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Infectious Flashcards

1
Q

Microbes that can cause disease

A

Pathogens

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2
Q

Cause disease only in immunocompromised people

A

Opportunistic pathogens

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3
Q

Measure of a microbe’s ability to cause disease

A

Virulence

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4
Q

Virulence factors

A

CapsulesExotoxinsEndotoxins

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5
Q

Number of organisms required to cause disease in 50% of the population

A

ID50

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6
Q

Presence of microbes in the body and symptoms of disease

A

Infection

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7
Q

Mechanisms of bacterial disease

A

Production of toxinsInduction of inflammation

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8
Q

Modes of Transmission: Human to Human

A

Direct: sexual or transvaginalFecal-oralInhalationTransplacentalBlood-borne

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9
Q

Modes of Transmission: Nonhuman to Human

A

SoilWaterDirect animal sourceVector-borneAnimal excretaFomites

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10
Q

Surface proteins that mediate binding to endothelium and to extracellular proteins such as fibronectin

A

Curli

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11
Q

Spread through subcutaneous tissue

A

Hyaluronidase (destroy connective tissue)Collagenase

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12
Q

Accelerates formation of a fibrin clot coating organisms with a layer of fibrin

A

Coagulase

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13
Q

Allows adherence to mucous membranes

A

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) protease

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14
Q

Destroys both neutrophilic leukocytes and macrophages

A

Leukocidin

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15
Q

Leukocidin of Staphylococcus aureus

A

Panton Valentine Leukocidin (PV Leukocidin)

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16
Q

Bacteria with IgA protease

A

Streptococcus pneumoniaHaemophilus influenzaeNeisseria meningitidisNeisseria gonorrhoeae

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17
Q

Protect against phagocytosis; Antiphagocytic factor

A

Polysaccharide Capsule

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18
Q

Proteins produced to attach to bacteria to be easily engulfed

A

Opsonins

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19
Q

Anticapsular antibodies allow more effective phagocytosis to occur

A

Opsonization

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20
Q

Cell protein of S. pyogenes: antiphagocytic

A

M protein

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21
Q

Cell wall protein of S. aureus that prevents complement activation

A

Protein A

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22
Q

Source of Exotoxin

A

Gram (+) and (-)

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23
Q

Source of Endotoxin

A

Gram (-)

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24
Q

Secreted from cell: Endotoxin or Exotoxin?

A

Exotoxin

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25
Chemistry of Exotoxin
Polypeptide
26
Chemistry of Endotoxin
Lipopolysaccharide
27
Location of genes: Exotoxin
Plasmid or Bacteriophage
28
Location of genes: Endotoxin
Bacterial chromosome
29
Toxicity of Exotoxin
High
30
Toxicity of Endotoxin
Low
31
Antigenicity of Exotoxin
High
32
Antigenicity of Endotoxin
Low
33
Used for vaccines
Exotoxins (Endotoxin: No available vaccine)
34
Heat stability of Exotoxins
Destroyed rapidly at 60C (Except Staphylococcal enterotoxin - heat stable)
35
Heat stability of Endotoxins
Stable at 100C for 1 hour
36
Overreactive immune response; Can elicit widespread activation of the complement and coagulation cascades
Superantigen
37
Toxin diluted with formalin
Toxoid
38
Active subunit of Exotoxin
A subunit
39
Binding subunit of Exotoxin
B subunit
40
Exotoxin of Diphtheria toxin, Cholera toxin, Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin, Pertussis toxin
ADP-ribosylation (leads to Protein synthesis inhibition)
41
Exotoxin of Toxic Shock Syndrome toxin, Staphylococcal enterotoxin, Erythrogenic toxin
Superantigen (highly toxic; cause hyperimmune reaction)
42
Exotoxin of Tetanus toxin, Botulinum toxin, Lethal factor of anthrax toxin, Scalded skin toxin
Protease
43
Exotoxin of Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin
Lecithinase
44
The toxic component of LPS; Overproduction of cytokines; Activates complement cascade; Activates coagulation cascade
Lipid A
45
All bacteria have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan EXCEPT
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
46
All gram (+) bacteria have NO endotoxin EXCEPT
Listeria monocytogenes
47
All bacteria capsules are composed of polysaccharide EXCEPT
Bacillus anthracis
48
All exotoxins are heat-labile EXCEPT
Staphylococcal enterotoxin
49
Bacteria isolated: Various gram (+) cocci; Determines pattern of hemolysis
Blood Agar
50
Bacteria isolated: Various gram (-) rods; Selects against gram (+) bacteria and differentiates between lactose fermenters and nonfermenters
MacConkey AgarEosin-methylene blue (EMB) Agar (selective)
51
Bacteria isolated: Various gram (-) rods; Distinguishes lactose fermenters from nonfermenters and H2S producers from nonproducers
Triple sugar iron (TSI)
52
Agar: Clostridium perfringers
Egg-yolk Agar
53
Agar: Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Tellurite Agar
54
Agar: Group D Streptococci
Bile Esculin Agar
55
Agar: Staphylococci
Mannitol salts Agar
56
Agar: N. Meningitidis; N. gonorrhoeae from sterile sites
Chocolate Agar
57
Agar: N. gonorrhoeae from nonsterile sites
Thayer-martin Agar
58
Agar: Haemophilus influenzae
Chocolate + Factor X and V Agar
59
Antibiotics added in Thayer-Martin Medium
Vancomycin (gram +)Celestine (gram -)Nystatin (fungi)
60
Medium: Grows 1 group, Will not allow other group to grow
Selective Medium
61
Medium: Differentiate biochemical characteristics
Differential Medium
62
Agar: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Lowenstein-Jensen Medium
63
Agar: Vibrio cholerae
Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts Medium
64
Agar: Bordetella pertussis
Bordet-Gengou or Regan-Lowe Medium
65
Agar: Legionella pneumophila
Charcoal-yeast extract Medium
66
Agar: Campylobacter, Helicobacter
Skirrow's or Campy's Medium
67
Agar: Borrelia burgdorferi
Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly (BSK) Medium
68
Agar: Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Eaton Medium
69
Agar: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Cetrimide Medium
70
Agar: Salmonella, Shigella
Xylose-Lysine-Deoxycholate (XLD) Medium
71
Agar: Leptospira interrogans
Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH) Medium
72
Mycobacterium leprae
No culture medium (in vivo growth)

Microbiology (8 decks)

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