Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Infection And Immunity > Blood Borne Viruses > Flashcards

Blood Borne Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the long term consequences of hepB and C?

A

Liver cirrhosis

Hepatocellular carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Is HIV more prevalent in men or women in the UK?

A

Men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Globally, are men or women more at risk of getting HIV?

A

Women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Globally, which group of people is most likely to get HIV?

A

MSM

Men who have sex with men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe HIV

A

Human immunodeficiency virus
Retrovirus RNA
Infects and replicates in CD4 cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe how HIV replicates

A 
Free virus binds to CD4 receptor - fuses with cell via fusion pore
Empties contents into cell
Reverse transcription (form ds DNA)
Integration of viral DNA into cell's DNA
Transcription to make the proteins
Virus pushed out of the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

If HIV becomes latent, how long is it usually latent for?

A

2-10 years on average

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the CD4 cell count in severe HIV infection/AIDS?

A

< 200

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the symptoms/signs of an acute HIV infection?

A 
Fever
Weight loss
Pharyngitis
Sores
Thrush 
Myalgia 
Hepatosplenomegaly
Malaise
Headache
Neuropathy 
Lymphadenopathy 
Rash 
Nausea/vomiting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why does HIV often go unnoticed?

A

Symptoms are very general

Must think if the pt has any risk factors for HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name some HIV associated infections that can affect the brain

A

Cryptococcal meningitis
Toxoplasmosis
AIDS dementia complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which HIV associated infection can affect the eyes?

A

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What HIV associated problems affect the mouth?

A

Cold sores
Ulcers
Candida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What HIV associated problems can occur in the blood?

A

Hyperglycaemia

Dyslipidaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which HIV associated infections can affect the lungs?

A

Histoplasmosis
Pneumocystis pneumonia
TB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What bone problem is associated with HIV?

A

Osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What CVS problems can be HIV related?

A

Heart disease

Stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What infection of the liver is HIV associated?

A

Hep C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which HIV associated infections can affect the GI tract?

A

Cytomegalovirus
Cryptosporidiosis
Mycobacterium avium complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What reproductive system problems can occur that are HIV associated?

A 
Genital ulcers
HPV 
Cervical cancer
Menstrual problems
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Vaginal yeast infections (candida)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe HIV wasting syndrome

A

Lost at least 10% body weight
At least 30 days of diarrhoea/weakness and fever
Leads to organ failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

Sexually (vaginal/oral/anal)
Sharing needles
Vertical (utero/childbirth/breast feeding)
Medical procedures (blood/skin graft/organ)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the risk of contracting HIV from sharing a needle?

A

1 in 30

24
Q

What carries the highest risk for contracting HIV?

A

Anal sex

25
Q

When do we start antiretroviral therapy?

A

As early as possible
Usually when CD4 count < 350
Some people need time to get used to being on a lifelong treatment first

26
Q

What can we do for partners of patients who are HIV positive?

A

Give antiretroviral prophylaxis

Education on safest sex

27
Q

What are the aims of HIV treatment?

A 
Reduce viral load
Reconstitute immune system
Improve quality of life
Increase lifespan 
Decrease risk of transmission
28
Q

What is the treatment for HIV?

A

Antiretroviral therapy
3 drugs in combination
2 reverse transcriptase inhibitors
(+ protease/integrase/entry inhibitor)

29
Q

What are the 5 main groups of hepatitis?

A

A-E

30
Q

How is hepatitis B spread?

A

Blood
Sex
Vertical

31
Q

How long is the incubation period for HepB?

A

6 weeks to 6 months

32
Q

What is the treatment for HepA and E?

A

Supportive

Generally self-limiting

33
Q

How is HepC mainly transmitted?

A

Blood

Sex

34
Q

What is the incubation period of HepC?

A

6 - 12 weeks

35
Q

What is the risk of catching Hep B through a needlestick injury?

A

1 in 3

36
Q

Give some symptoms of acute HepB infection

A 
Jaundice
Abdominal pain 
Nausea/vomiting 
Fatigue 
Anorexia 
Arthralgia (joint pain)
37
Q

What are the outcomes for people with acute HepB infection?

A

Most clear the infection within 6 months - after this they will have life long immunity
6-10% people become chronically infected

38
Q

What marker is seen first in an acute HepB infection?

A

HBsAg

Surface antigen

39
Q

Just after we are able to identify the surface antigen, what else will enter the blood?

A

HBeAg

E-antigen

40
Q

After the antigens for HepB are detected in the blood, what would we expect to find on doing bloods again?

A

IgM

The core antibody fighting it (quick response)

41
Q

What appears sequentially after the core antibody?

A

E-antibody

HBeAb

42
Q

Which marker in the blood determines that we have life long protection against HepB?

A

Surface antibody

HBsAb

43
Q

Which marker persists for life in people who’ve had HepB infections and cleared them?

A

IgG - core antibody

HBcAb

44
Q

How do we define a chronic HepB infection?

A

Persistence of HBsAg (surface antigen of the virus) for more than 6 months

45
Q

What percentage of people with chronic HepB will develop cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma?

A 
Cirrhosis = 25%
Carcinoma = 5%
46
Q

What is the treatment for HepB?

A

No cure
Life long antivirals to suppress the viral replication
(However some people will control the virus with just their immune system)

47
Q

Describe the vaccine given for HepB

A

Genetically engineered surface antigen
3 doses plus a booster if required
Effective in most people
Produces surface antibody response (life long protection)

48
Q

Describe the serology present on an acute HepB infection

A 
Surface antigen (HBsAg) = positive
Core antibody (IgM) = positive 
Surface antibody (HBsAb) = +ve/-ve depending on the time since infection
49
Q

What would the serology look like for a past/cleared infection?

A

Negative surface antigen
Positive core antibody (IgG)
Positive surface antibody - immunity

50
Q

What would the serology for a chronic infection look like?

A

Positive surface antigen
Positive core antibody (IgG)
Negative surface antibody (not immune)

51
Q

What would the serology look like for someone who was never infected but vaccinated?

A

Negative surface antigen
Negative core antibody
Positive surface antibody (immunity)

52
Q

What percentage of people who get HepC become chronically infected?

A

80%

53
Q

What percentage of people with HepC infection are asymptomatic?

A

80%

54
Q

What are the symptoms of HepC infection?

A

Fatigue
Dark urine
Nausea
Abdominal pain

55
Q

What treatment is available for HepC?

A

Can be cured
Directly acting antiviral drug combination (for 8-12 weeks)
Very expensive drugs so cannot get these globally
No vaccine yet

Infection And Immunity (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions