infections and the inflammatory process.

Question 1

When endotoxins in a bacterial infection are released, cells are damaged and tissue mediators (cytokines) are produced. This triggers the inflammatory response.

Which of the following is an example of a tissue mediator (cytokine)?

Renin

Dopamine

Gastrin

Tumour necrosis factor

Oestrogen

Answer 1

Tumour necrosis factor

Question 2

Typcially, lactate levels in the blood stream increase as the body responds to sepsis.

Which process produces this increased lactate level?

Action of C-reactive protein

Stimulation of tissue mediators (cytokines)

Bacteria invading the blood stream

Anaerobic metabolism

Byproduct of the T lymphocytes producing antibodies in the lymph nodes

Answer 2

Anaerobic metabolism

Question 3

Janet is 32 years old. She saw her GP yesterday who gave her oral antibiotics for a urinary tract infection.

Vital signs show: Respiratory rate 28 bpm; oxygen saturation 90%; heart rate 118 bpm; Blood pressure 90/50 mmHg, temperature 39.5°C (oral) but her hands are cold in comparison.

From these signs and symptoms, what do you think is happening?

Peripheral vascular resistance is decreasing.

The infection is responding effectively to the antibiotics.

Janet is developing a compensated stage of shock.

Peripheral blood vessels are shutting down to concentrate the blood circulating volume to vital organs.

The lungs are providing sufficient oxygen to vital organs.

Answer 3

Peripheral blood vessels are shutting down to concentrate the blood circulating volume to vital organs.

Question 4

Janet is likely to need further antimicrobial therapy. Which route of administration will bypass absorption and give the most reliable dose of drug?

Intravascular

Sublingual

Intramuscular

Subcutaneous

Oral

Answer 4

Intravascular