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Infection And Immunity > Infections On Surfaces And Travel Related Infections > Flashcards

Infections On Surfaces And Travel Related Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Which viruses are most likely to infect the skin?

A

Papilloma

Herpes simplex

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2
Q

Which bacteria are most likely to infect the skin?

A

Gram positive - staph aureus and coagulase negative staph

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3
Q

Give examples of prosthetic surfaces which can get infected

A 
Intravascular lines
Peritoneal dialysis catheters
Prosthetic joints
Cardiac valves
Pacing wires 
Endovascular grafts 
Shunts
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4
Q

Give examples of pathogens likely to cause endocarditis if >1 year post-op

A

Strep viridans
Enterococcus faecalis
Staph aureus
Candida

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5
Q

Give examples of pathogens likely to cause endocarditis if <1 year post-op

A

Coagulase negative staph

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6
Q

Give the bacteria most likely to cause prosthetic joint infections

A

Coagulase neg staph

Staph aureus

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7
Q

Which organisms are most likely to infect pacemaker wires?

A

Coagulase neg staph

Staph aureus

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8
Q

Give some features of biofilms

A

Increases life cycle
Decreases turn over
Antibiotics won’t work on them - Abx only target actively replicating bacteria
Quorum sensing

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9
Q

Describe quorum sensing in biofilms

A

The communication between bacteria in a biofilm
Recognises if there are a lot of bacteria present
Controls: sporulation, biofilm formation and virulence factor secretion

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10
Q

What is a natural antibacterial that we could cover prosthetic joints/lines in?

A

Silver

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11
Q

Why is antibiotic resistance more prevalent in some countries?

A

In some places you can buy Abx over the counter

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12
Q

What might we think of if someone had been to North Africa?

A

malaria

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13
Q

What types of infection would we be thinking of if someone had been to the middle east?

A

Respiratory pathogens and viruses

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14
Q

What types of infections might we think of if someone had been to north Australia?

A

Malaria

Bacterial infections

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15
Q

What infection might we think of if someone had been to North America?

A

West Nile virus

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16
Q

What categories do we usually divide the incubation periods into?

A

< 10 days
10-21 days
> 21 days
(Since the symptoms began)

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17
Q

What type of infection is ebola?

A

Viral haemorrhagic fever

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18
Q

Define meningism

A

Triad of nuchal (neck) rigidity, photophobia and headache

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19
Q

What might we find on examination of someone with malaria?

A 
Fever
Low BP
Tachycardia 
Bite marks
Low O2 states
Unwell/confused 
Possible hepatosplenomegaly  
Possible jaundice
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20
Q

What investigations would we do in malaria?

A

Hb - low (anaemia)

Platelets - low

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21
Q

If their travel Hx and symptoms suggest malaria, how can we rule it out?

A

3 negative blood films rule it out

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22
Q

What are the 4 main species of plasmodium?

A

Falciparum
Vivax
Ovale
Malariae

23
Q

Which type of malaria is most common in the UK?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

24
Q

Can malaria spread from person to person?

A

No

25
Q

What is the incubation period of malaria?

A

Minimum 6 days

26
Q

What is the classic triad of symptoms in malaria?

A

Fever
Chills
Sweats
(In a cycle)

27
Q

Why is it hard to target a vaccine at malaria?

A

It has many different stages to its life cycle

28
Q

What is the treatment for plasmodium falciparum?

A

Quinine and doxycycline
OR
Artesinate

29
Q

What is the treatment for P. Vivax, ovale and malariae?

A

Chloroquine and primaquine

30
Q

What other possible diagnoses should occur to you when you suspect malaria?

A

Typhoid
Dengue
Rickettsial infection
Non-travel related infection eg. Meningococcal sepsis

31
Q

Name the 2 types of enteric fever

A

Typhoid

Paratyphoid

32
Q

Describe the classical symptoms of enteric fever

A

Constipation
Abdominal cramps
Dry cough
Headache

33
Q

In which disease state may a faint rose spot appear on the abdomen?

A

Enteric fever

Typhoid/paratyphoid

34
Q

Which bacteria causes enteric fever?

A

Salmonella typhi

35
Q

How is enteric fever spread?

A

Faecal oral route

36
Q

What type of bacteria is salmonella typhi?

A

Enterobacteriaceae
Aerobic
Gram negative
Rod shaped

37
Q

What is the incubation period for enteric fever?

A

7 - 14 days

38
Q

With enteric fever, what happens to the heart rate?

A

Bradycardia

39
Q

Which type of enteric fever is generally milder?

A

Paratyphoid

40
Q

What is the treatment for enteric fever?

A

Ceftriaxone or azithromycin

7-14 days

41
Q

Is there a vaccine for enteric fever?

A

There is a typhoid vaccine

50-75% effective

42
Q

Describe a non-typhoidal salmonella infection

A

‘Food poisoning’
Widespread throughout out
Usually caused by salmonella typhimunum or salmonella enteritidis
Diarrhoea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain
Generally self-limiting

43
Q

Give some symptoms/signs of Dengue fever

A

Rash - broad, flat, macular
Fever
Severe myalgia
Headache

44
Q

What infections do we need to think about if someone presents with a fever and a rash?

A 
Dengue 
Childhood: Measles, rubella, parvovirus 
Infectious mononucleosis (glandular) 
Acute HIV infections
Rickettsia (ticks)
45
Q

Give 2 tests that need to be done to confirm dengue fever

A

PCR

Serology IgM

46
Q

How is dengue fever spread?

A

Mosquitoes

47
Q

How do we treat dengue fever?

A

Supportive treatment only

Usually self limiting (improvement seen 3-4 days after getting the rash)

48
Q

Reinfection with a different serotype of dengue fever is worse that the original infection, why?

A

Can lead to:
Haemorrhagic fever
Shock syndrome

49
Q

What is myiasis?

A

Fly larvae
Biting flies lay eggs on you or your clothes
Larvae bury into skin and then pop out if they survive

50
Q

What does MERS-CoV stand for and what animal is it associated with?

A

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

Camels

51
Q

Describe the ebola virus

A

Filovirus
Flu like illness with vomiting, diarrhoea, headache, confusion and a rash
Internal/external bleeding at 5-7 days
Spread by direct contact with bodily fluids

52
Q

Describe the Zika virus

A

Arbovirus - mosquito
Sexually transmitted
No treatment and no vaccine available
20% of people get mild (dengue-like) symptoms
Can cause foetal loss and congenital abnormalities in pregnant women

53
Q

Why shouldn’t we give primaquine to people with G6PD deficiency?

A

These people produce less NADPH therefore cannot reduce glutathione as readily
Primaquine causes oxidative damage to RBCs that their body cannot fix
Heinz bodies form -> haemolytic anaemia

Infection And Immunity (9 decks)

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