Generalities Flashcards
1
Q
DNA within a nuclear membrane: Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?
A
Eukaryotes
2
Q
Mitotic division: Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?
A
Eukaryotes
3
Q
DNA associated with histones: Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?
A
Eukaryotes
4
Q
Chromosome number of Prokaryotes
A
One
5
Q
Chromosome number of Eukaryotes
A
More than one
6
Q
Membrane-bound organelles: Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?
A
Eukaryotes
7
Q
Size of Ribosome of Prokaryotes
A
30s 50s (70s)
8
Q
Size of Ribosome of Eukaryotes
A
40s 60s (80s)
9
Q
Cell wall containing Peptidoglycan: Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?
A
Prokaryotes
10
Q
Noncellular pathogens that can only reproduce when present within a living cell
A
Virus
11
Q
Basic unit of life
A
Cell
12
Q
Obligate intracellular but acellular parasites of plants with naked RNA; Do not cause human diseases
A
Viroids
13
Q
Mobile genetic elements
A
Transposons
14
Q
DNA pieces that move readily from 1 site to another either within or between the DNA of bacteria, plasmids and bacteriophages
A
Jumping genes
15
Q
DNA replication followed by insertion of new copy into another site
A
Replicative Transposition
16
Q
DNA is excised from the site without replicating and then inserted into the new site
A
Direct Transposition
17
Q
Infectious proteinaceous agents with high beta-sheath content; Expressed in neurons
A
Prions
18
Q
Susceptible to protease; Soluble in detergent
A
PrPc
19
Q
Appearance of the vacuolated neurons with loss of function and lack of an immune response or inflammation; With prion proteins inside
A
Spongiform Encephalopathies
20
Q
Approximate diameter: Viruses
A
0.02-0.2 um (under electron microscope only)
21
Q
Approximate diameter: Bacteria
A
1-5 um
22
Q
Approximate diameter: Fungi
A
3-10 um (yeasts)
23
Q
Approximate diameter: Protozoa and Helminths
A
15-25 um (trophozoites)
24
Q
Nucleic Acid: Viruses
A
Either DNA OR RNA
25
Nucleic Acid: Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths
Both DNA AND RNA
26
Type of Nucleus: Viruses
None
27
Type of Nucleus: Bacteria
Prokaryotic
28
Type of Nucleus: Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths
Eukaryotic
29
Ribosomes: Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths
80s (40s 60s)
30
Ribosomes: Viruses
Absent
31
Ribosomes: Bacteria
70s (30s 50s)
32
Mitochondria: Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths
Present
33
Mitochondria: Viruses, Bacteria
Absent (metabolic enzyme of bacteria: in the cytoplasm)
34
Nature of outer surface: Viruses
Protein capsid and Lipoprotein envelope
35
Nature of outer surface: Bacteria
Rigid wall containing Peptidoglycan
36
Nature of outer surface: Fungi
Rigid wall containing Chitin (cell wall)
37
Nature of outer surface: Protozoa and Helminths
Flexible membrane (Cholesterol - lipid bilayer)
38
Motility: Viruses
None
39
Motility: Bacteria
Some (those with flagella)
40
Motility: Fungi
None
41
Motility: Protozoa and Helminths
Most
42
Method of Replication: Viruses
Not binary fission
43
Method of Replication: Bacteria
Binary Fission
44
Method of Replication: Fungi
Budding or Mitosis2
45
Method of Replication: Protozoa and Helminths
Mitosis3
46
Only vertebrate flagellated cell
Sperm
47
Human Prion Disease: Present with higher cortical function impairment; Sensorial changes, loss of cognition
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
48
Human Prion Disease: Present with cerebellar function impairment; Loss of correlation
Kuru Disease
49
Animal Prion Disease of sheep and goats
Scrapie
50
Most common Animal Prion Disease
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) or Mad cow Disease
51
Animal Prion Disease of mule, deer, elk
Chronic Wasting Disease
52
Pathogenesis of Prion Diseases
Very long incubation periods, as long as 30 years
53
Transmission of Prion Diseases
Via infected tissue, cuts in skin; transplantation of contaminated tissues (cornea); use of contaminated medical devices (brain electrodes); ingestion of infected tissue (cannibalism); via inherited syndrome
54
Spectrum of Disease: Prion Diseases
Progressive neurodegenerative disease: loss of muscle control, shivering, myoclonic jerks and tremors, loss of coordination, rapidly progressive dementia, death
55
Treatment of Prion Diseases
No treatment available
56
Same amino acid sequence
Isomers
57
Proteins with same amino acid sequence but different folding patterns
Conformers
58
Bacterial shape: Spheres
Cocci
59
Bacterial shape: Rods
Bacilli
60
Bacterial shape: Spirals
Spirochetes
61
Bacterial shape: Spherical rods
Coccobacilli
62
Pattern of Cocci: Pairs
Diplococci
63
Pattern of Cocci: Chains
Streptococci
64
Pattern of Cocci: Clusters
Staphylococci
65
Smallest bacteria
Mycoplasma sp.
66
Largest bacteria
Thiomargarita namibiensis
67
Largest medically important bacteria
Borrelia burgdorferi (causes Lime Disease)
68
Sugar backbone of Peptidoglycan
Glycan
69
Peptide side of Peptidoglycan
Peptido
70
Cross linkage of Peptido and Glycan
Transpeptidase
71
Kill bacteria by cleaving the glycan backbone of peptidoglycan (beta1-4 linkage between GlcNAc and MurNac)
Lysozymes
72
Play a role in facilitating the passage of small, hydrophilic molecules into the cell
Porin proteins
73
Peptidoglycan of Gram (+)
Thicker; Multi-layer
74
Peptidoglycan of Gram (-)
Thinner; Single-layer
75
Teichoic Acids in Gram (+)
Present
76
Teichoic Acids in Gram (-)
Absent
77
Lipopolysaccharide in Gram (+)
Absent
78
Lipopolysaccharide in Gram (-)
Present
79
Periplasmic space in Gram (+)
Absent
80
Periplasmic space in Gram (-)
Present
81
Endotoxin in LPS: Gram (+) or (-)
Gram (-)
82
Endotoxin consists of
Lipid AO antigen
83
All gram (+) bacteria have NO Endotoxin EXCEPT
Listeria monocytogenes
84
Gram staining: Step 1
Primary Staining
85
Gram staining: Step 1 stain
Crystal Violet
86
Gram staining: Step 2
Fix stain
87
Gram staining: Step 2 mordant
Iodine
88
Gram staining: Step 3
Decolorizing
89
Gram staining: Step 3 agent
Acetone or Alcohol
90
Gram staining: Step 4
Counterstain
91
Gram staining: Step 4 stain
Safranin
92
Color changes in Gram Staining
Gram (+) - VioletGram (-) - Pinkish red
93
Staining for Mycobacteria
Acid Fast Staining
94
Acid Fast Staining: Reagent
Carbolfuschin
95
Acid Fast Staining: 2 Methods
Ziehl-Nielsen (with heat)Kinyoun (without heat)
96
Approach to Spirochetes
Dark Field Microscopy
97
No cellwall
Mycoplasma spp.
98
Approach to Legionella spp.
Silver Staining Method
99
Approach to Chlamydiae and Rickettsiae
Giemsia Staining (Rickettsiae: also Tissue Staining)
100
Bacteria not seen in gram stain
TreponemaRickettsiaMycobacteriaMycoplasmaLegionellaChlamydia
101
Site of oxidative and transport enzymes; Lipoprotein bilayer without sterols
Cytoplasmic membrane
102
Protein synthesis; RNA and protein in 30s and 50s subunits
Ribosome
103
Genetic material; DNA
Nucleoid (no nuclear membrane)
104
Participates in cell division and secretion; Invagination of plasma membrane
Mesosome
105
Contains many hydrolytic enzymes, including beta lactamases; Space between plasma membrane and outer membrane
Periplasm (only in gram -)
106
Cell parts that confer virulence
CapsulePilus or FimbriaGlycocalyxFlagellumSporePlasmidGranule
107
Polysaccharide; Protects against phagocytosis
Capsule
108
Glycoprotein; For attachment or conjugation
Pilus or Fimbria
109
Polysaccharide; Mediates adherence to surfaces
Glycocalyx
110
Protein; Motility
Flagella
111
Keratin-like coat, Dipicolinic acid; Resistance to heat and chemicals; Formed by gram (+) rods: Bacillus, Clostridium spp.
Spore
112
DNA; Genes for antibiotic resistance and toxins (exotoxins); Extrachromosomal, double-stranded, circular DNA capable of replicating independently o the bacterial chromosome
Plasmid
113
Glycogen, lipids, phosphates; Site of nutrients in cytoplasm
Granule
114
Al bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharide EXCEPT
Bacillus anthracis (Polypeptide D-glutamate)
115
Flagella movement of Eukaryotic Cell
Whip-like
116
Flagella movement of Prokaryotic Cell
Rotatory
117
F pilus
Sex pilus
118
1 Flagellum
Monotrichous
119
Flagella on both ends
Amphitrichous
120
Multiple Flagella
Lophotrichous
121
1 sided or 1 end Flagella
Peritrichous
122
From cell to cell by conjugation; Large, contain about a dozen genes for synthesis of the sex pilus and for the enzymes required for transfer
Transmissible plasmids
123
Small, do not contain transfer genes; Frequently present in many (10-60) copies per cell
Nontransmissible plasmids
124
Toxic proteins produces by certain bacteria that are lethal for othee bacteria
Bacteriocins
125
Degradative enzymes produced by Pseudomonas capable of cleaning up environmental hazards such as oil spills and toxic chemical waste sites
Bioremediation
126
Cells are depleted of metabolites as the result of unfavorable condition; Adaptation to new environment; Zero growth rate
Phase 1: Lag Phase
127
Rapid cell division occurs; Beta lactam antibiotics act during this phase; Constant growth rate
Phase 2: Log or Exponential Phase
128
Exhaustion of nutrients or the accumulation of toxic products cause growth to cease completely; Spores are formed; Zero growth rate
Phase 3: Maximum Stationary Phase
129
Most of the cells die because nutrients have been exhausted; Negative growth rate
Phase 4: Decline or Death Phase
130
Toxic products from Oxygen Metabolism
SuperoxideHydrogen peroxide
131
Needed to survive in aerobic environments
Superoxide dismutasePeroxidaseCatalase
132
Completely dependent on oxygen for ATP-generation
Obligate aerobes
133
Use fermentation but can tolerate low amounts of oxygen because they have superoxide dismutase
Microaerophiles
134
Utilize oxygen if it is present but can use fermentation in its absence
Facultative anaerobes
135
Exclusively anaerobic but insensitive to the presence of oxygen
Aerotolerant anaerobes
136
Cannot grow in the presence of oxygen because they lack superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase
Obligate anaerobes
137
Drug of choice for anaerobes
Metronidazole
138
Obligate aerobes
NocardiaNeisseriaPseudomonasMycobacteriaBordetellaBrucellaBacillus cereusLegionellaLeptospira
139
Obligate anaerobes
ActinomycesBacteroidesClostridium
140
True or False: Bacteria are diploid.
False (Haploid)
141
True or False: Bacteria DNA is linear.
False (circular)
142
Move readily from one site on the bacterial chromosome to another or from the bacterial chromosome to a plasmid
Transposons or Jumping Genes
143
The movement of genes from inactive (storage) sites into active sites of transcription; Can lead to antigenic variation
Programmed rearrangements
144
Relapsing fever is caused by
Borrelia recurrentis
145
DNA transferred from one bacterium to another
Conjugation
146
DNA transferred by a virus from one cell to another
Transduction
147
Purified DNA taken up by a cell
Transformation
148
Pathways of Transduction
Lytic PathwayLysogenic Pathway
149
3 types of Molecular Changes
Base substitutionFrameshift mutationTransposons or Insertion sequences
150
Study of Mutagenicity
Ames Test
151
Microorganisms that are permanent residents of the body; With low virulence
Normal Flora
152
Occurs when normal flora occupy receptor sites preventing pathogens from binding
Colonization resistance
153
Normal Flora: Skin
Staphylococcus epidermidis (have glycocalyx)
154
Normal Flora: Nose
Staphylococcus aureus (anterior nares)
155
Normal Flora: Mouth
Viridans streptococci
156
Normal Flora: Dental plaque
Streptococcus mutans
157
Normal Flora: Colon
BacteriodesE. coli
158
Normal Flora: Vagina
Lactobacillus vaginalisE. coliStreptococcus agalactiae
159
MRSA
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
