Borrelia burgdorferi… what other bug is transmitted by Ixodes spp?

A

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

37
Q

Anaplasma phagocytophilum - Granulocytotropic Anaplasmosis

  • how is transmitted?
  • CS?
  • Dx?
  • Tx?
A
  • Ixodes spp
  • CS: acute fever, acute PA, mild to mod thrombocytopenia
  • Dx: can get false negative SNAP –> confirm with PCR on acute blood
  • Tx: Doxy 2-4 weeks
  • Tick control for prevention
38
Q

Causes of Thrombocytopenia

A
  1. dec production
  2. destruction
  3. Consumption
  4. Sequestration
39
Q

Infectious causes of Tpenia - Dogs

A
  • Ehrlichia/Anaplasma group
  • Rickettsia rickettsii
  • Lepto
  • Bartonella vinsonii and henselae

*all but Rickettsia (serology) can be Dx’d with PCR

40
Q

Infectious causes of Tpenia - Cats

A
  • FeLV
  • FIV
  • Anaplasma phagocytophilum
  • rarely… Ehrlichia
41
Q

PCR!

A

Its pretty great

Best in acute phases

Blood collected in EDTA tube

Store at 4 C or frozen

Can combine with Ab tests (e.g. Bartonella spp)

42
Q

Its midnight on Friday… patient has fever and thrombocytopenia. Snap 4dx is negative. What do you start with for treatment until PCR panel complete on Monday?

A

Doxy and pred

43
Q

Ehrlichia canis - Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis

  • Only one that has a ____ phase
  • Transmitted by…?
  • Dx?
  • Tx?
  • is there immunity after recovery from infection?
A

CHRONIC phase!

Brown dog tick - R. sangineous

Dx:

  • morulae detection
  • PCR
  • Ab detection (IFA, ELISA)

Tx:

  • Doxy (of course)
  • Imidocarb diproprionate
  • Chloramphenicol
  • for 2-4 wks

NO sterilizing immunity –> can be re-infected!!
*use tick control

44
Q

Speed to kill = 3 hours

What bug is this?

How’s it transmitted?

CS?

Dx?

Tx?

A

Ehrlichia ewingii! If you live in endemic area you should be using tick control

  • Amblyomma americanum
  • CS: acute fever and PA
  • Dx: can have false snap –> confirm with PCR
  • Tx: Doxy (duh)
45
Q

This is the “sickest” tick borne disease

Transmitted?

Dx?

Tx?

Immunity after infection?

A

RMSF - Rickettsia rickettsii

Ticks (american dog tick, brown dog tick, RM wood tick)

Dx: Abs (but can cross-react with other Rickettsia spp), CS, response to tx, PCR (acute phase)

Tx: Doxy and enrofloxacin
*only one you can use a quinolone

Gives sterilizing immunity!!

Prevention: use tick control that repels!

46
Q

Neorickettsia risticii - Atypical

Reservoirs?

Vectors?

CS - Dog

CS - horse

Dx?

Tx?

A

bats and swallows

trematodes of snails and water insects

dog - similar to E canis, no chronic phase

horse - Potomac horse fever

Dx: serology, confirm with PCR

Tx: Doxy… duh