Bacteriology Flashcards
1
Q
Gram (+) cocci in clusters; Catalase (+); Coagulase (+)
A
Staphylococcus aureus
2
Q
Gram (+) cocci in clusters; Catalase (+); Coagulase (-); Novobiocin sensitive
A
Staphylococcus epidermidis
3
Q
Gram (+) cocci in clusters; Catalase (+); Coagulase (-); Novobiocin resistant
A
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
4
Q
Beta hemolytic yellow or golden colonies on blood agar; Salt-tolerant on Mannitol Salt Agar; Normal flora of human nose and skin
A
Staphylococcus aureus
5
Q
Gold color is due to the pigment
A
Staphyloxanthin
6
Q
Alter immune response
A
Immunomodulators
7
Q
Prevents Complement Activation
A
Protein A
8
Q
Builds an insoluble fibrin capsule
A
Coagulase
9
Q
Toxic to hematopoeitic cells
A
Hemolysins (cytotoxins)
10
Q
Specific for white blood cells
A
PV Leukocidin
11
Q
Detoxifies hydrogen peroxide
A
Catalase
12
Q
Inactivates penicillin derivatives
A
Penicillinase
13
Q
Hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid
A
Hyaluronidase
14
Q
Dissolves fibrin clots
A
Fibrinolysin (Staphylokinase)
15
Q
Spread in fat-containing areas of the body
A
Lipase
16
Q
Causes epidermal separation
A
Exfoliatin
17
Q
Superantigens causing food poisoning
A
Enterotoxins (heat-stable)
18
Q
Superantigen leading to Toxic Shock Syndrome
A
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST-1)
19
Q
Causes marked necrosis of the skin and hemolysis
A
Alpha Toxin
20
Q
Skin and Soft Tissue Infections caused by S. aureus
A
Bullous impetigoFolliculitisFurunclesCarbunclesCellulitisHidradenitis suppurativaMastitisSurgical site infections
21
Q
Most common cause of Acute Endocarditis
A
Staphylococcus aureus
22
Q
Native valve involved in IV drug abusers
A
Tricuspid valve
23
Q
Pneumonia caused by S. aureus
A
Nosocomial pneumoniaVAPNecrotizing pneumonia
24
Q
Pneumonia by S. aureus: Complicated by
A
Empyema AbscessPneumatocoele
25
From hematogenous spread or local introduction at wound site
Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis
26
Sequestered focus of osteomyelitis arising in the metaphyseal area of a long bone
Brodie abscess
27
Acute onset (4hrs) of vomiting and diarrhea due to ingestion of preformed heat-stable enterotoxin; Usually from salad made with mayonnaise (potato or tuna); Common cause of food poisoning
Gastroenteritis by S. aureus
28
Exfoliatin cleaves Desmoglein in desmosomes; Separation of epidermis at Stratum Granulosum; Distinguish from TEN (Lyell Disease) where separation occurs at dermoepidermal junction
Scalded Skin Syndrome (Ritter Disease)
29
Due to TSST-1; Fever, hypotension, slouging of the filiform papillae; Strawberry tongue, desquamating rash & multi-organ involvement; Usually no site of pyogenic inflammation; Blood CS negative; Usual scenario: Tampon-using menstruating women or in patients with nasal packing for epistaxis
Toxic Shock Syndrome
30
Treatment: Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)
NafcillinOxacillinDicloxacillin
31
Treatment: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Drug of Choice: Vancomycin
32
Treatment: Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Drug of Choice: Linezolid
33
Gram (+) cocci in clusters; Catalase (+); Coagulase (-); Novobiocin sensitive; Whitish, non-hemolytic colonies on Blood Agar; Normal flora of skin
Staphylococcus epidermidis
34
Most common cause of Prosthetic valve Endocarditis; Septic arthritis in prosthetic joints; Ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections
Staphylococcus epidermidis
35
Drug of choice for Staphylococcus epidermidis
Vancomycin
36
Gram (+) cocci in clusters; catalase (+); coagulase (-); Novobiocin resistant; Whitish, non-hemolytic colonies on Blood Agar
Staphylococcus saphrophyticus
37
2nd most common cause of UTIs in sexually active women
Staphylococcus saphrophyticus
38
Treatment for Staphylococcus saphrophyticus
TMP-SMX, Quinolones (Ciprofloxacin, Gatifloxacin)
39
Gram (+) cocci in chains; catalase (-); alpha hemolytic; bile optochin sensitive
Streptococcus pneumoniae
40
Gram (+) cocci in chains; catalase (-); alpha hemolytic; bile optochin resistant
Viridans streptococci
41
Gram (+) cocci in chains; catalase (-); beta hemolytic; bacitracin sensitive;
(+) PYR TEST
Streptococcus pyogenes
42
Gram (+) cocci in chains; catalase (-); beta hemolytic; bacitracin resistant
Streptococcus agalactiae
43
Gram (+) cocci in chains; catalase (-); gamma hemolytic
Group D Streptococci
44
Measures hydrolysis of l-pyrrolidonyl-beta- naphthylamide and release of beta-naphthylamine, which in the presence of p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde forms a red compound.
PYR test
45
Gram (+) cocci in chains; Beta hemolytic; Catalase (-); Bacitracin sensitive; Lancefield group A; Positive PYR test; Normal flora of human throat and skin
Streptococcus pyogenes
46
Spreading factor
Hyaluronidase
47
Activates plasminogen
Streptokinase (fibrinolysin)
48
Degrades DNA in exudates or necrotic tissue
DNAse (Streptodornase)
49
Inactivates complement C5a
C5a peptidase
50
Produces Scarlet Fever
Erythrogenic toxin
51
Highly antigenic, causes AB formation; Oxygen-labile; Irreversibly inhibited by cholesterol in skin lipids
Streptolysin O
52
Oxygen-stable
Streptolysin S
53
Superantigen similar to TSST
Pyogenic exotoxin A
54
Protease that rapidly destroys tissue causing Necrotizing fasciitis
Exotoxin B
55
Titers to document antecedent pharyngitis
Anti-streptolysin O (ASO)
56
Titers to document antecedent skin infection
Anti-DNAse B
57
Antibodies decrease efficacy of streptokinase in managing MI
Anti-streptokinase
58
Perioral blistered lesions with honey-colored crust; Accumulation of neutrophils beneath stratum corneum; Complication: PSGN
Impetigo contagiosa
59
Superficial infection extending into dermal lymphatics; Painful
Erysipelas
60
Deeper infection involving subcutaneous or dermal tissues; Facilitated by hyaluronidase (spreading factor)
Cellulitis
61
Rapidly progressive infection of deep subcutaneous tissues; Facilitated by Exotoxin B
Necrotizing fasciitis
62
Most common bacterial cause of sore throat; Inflammation, exudate, fever, leukocytosis, and tender CLAD; Pyogenic complications: abscess, otitis, sinusitis, meningitis
Steptococcus pyogenes
63
Postpharyngitic; Due to erythrogenic toxin, seen in lysogenized strains; Fever, strawberry tongue, centrifugal rash (sandpaper-like), Pastia's lines, desquamation
Scarlet Fever
64
Susceptibility test for Scarlet Fever
Dick Test
65
Clinically similar but milder than S. aureus TSS; Due to pyogenic exotoxin A; Recognizable site of pyogenic inflammation; Blood cultures are often positive
Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
66
Postpharyngitic; Cross reacting antibodies to M proteins and antigens of joint, heart and brain tissue
Acute Rheumatic Fever
67
JONES Criteria
P-E-C-C-SPolyarthritisErythema marginatumChorea (Sydenham's)Carditis (Pancarditis)Subcutaneous nodules
68
Postpharyngitic or post-impetigo; M protein incites immune complex deposition on the glomerular basement membrane
Glomerulonephritis
69
Drug of choice for Streptococcus pyogenes
Penicillin G
70
Gram (+) cocci in chains; Beta hemolytic; Catalase (-); Bacitracin resistant; Hydrolyze hippurate; CAMP test positive; Lancefield group B; Grow using LIM broth; Normal flora of Vagina
Streptococcus agalactiae
71
Causative agent: Urinary Tract Infection in pregnant women
Streptococcus agalactiae
72
Most common cause of Neonatal pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis
Streptococcus agalactiae
73
Most commonly polymicrobial Endometritis; Foul-smelling
Streptococcus agalactiae
74
Drug of choice for Streptococcus agalactiae
Penicillin G
75
Drug of choice for more serious S. Agalactiae infection
Penicillin G + Aminoglycoside
76
All pregnant women should be screened for GBS colonization at
35-37 weeks aog
77
Gram (+) cocci in chains; Catalase (-); Gamma (nonhemolytic) colonies; Lancefield group D; Bile and Optochin resistant; Hydrolyzes esculin in bile-esculin agar (BEA); positive PYR test; Normal flora of human colon
Group D Streptococci
78
Endocarditis in patients who underwent GIT surgery due to
Enterococcus faecalis
79
UTIs due to indwelling urinary catheters and urinary tract instrumentation; Biliary tract infections
Group D Streptococci
80
Marantic endocarditis in patients with abdominal malignancy due to
Streptococcus bovis
81
Associated Ca with Marantic Endocarditis
Pancreatic CaColorectal Ca
82
Treatment for Group D Streptococci
Penicillin plus Gentamicin
83
For Penicillin-resistance Group D Streptococci
Vancomycin
84
For Vancomycin-resistant Strains
Linezolid
85
Gram (+) "lancet-shaped" cocci in pairs (diplococci) or short chains; Alpha hemolytic; Catalase (-); Sensitive to bile and optochin; Prominent polysaccharide capsule; Quellung reaction (+); Normal flora of upper respiratory tract
Streptococcus pneumoniae
86
Optochin Sensitivity
OptochinViridans ResistantPneumonia Sensitive
87
Quellung Reaction
Capsular swelling
88
Encapsulated Bacteria
Streptococcus pneumoniaeKlebsiella pneumoniaeHaemophilus influenzaePseudomonas aeruginosaNeisseria meningitidisSalmonella typhiB group streptococci
89
Antiphagocytic factor
Capsule
90
For colonization
IgA protease
91
Reacts with CRP; Acute phase reactant
C-substance
92
Most common cause of Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP); Sudden chills, fever, productive cough (rust-colored sputum), pleuritic chest pain; Lobar pattern
Streptococcus pneumoniae
93
Most common cause of Otitis media, Sinusitis, Bacterial Meningitis; Skull fracture with spinal fluid leakage from nose predisposes to meningitis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
94
Splenectomy predisposes to sepsis
Septic Shock
95
Congenital Absence of Spleen; Need to get meningococcal and pneumococcal vaccines
Ivemark Syndrome
96
Drug of choice for Streptococcus pneumoniae
Penicillin G
97
Gram (+) cocci in chains; Alpha hemolytic; Catalase (-); Resistant to bile and optochin; Normal flora of Oropharynx
Viridans Streptococci
98
Enhances adhesion to damaged heart valves
Glycocalyx
99
Protected from host defenses within
Vegetations
100
Found in Dental caries
Streptococcus mutans
101
Found in Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis (SBE); Most common cause of subacute and native valve endocarditis
Streptococcus sanguis
102
Found in brain abscesses
Streptococcus intermedius
103
Treatment for Viridans streptococci
Penicillin G with or without Aminoglycoside
104
Spore-forming, gram (+), rods; aerobic, nonmotile, box car-shaped
Bacillus anthracis
105
Spore-forming, gram (+), rods; aerobic, motile, reheated fried rice
Bacillus cereus
106
Spore-forming, gram (+), rods; anaerobic, tennis racket-like
Clostridium tetani
107
Spore-forming, gram (+), rods; anaerobic, bulging cans
Clostridium botulinum
108
Spore-forming, gram (+), rods; anaerobic, lecithinase, gas-forming
Clostridium perfringens
109
Spore-forming, gram (+), rods; anaerobic, pseudomembranes
Clostridium difficile
110
Non-spore-forming, gram (+), rods; aerobic, nonmotile, curved, chinese characters
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
111
Non-spore-forming, gram (+), rods; aerobic, curved, tumbling motility
Listeria monocytogenes
112
Aerobic, gram (+) box car-like rods; nonmotile; spore-forming; Medusa head morphology; Habitat: soil
Bacillus anthracis
113
Dry "ground glass" surface and irregular edges with projections along lines of inoculation
Medusa Head Morphology
114
Transmission by contact with infected animals or inhalation of spores from animal hair and wool
Woolsorter's Disease
115
Calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase
Edema factor (EF)
116
Inhibits a signal transduction in cell division
Lethal factor (LF)
117
Mediates entry of the other two components into cell
Protective antigen (PA)
118
EF + PA =
Edema Toxin
119
LF + PA =
Lethal Toxin
120
True or False: EF, LF, PA are toxic individually.
False (nontoxic individually but form toxins when combined)
121
Direct epidermal contact with spores causes formation of malignant pustule with subsequent eschar and central necrosis
Cutaneous Anthrax
122
Inhaled spores from animals or from weaponized preparations (bioterrorism); Prolonged latent period before rapid deterioration; Massively enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes, pulmonary hemorrhage, meningeal symptoms
Inhalational Anthrax
123
Ingestion of live spores leads to UGI ulceration, edema, and sepsis (rapidly-progressive course)
Gastrointestinal Anthrax
124
DOC for Cutaneous Anthrax
Ciprofloxacin
125
DOC for Inhalational or Gastrointestinal Anthrax
Ciprofloxacin or Doxycycline with one or two additional antibiotics (Rifampicin, Vancomycin, Penicillin, Imipenem, Clindamycin, Clarithromycin)
126
Aerobic, gram (+), spore-forming rods, motile; Spores germinate when rice is kept warm for many hours
Bacillus cereus
127
Cholera-like enterotoxin causes ADP-ribosylation with increasing cAMP
Heat-labile Enterotoxin (Secretory Diarrhea)
128
Staphylococcal-like enterotoxin functions as superantigen
Heat-stable Enterotoxin
129
Short incubation period (4hrs); Consists primarily of nausea and vomiting, similar to Staphylococcal Food Poisoning
Emetic Form (heat-stable) Food Poisoning
130
Long incubation period (18hrs); Watery, non bloody diarrhea, resembling Clostridial gastroenteritis
Diarrheal Form (heat-labile) Food Poisoning
131
Occur after traumatic penetrating eye injuries of the eye with a soil-contaminated object; Complete loss of light perception within 48 hours of the injury
Ophthalmitis
132
Treatment for Emetic or Diarrheal Food Poisoning
Symptomatic treatment only
133
Treatment for Ophthalmitis
Vancomycin, Clindamycin, Ciprofloxacin or Gentamicin
134
Anaerobic, gram (+), spore-forming rods; Spore is at one end (terminal spore); tennis racket-like; Habitat: soil; Entry thru traumatic break in the skin
Clostridium tetani
135
Protease that cleaves proteins involved in the release of Glycine from Renshaw cells in spinal cord
Tetanus toxin (Tetanospasmin)
136
Spectrum of Disease: Tetanus
Strong muscle spasms Lockjaw (Trismus)Risus sardonicusOpisthotonosRespiratory Failure
137
Treatment and DOC for Tetanus
Debridement of primary woundDOC: Metronidazole (Pen G - Philippines)
138
Tetanus vaccination for clean, minor wound
Toxoid (TeANA) for uncertain or 3 doses who had last dose >10 years
139
Tetanus vaccination for contaminated wound
Toxoid (TeANA) & TIG (ATS) for uncertain or 3 doses who had last dose >5 years
140
Anaerobic, gram (+), spore-forming rods; Habitat: Soil; Transmitted in improperly preserved food
Clostridium botulinum
141
Heat-labile neurotoxin that blocks acetylcholine release causing flaccid paralysis (descending pattern)
Botulinum Toxin
142
Most common Botulinum Toxin in humans
Types A, B and E
143
Commercial preparation of Exotoxin A
Botox
144
Triad of Botulism
Symmetric descending flaccid paralysis (with prominent bulbar involvement)Absence of FeverIntact sensorium
145
When babies ingest spores found in household dust or honey; Due to absence of competitive bowel flora
Infant Botulism (Floppy Baby Syndrome)
146
Traumatic implantation and germination of spores at the wound site
Wound Botulism
147
Treatment for Botulism
Adequate ventilatory supportElimination of the organism from GITTrivalent Botulinum antitoxin (types A, B, E)
148
Anaerobic, gram (+), spore-forming rods; Nonmotile; Double hemolysis on Blood Agar; Growth on Egg-yolk Agar; Rapidly spreading growth on culture media; Habitat: soil and human colon
Clostridium perfringes
149
Caused by Alpha toxin which is a lecithinase that cleaves cellmembrane; Results from contamination of wound with soil or feces; Gas produced by anaerobic metabolism; Pain, edema & cellulitis with crepitation; Hemolysis and jaundice are common
Gas Gangrene (Myonecrosis)
150
Production of enterotoxin which acts as superantigen; 8-16 hour incubation period; Characterized by watery diarrhea with cramps and little vomiting; Resolves in 24 hours
C. perfringens Food Poisoning
151
Treatment for Gas Gangrene
Wound debridementPenicillin
152
Treatment for C. perfringens Food Poisoning
Supportive management
153
Anaerobic, gram (+), spore-forming rods; Exotoxin in stool detected by cytopathic effect (final phase by which viral cells infect cells) on cultured cells or ELISA; Carried in the colon; Transmitted by fecal-oral route
Clostridium difficile
154
Antibiotics that suppress normal flora in colon, allowing C. difficile to overgrow
Clindamycin2nd and 3rd Gen CephalosporinsAmpicillin
155
Inhibit GTPases, leading to apoptosis an death of enterocytes
Exotoxins A and B
156
Visual result of Exotoxins A and B
Pseudomembranes
157
This infection can precipitate flare-ups of ______?
Ulcerative colitis
158
Nonbloody diarrhea associated with pseudomembranes (yellow-white plaques) on the colonic mucosa
Pseudomembranous Colitis
159
Can occur in Pseudomembranous colitis
Toxic megacolon
160
What causes Pseudomembranous pharyngitis?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
161
What causes Pseudomembranous esophagitis?
Candida albicans
162
Drug of Choice for Pseudomembranous colitis?
Metronidazole
163
Aerobic, non-spore-forming, non-motile, gram (+) rods; Club or comma-shaped rods arranged in V or L shape; Look like Chinese characters; Picket fence appearance; Metachromatic granules (Babes-Ernst granules or volutin granules); Black colonies on Tellurite plate; Habitat: Human throat
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
164
Toxigenicity Test for Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Elek Test
165
Exotoxin inhibits protein synthesis by adding ADP-ribose to ______
Elongation Factor-2 (EF-2)
166
Has ADP-ribosylating activity
Subunit A of EF
167
Binds the toxin to cell surface
Subunit B of EF
168
Exotoxin is encoded by ______?
Beta-prophage
169
Result from death of mucosal epithelial cells
Pseudomembranes
170
Prominent, thick, gray, pseudomembranes over tonsils and throat; Complications: airway obstruction, myocarditis, cranial nerve or muscle paralysis
Pseudomembranous pharyngitis
171
Treatment for Pseudomembranous pharyngitis?
AntitoxinPenicillin G
172
Aerobic, non-spore-forming, gram (+) rods; Arranged in V or L shape; Tumbling motility; Narrow zone of beta hemolysis; Paradoxical growth in cold temp (Cold Enhancement); Habitat: GI and female GUT; Transmitted across placenta or by contact and ingestion of unpasteurized milk products
Listeria monocytogenes
173
Interacts with E-cadherin on the surface of cells
Internalin
174
Escape from phagosomes
Listeriolysin
175
Propels the bacteria thru the membrane of one human cell and into another
Actin Rockets
176
Transplacental transmission; Characterized by late miscarriage or birth; Complicated by sepsis, multiorgan abscesses and Disseminated granulomas
Early-onset Neonatal Listeriosis (Granulomatosis Infantiseptica)
177
Transmitted during childbirth and manifests as meningitis or meningoencephalitis
Late-onset Neonatal Listeriosis
178
Bacteremia, sepsis, or meningitis in pregnant, elderly or immunocompromised individuals
Adult Listeriosis
179
Treatment for Listeriosis
Ampicillin with or without Gentamicin
180
Bacteria motility: Tumbling
Listeria monocytogenes
181
Bacteria motility: Swarming
Proteus mirabilis
182
Bacteria motility: Shooting-star
Vibrio cholerae
183
Bacteria motility: Falling leaf
Giardia lambia
184
Gram (-) diplococci, encapsulated, ferments maltose and glucose
Neisseria meningitidis
185
Gram (-) diplococci, insignificant capsule, ferments glucose only
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
186
Gram (-) "kidney-bean" diplococci; Large polysaccharide capsule; Oxidase (+) colonies on Chocolate Agar; Ferments maltose and glucose; Habitat: URT; Humans are the only natural hosts; High carriage rate in close quarters
Neisseria meningitidis
187
Complement deficiencies in the _____ predispose to illness; Cannot form membrane-attack complexes
Late-acting Complement Components (C5-C9)
188
Most common cause of Meningitis among aged 2-18 yrs; With headache, fever, stiff neck, and an increased level of PMNs in spinal fluid
Neisseria meningitidis
189
Dissemination of meningococci into the bloodstream; Multiorgan disease, consumptive coagulopathy, petechial or purpuric rash (purpura fulminans)
Meningococcemia
190
Most severe form of meningococcemia; High fever, shock, widespread purpura, DIC, thrombocytopenia and adrenal insufficiency; Bilateral hemorrhagic destruction of the adrenal glands
Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome
191
Drug of Choice for Neisseria meningitidis
Penicillin G
192
Neisseria meningitidis Vaccine: Contains capsular polysaccharide of _____
Strains A, C, Y, and W-135
193
Chemoprophylaxis to close contacts
Rifampicin
194
Gram (-) "kidney-bean" diplococci; Insignificant capsule; oxidase (+) colonies on Thayer-Martin Medium; Ferment glucose only; Habitat: human genital tract; Transmitted by sexual contact
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
195
Purulent conjunctivitis in newborns
Ophthalmia neonatorum
196
Urethritis and epididymitis in men; Most common cause of urethritis (in men)
Gonococcal Urethritis
197
Most common cause of PID; Complications: sterility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, dyspareunia
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
198
Perihepatitis with violin-string adhesions
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome
199
Most common cause in sexually active adults; Arthritis, tenosynovitis, or pustules in the skin
Septic Arthritis
200
DOC for Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Ceftriaxone
201
DOC for N. Gonorrhoeae with co-infection with Chlamydia trachomatis
Ceftriaxone + Doxycycline
202
Cause culture-negative subacute bacterial endocarditis in patients with pre-existing heart disease
Eikenella corrodensKingella kingae
203
HACEK Organisms; Minor cause of Endocarditis
Haemophilus aphrophilusActinobacillus actinomycetemcomitansCardiobacterium hominisEikenella corrodensKingella kingae
204
Dog bite Infection
Pasteurella multocida
205
Human bite Infection
Eikenella corrodens
206
Gram (-) rods, enriched chocolate agar, polyribitol phosphate capsule
Haemophilus influenzae type B
207
Gram (-) rods, Regan Lowe agar or Bordet-gengou agar, whooping cough
Bordetella pertussis
208
Gram (-) rods, poorly gram staining, silver stain, charcoal yeast agar, airconditioning
Legionella pneumophila
209
Small, gram (-) coccobacillary rods; Requires Factor X (hemin) and V (NAD) for growth (chocolate agar); Satellite phenomenon around S. aureus colonies; Habitat: Upper Respiratory Tract
Haemophilus influenzae
210
95% of invasive disease of H. influenzae
Type B (Polyribitol phosphate)
211
Affects children from 6 months to 1 year; Decline in ____________
Maternal IgG and Immature immune system
212
Most common cause of Epiglottitis; Cherry red epiglottis with Thumb sign
Haemophilus influenzae
213
Etiology of Laryngotracheobronchitis
Parainfluenza virus
214
Radiologic sign of laryngotracheobronchitis
Steeple sign
215
Treatment for H. influenzae
Ceftriaxone
216
Treatment for Laryngotracheobronchitis
Racimic Epinephrine
217
Small, gram (-) rods; Culture on Bordet-Gengou agar or Regan-Lowe Charcoal Medium; Habitat: Upper Respiratory Tract
Bordetella pertussis
218
Mediates attachment
Filamentous hemagglutinin
219
Causes ADP-ribosylation and lymphocytosis
Pertussis Toxin
220
Inhibits phagocytic activity
False adenylate cyclase
221
Damages ciliated cells; Causes whooping
Tracheal cytotoxin
222
Paroxysmal pattern of hacking coughs, accompanied by production of copious amounts of mucus, that end with an inspiratory "whoop"
Pertussis or Tuspirina
223
Highest bacterial yield in Pertussis
Catarrhal
224
DOC for Pertussis
Erythromycin
225
Poorly gram (-) rods; Visualize with silver stain; Facultative intracellular bacteria; Culture on Charcoal yeast extract agar; Rapid urinary antigen test; Habitat: Environmental water sources
Legionella pneumophila
226
Facultative Intracellular Bacteria
SalmonellaBrucellaMycobacteriumListeriaFrancisellaLegionellaYersinia
227
Sole virulence factor of Legionella pneumophila
Endotoxin
228
3 Most common cause of Atypical Pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumoniaeLegionella pneumophilaChlamydia pneumoniae
229
Pneumonia accompanied by confusion, nonbloody diarrhea, hyponatremia, proteinuria and hematuria
Atypical Pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila
230
Mild, flu-like illness, "Legion of Silver Pontiac"
Pontiac Fever
231
Drug of Choice for Legionella pneumophila
Azithromycin or Erythromycin
232
Gram (-) rods, lactose fermenter, green sheen
Escherichia coli
233
Gram (-) rods, lactose fermenter, urease (+), Extended spectrum Beta lactamase producer
Klebsiella pneumoniae
234
Gram (-) rods, comma-shaped, motile, oxidase (+), shooting star motility
Vibrio cholerae
235
Gram (-) rods, comma-shaped, microaerophilic, Skirrow's agar (Campy's Agar)
Campylobacter jejuni
236
Gram (-) rods, comma-shaped, urease (+), microaerophilic
Helicobacter pylori
237
Non-lactose-fermenting, gram (-) rods, motile, oxidase (-), H2S producer
Salmonella spp.
238
Non-lactose-fermenting, gram (-) rods, nonmotile, oxidase (-), H2S producer
Shigella spp.
239
Non-lactose-fermenting, gram (-) rods, swarming, oxidase (-), H2S producer, urease
Proteus mirabilis
240
Non-lactose-fermenting, gram (-) rods, oxidase (+), H2S non-producer, obligate aerobe
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
241
Facultative gram (-) rods, Lactose fermenting colonies on EMB or MacConkey's Agar; Green sheen on EMB agar; Metallic sheen; TSI aar shows acid slant and acid butt with gas but no H2S; Habitat: Human colon
Escherichia coli
242
O antigen
Somatic antigen (outer membrane)
243
H antigen
Flagellar antigen
244
K antigen
Capsular antigen
245
Enterotoxins of E. coli that cause watery diarrhea
HSTHLT
246
Enterotoxins of E. coli that cause bloody diarrhea
Verotoxin (Shiga-like)
247
Enterobacteriaceae MESSY SPECK
MorganellaEscherichiaShigellaSalmonellaYersiniaSerratiaProteusEnterobacterCitrobacterKlebsiella
248
Most common cause of Community-Acquired UTI and hospital-acquired
E. coli
249
2nd most common cause of neonatal meningitis in the world (#1 in the Philippines)
E. coli
250
Causes of Neonatal meningitis
B group streptococci (S. agalactiae)Escherichia coliListeria monocytogenes
251
ETEC: Watery diarrhea (Traveller's Diarrhea)
Enterotoxigenic E. coli
252
EPEC: Watery diarrhea of long duration, mostly in infants, often in developing countries
Enteropathogenic E. coli
253
EHEC: Bloody diarrhea, Hemorrhagic colitis, and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome; Eating raw hamburger; E. coli O157:H7
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli
254
EIEC: Bloody diarrhea
Enteroinvasive E. coli
255
EAEC: Persistent watery diarrhea in children patients infected with HIV
Enteroadherent E. coli
256
Treatment for E. Coli
Ampicillin or Sulfonamides for UTI3rd Gen Cephalosporins for meningitis and sepsis
257
Facultative gram (-) rods, non-lactose-fermenting; Producing H2S; Cultured in Xylose-Lysine-Deoxycholate (XLD) medium; Habitat: human colon only
Salmonella spp.
258
Detects antibodies in patient's serum
Widal Test
259
Invasion of the epithelial and subepithelial tissue of the small and large intestines; Infectious dose is high
Enterocolitis (S. Enteritidis/S. typhimurium)
260
Due to Vi capsular antigen; Organisms enter, multiply in Peyer's patches and then spread to reticulo-endothelial system; Predilection for invasion of the gallbladder, which can result in establishment of the chronic carrier state
Typhoid Fever (S. typhi)
261
Bacteremia results in the seeding of many organs, with osteomyelitis, pneumonia, and meningitis as the most common sequelae; Commonly in patients with Sickle Cell Anemia or Cancer
Septicemia (S. choleraesuis)
262
Drug of Choice for Salmonella spp.
Ceftriaxone (Philippines: Amoxicillin Chloramphenicol, Cotrimoxazole)
263
DOC for Salmonella in Gallbladder
Ampicillin
264
Enteric Fever: Week 1 Culture Source
BloodBone marrow
265
Enteric Fever: Week 2 Culture Source
Urine
266
Enteric Fever: Week 3 Culture Source
Stool
267
Enteric Fever: Week 4 Culture Source
Bone marrow
268
Enteric Fever: Post Culture Source
BileStoolBone marrow
269
Non-lactose-fermenting, gram (-) rods; Produce no gas from the fermentation of glucose; Do not produce H2S; Nonmotile; Cultured XLD medium; Habitat: human colon only; Transmission: fecal-oral route
Shigella spp.
270
Shigella Transmission 4 Fs
FoodFingersFecesFlies
271
Invade the distal ileum and colon; Low infectious dose (highly infectious); Local inflammation accompanied by ulceration
Shigella
272
Most common cause of Bacillary Dysentery
Shigella Sonnei-Duval's Bacillus
273
Most severe form of bacillary dysentery; Most common cause of epidemic dysentery (Bloody Diarrhea)
Shigella dysenteriae type 1 - Shiga Bacillus
274
Some produce an enterotoxin or verotoxin
Shiga toxin
275
Group A - Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella dysenteriae type1 - Shiga bacillusShigella dysenteriae type2 - Schmitz bacillus
276
Group B - Shigella flexneri
Flexner's bacillus or Hiss and Russell's bacillus
277
Group C - Shigella boydii
Newcastle Manchester bacillus
278
Group D - Shigella sonnei
Duval's bacillus
279
Treatment for severe cases of Shigella Dysentery
Ciprofloxacin
280
Comma-shaped, gram (-) rods, motile, oxidase (+), cultured on Thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose (TCBS) agar; Shooting star motility; Habitat: human colon only
Vibrio spp.
281
Enterotoxin (choleragen) acts by
ADP ribosylation
282
Enhances attachment to the intestinal mucosa
Mucinase
283
Pandemics caused by
Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor (cholera El Tor)
284
Watery diarrhea in large volumes (rice-water stools); Washer women's hand; Complications: cardiac and renal failure, non-gap acidosis, hypokalemia
Cholera (V. cholerae)
285
Generally self-limited with an explosive onset of watery diarrhea and nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, headache and low-grade fever
Gastroenteritis (V. parahemolyticus, V. vulnificus)
286
Associated with exposure to contaminated water
Wound infections (V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus)
287
DOC for Cholera
Tetracycline or Azithromycin
288
Comma-shaped, gram (-) rods, microaerophilic, oxidase (+), catalase (+), grows well at 42C on Skirrows agar or Campy medium (with antibiotics); Habitat: human and animal feces
Campylobacter jejuni
289
Most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis (from undercooked chicken); Possibly enterotoxin-mediated diarrhea; Invades mucosa of the colon but does not penetrate; Produces histologic damage to the mucosal surfaces of the jejunum; May mimic ulcerative colitis
Campylobacter jejuni
290
Antigenic cross-reactivity between oligosaccharides in bacterial capsule and glycosphingolipids on surface of neural tissues
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
291
Reactive arthritis; Triad of Urethritis, Uveitis and Arthritis
Reiter's Syndrome
292
Treatment for Campylobacter jejuni for severe disease
Erythromycin
293
Curved, gram (-) rods, microaerophilic, urease (+); Habitat: human stomach
Helicobacter pylori
294
Urease (+) Bacteria
Proteus mirabilisKlebsiella pneumoniaeHelicobacter pyloriUreaplasma urealyticum
295
Damages goblet cells of the gastric mucosa; Production of large amounts of ammonia from urea by the organism's urease; Ammonia also neutralizes stomach acid, allowing the organism to survive
Helicobacter pylori
296
Recurrent pain in the upper abdomen, frequently accompanied by bleeding into the gastrointestinal tract
Peptic Ulcer Disease
297
Diseases associated to Campylobacter jejuni
Gastric CarcinomaMALT lymphomas
298
Treatment for H. pylori infection
Clarithromycin or MetronidazoleAmoxicillin
299
Facultative gram (-) rods with large polysaccharide capsule (bacterial conjugation); Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) activity in drug-resistant strains; Urease (+); Habitat: Upper Respiratory and GIT
Klebsiella pneumoniae
300
Pneumonia (necrotizing) thick, bloody sputum "currant-jelly sputum", usually nosocomial; Most common cause in alcoholics
Klebsiella pneumoniae
301
Treatment for Klebsiella pneumoniae
Culture-guided treatment (Cephalosporins alone or with Aminoglycosides)
302
Facultative, gram (-) rods, non-lactose-fermenting, urease (+), swarming motility
Proteus mirabilis
303
Urease hydrolyzes the urea in urine to form ammonia; Raises pH producing alkaline urine; Encourage the formation of struvite stones; Composed of magnesium-ammonia-phosphate
Proteus mirabilis
304
UTI associated with nephrolithiasis; Staghorn calculi form on renal calyces
Complicated Urinary Tract Infection
305
Treatment for Proteus mirabilis
TMP-SMX or Ampicillin
306
Gram (-) rods, obligate aerobe, non-lactose-fermenting, oxidase (+), pyocyanin (blue-green pigment), sweet grape-like odor, grow on Cetrimide agar; Habitat: environmental water sources
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
307
Tissue necrosis and inactivates EF-2
Exotoxin A
308
Facilitates exotoxin transfer
Type III secretion system
309
Damages the cilia and mucosal cells
Pyocyanin
310
From hemoglobin breakdown
Verdoglobin
311
Cause burn wound infections, hot tub folliculitis, skin graft-loss, green nail syndrome, puncture wound osteomyelitis, pubic osteomyelitis in IV drug abusers
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
312
Most common cause of Otitis externa, Malignant otitis externa in diabetics, Chronic suppurative otitis media
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
313
Ventilator-acquired pneumonia; High risk CAP; Typhlitis; Shanghai fever; ecthyma gangrenosum; februle neutropenia
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
314
3rd most common cause of Nosocomial UTIs
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
315
Treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Combination of active antibiotics (antipseudomonal penicillins, 3rd & 4th Gen Cephalosporins, Monobactam, Carbapenems, Fluroquinolones)
316
Anaerobic, gram (-) rods, predominant anaerobe of human colon, spreads to blood or peritoneum during bowel trauma, perforation or surgery
Bacteriodes fragilis
317
Infections commonly due to combinations if bacteria in synergistic pathogenicity; LPS with low endotoxic activity; Capsule; Foul smelling discharge; short-chain fatty acid products
Bacteriodes fragilis
318
DOC for Bacteriodes fragilis
Metronidazole
319
Small, gram (-) rods, without a capsule; From contaminated dairy or direct contact; Undulating Fever
Brucellosis
320
DOC for Brucellosis
Doxycycline plus Rifampin
321
Small, gram (-) rods; Reservoir: rabbits, deer, rodents; Transmission: ticks, aerosols, contact, ingestion; Tularemia
Francisella tularensis
322
Treatment for Francisella tularensis
Streptomycin or Gentamicin
323
Most virulent bacteria; small, gram (-) rods, with bipolar (safety pin) staining; Reservoir: wild rodents; Transmission: flea bite or inhalation; PE: buboes, cutaneous hemorrhage
Yersinia pestis
324
Treatment for Bubonic, Pneumonic, and Septicemic Plague
StreptomycinTetracycline
325
Short, encapsulated, gram (-) rods that exhibits bipolar staining; Buttery colonies with musty odor due to indole production; Reservoir: cats, dogs; Transmission: animal bite
Pasteurella multocida
326
Treatment for Pasteurella multocida
Penicillin G
327
Zoonoses
Brucella abortusFrancisella tularensisYersinia pestisPasteurella multocida
328
Aerobic, acid-fast rods; High lipid content; Produces catalase and niacin; Slow-growing on Lowenstein-Jensen medium; Habitat: human lungs; Transmission via respiratory droplets
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
329
Exported repetitive protein that prevents phagosome-lysosomal fusion
Sulfatides
330
Most important virulence factor that prevents leukocyte migration
Cord Factor
331
Elicits delayed hypersensitivity
Tuberculin surface protein
332
Central area of Langhan's giant cells surrounded by a zone of epithelioid cells
Granulomatous Lesions
333
Granuloma surrounded by fibrous tissue that has undergone central caseation
Tubercle
334
Usually in middle or lower lobes; Subpleural granuloma
Ghon's Focus in Primary Complex
335
Subpleural granuloma + associated lymph node =
Ghon's complex
336
Radiologically detectable calcification
Ranke's complex
337
Usually in apices; Cicatricial changes, subpleural blebs, cavitation, fibrosis, nodules
Simon's Focus in Reactivation Tuberculosis
338
Secondary colonization with A. fumigatus (fungus ball)
Aspergilloma
339
Purified Protein Derivative Skin Test
>5mm - HIV+, AIDS, old TB, immunosuppressed>10mm - high-risk population>15mm - low-risk population (In Phil: 8mm accepted)
340
TB Lymphadenitis
Scrofula
341
Spondylitis
Pott's Disease
342
2 or 3 smear positive
Smear Positive TB
343
If at least 1 smear positive after another collection
Smear Positive TB
344
If all smear negative and consistent with active TB chest x-ray
Smear Positive TB
345
Treatment for Category 1
2 months HRZE and 4 months HR
346
Treatment for Category 2
2 months HRZES & 1 month HRZE5 months HRE
347
Treatment for Category 3
2 months HRZE4 months HR
348
Can you name other uses of BCG vaccine aside from TB prevention?
For management of Intravesical Bladder Cancer
349
Cause pulmonary disease in immunocompromised hosts (AIDS patients with CD4<50)
Mycobacterium Avium-Intracellulare Complex
350
DOC of Mycobacterium Avium-Intracellulare Complex
Azithromycin
351
Aerobic, Acid-fast rods; Can't be cultured in vitro; Reservoir: humans and armadillos; Transmission: prolonged exposure to nasal secretions of patients with the lepromatous form
Mycobacterium leprae
352
Tuberculoid Leprosy: Number of lesions
One or few
353
Tuberculoid Leprosy: Tissue destruction
Little
354
Tuberculoid Leprosy: Number of acid-fast bacilli
Few
355
Tuberculoid Leprosy: Likelihood of transmitting leprosy
Low
356
Tuberculoid Leprosy: Cell mediated response to M. leprae
Present
357
Tuberculoid Leprosy: Lepromin skin test
Positive
358
Lepromatous Leprosy: Number of lesions
Many lesions
359
Lepromatous Leprosy: Tissue destruction
Marked
360
Lepromatous Leprosy: Number of acid-fast bacilli
Many
361
Lepromatous Leprosy: Likelihood of transmitting leprosy
High
362
Lepromatous Leprosy: Cell-mediated response to M. leprae
Reduced or Absent
363
Lepromatous Leprosy: Lepromin skin test
Negative
364
Hypopigmented plaques, thickened superficial nerves and significant anesthesia
Tuberculoid Leprosy
365
Leonine facies; Erythema nodosum leprosum which signals acute flare-ups of disease and are tender red nodules or humps on both shins
Lepromatous Leprosy
366
Treatment for Tuberculoid Leprosy
Dapsone & Rifampin
367
Treatment for Lepromatous Leprosy
Dapsone, Rifampin, and Clofazimine
368
Treatment for Erythema nodosum leprosum
Thalidomide
369
Associated with congenital malformation: Focomelia (flipper-like limbs)
Thalidomide
370
Anaerobe (normal oral flora); Setting: local trauma (broken jaw or dental extraction); PE: hard, nontender swelling with sinus tracts draining
Actinomyces israelii
371
Aerobic, filamentous, gram (+) rods with aerial hyphae; weakly acid-fast (Fite-Faraco Stain); Transmission: inhalation of particles from soil; Manifests as mycetomas and lung and brain abscesses (orange colonies)
Nocardia asteroides
372
Treatment for Nocardiosis
TMP-SMX + drainage
373
Smallest free-living organisms; Not seen on gram stain; No cell wall; Only bacteria with cholesterol in cell membrane; Cultured in Eaton's medium; Habitat: human respiratory tract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
374
Attachment, inhibition of ciliary motion and necrosis; Toll-like receptor 2 protein
P1 adhesin
375
Contributes to the damage to the respiratory tract cells
Hydrogen peroxide
376
Most common type of atypical pneumonia or walking pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
377
Most common infectious cause for Steven-Johnson Syndrome
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
378
DOC for Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Erythromycin or Azithromycin
379
Coiled spirochete; Not seen on gram stain because too thin; Cannot be cultured in vitro; Microaerophilic; Habitat: Human Genital Tract
Treponema pallidum
380
Within hours, enters lymphatics and multiplies; Local, nontender ulcer (chancre) usually forms in 2-10 weeks
Primary Syphilis
381
Condyloma lata, maculopapular rash, fever, headache, malaise, anorexia, lymphadenopathy; Occurs after 1 to 3 months
Secondary Syphilis
382
Many years after inoculation; Clinical spectrum: granulomas (gummas), neurosyphilis
Tertiary Syphilis
383
Neurosyphilis: Prostitute's pupil
Argyll-Robertson Pupil
384
Snuffles/saddle nose; mulberry molars; Hutchinson triad; saber shins; rhagades; clutton's joints; pulmonary hemorrhage
Congenital Syphilis
385
Unilateral enlargement of the sternoclavicular portion of the clavicle
Higoumenakis sign
386
Most important diagnostic test for Primary Syphilis
Dark Field Microscopy
387
For Screening of Syphilis
Rapid Plasma ReaginVenereal Disease Research Laboratory (RPR/VDRL)
388
For confirmatory test for Syphilis
Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorption (FTA-ABS)
389
False Positive VDRL Results
VirusesDrugsRheumatic Fever, Rheumatoid arthritisLupus, Leprosy
390
Treatment for Syphilis
Benzathine Penicillin G
391
Influenza-like symptoms few hours after receiving Penicillin, due to Lysis of Treponemes
Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction
392
Weakly staining, gram (-) spirochetes; Largest medically-important bacteria; Stain well with aniline dyes (Giemsa or Wright Stain); Cultured on BSK medium; From bite of deer ticks (Ixodes scapularis)
Borrelia burgdorferi
393
Stage 1 of Lyme Disease
Erythema Chronicum Migrans
394
Stage 2 of Lyme Disease
Myocarditis (AV block), meningitis, Bell's palsy
395
Stage 3 of Lyme Disease
Autoimmune migratory polyartjritis (onion skin lesions), acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans
396
Lyme Disease
Bell's PalsyArthritisCardiac blockErythema chronicum migrans
397
DOC for Borrelia burgdorferi
Doxycycline
398
Rapid antigenic changes due to programmed rearrangements of bacterial DNA encoding surface proteins; Transmitted: human body louse (Pediculus humanus)
Relapsing Fever (Borrelia recurrentis)
399
Thin, coiled spirochetes, hook at one or both pointed ends (Shepherd's Crook); Obligate aerobe, grown on Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH) medium or Fletcher's medium; Habitat: wild and domestic animals
Leptospira interrogans
400
Hallmark lesion of Leptospira interrogans
Vasculitis
401
Gold Standard Diagnostic For Leptospira interrogans
Leptospire microscopic agglutination test (lepto MAT)
402
Fever, chills, intense headache, calf tenderness, conjunctival suffusion
Acute Leptospiremic Phase
403
Aseptic meningitis, pulmonary involvement, hepatic necrosis, glomerulonephritis, snow-flake lesions in chest x-ray, CSF pleocytosis
Immune Leptospiruric Phase
404
Most severe form of Leptospirosis; Triad: Jaundice, Bleeding, Uremia; Orange cast skin; Most common cause of death is respiratory failure due to massive pulmonary hemorrhage
Weil Syndrome
405
Treatment for Leptospira interrogans
Penicillin G
406
Obligate intracellular bacteria; Energy parasites that use host ATP; Cell wall lacks muramic acid; Grown in cycloheximide culture; Cytoplasmic inclusions in Giemsa
Chlamydia trachomatis
407
Inactive, extracellular; Enters cells by endocytosis
Elemental Body
408
Metabolically active, intracellular; Seen microscopically
Reticulate Body
409
Most common STD overall
Chlamydia
410
Chronic keratoconjunctivitis progressing to scarring and blindness
Trachoma
411
Most common cause of Infectious Blindness
Chlamydia trachomatis types A-C
412
Round to oval cytoplasmic inclusion bodies near the nuclei of conjunctival epithelial cells in trachoma
Halberstadter-Prowazek Inclusions
413
Trachoma A, B, C
AfricaBlindnessChronic infection
414
Striking tachypnea, characteristic paroxysmal cough (Staccato cough), absence of fever, eosinophilia
Chlamydia trachomatis types D-K
415
Papule or vesicular which ulcerates and leads to suppurative inguinal lymphadenitis (buboes)
Chlamydia trachomatis types L1-L3
416
Intradermal injection of antigen of C. trachomatis
Positive Frei Test
417
Initiate lesion development or cause exacerbation of lesions; higher titers of Anti-C. pneumoniae antibodies
Chlamydia pneumoniae (Atypical pneumonia)
418
Sudden onset pneumonia with malaise, fever, anorexia, sore throat, photophobia, and severe headache
Psittacosis or Bird Fancier's Disease (Chlamydia psittaci)
419
Treatment of STD (Chlamydia psittaci)
Azithromycin
420
Treatment of Conjunctivitis (Chlamydia psittaci)
Erythromycin
421
Treatment of LGV
Doxycycline
422
Treatment of Psittacosis
Azithromycin
423
DOC for all Rickettsial infections
Doxycycline
424
Disease caused by Rickettsia rickettsii
Rocky mountain spotted fever
425
Disease caused by Rickettsia akari
Rickettsial pox
426
Disease caused by Rickettsia prowazekii
Epidemic typhus
427
Disease caused by Rickettsia typhi
Endemic typhus
428
Disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi
Scrub typhus
429
Disease caused by Coxiella burnetti
Q fever
430
Disease caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis
Ehrlichiosis
431
Vector of Rickettsia rickettsii
Tick
432
Vector of Rickettsia akari
Mites (chiggers)
433
Vector of Rickettsia prowazekii
Body louse
434
Vector of Rickettsia typhi
Rat flea
435
Vector of Orientia tsutsugamushi
Mites (chiggers)
436
Vector of Coxiella burnetti
None
437
Vector of Ehrlichia chaffeensis
Ticks
438
Incubation period of Rickettsia rickettsii
7
439
Incubation period of Rickettsia akari
9-14
440
Incubation period of Rickettsia prowazekii
8
441
Incubation period of Rickettsia typhi
7-14
442
Incubation period of Orientia tsutsugamushi
10-12
443
Incubation period of Coxiella burnetti
4-90
444
Incubation period of Ehrlichia chaffeensis
7-21
445
Rickettsial infection with eschar
Rickettsial pox
446
Gram (-) rod, Normal oral flora of cats, "cat-scratch fever", bacillary angiomatosis, transmission: cat bite or scratch
Cat Scratch Disease
447
Dog reservoir, Transmission: dog tick (Dermacentor) bite, forms morulae in cytoplasm of monocytes
Ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia chaffeensis)
448
Facultative gram-variable rod; Clue cells present; Positive whiff test (fishy odor); Malodorous vaginal discharge
Bacterial vaginosis (Gardnerella vaginalis)
449
Small gram (-) rod, culture on chocolate agar with heme (factor X); painful genital ulcer
Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
450
Gram (-) rods, reservoir: domestic animals, transmission: oro-fecal route
Mesenteric Adenitis or Pseudoappendicitis (Yersinia enterocolitica)
451
Encapsulated, pleomorphic gram (-) bacillus, bipolar densities (Donovan bodies) look like closed safety pins, small painless papule ulcerates to form beefy red ulcer with velvety surface, pseudobuboe formation
Granuloma inguinale (Donovanosis) Klebsiella granulomatis
452
Treatment for Klebsiella granulomatis or Donovanosis
Azithromycin
