cancer. Flashcards
What effect does a mutation in DNA have on how the cells multiply in the tumour?
The proteins made as a result of the mutation stops the cell multiplying.
They activate tumour suppression genes.
They activate oncogenes.
They increase the process of meiosis.
The mutation triggers apoptosis.
They activate oncogenes.
Which of the following properties would you expect to see where a tumour is metastasising?
Contact inhibition
Apoptosis
Specialisation of cells
Reduced proliferation
Undifferentiated cells
Undifferentiated cells
Ranj is 62 years old, and has recently been diagnosed with bowel cancer following an endoscopy.
Ranj may be treated with chemotherapy agents which target DNA. Which of the following statements accurately defines drug targets?
Enzymes, lipids, carriers, DNA, ion channels.
Enzymes, receptors, lipids, DNA, ion channels.
Enzymes, receptors, carriers, DNA, ion channels.
Lipids, receptors, carriers, DNA, ion channels.
Receptors, enzymes, albumin, DNA, ion channels.
Enzymes, receptors, carriers, DNA, ion channels.
Following a biopsy, Ranj’s cancer is identified as a carcinoma.
Which cell does this arise from?
Connective tissue
Epithelial cell
Myocardial cell
Neurone
Fat cell
Epithelial cell
Which of the following genes accelerates the process of normal (non-cancerous cells) cell division?
proto-oncogenes
tumour suppressor genes
ribosomes
DNA repair genes
chromosomes
proto-oncogenes
Which of these sequences reflects the cell cycle?
dormant phase - gap 2 - mitosis - gap 1 - synthesis - dormant phase
dormant phase - gap 1 - mitosis - gap 2 - synthesis - dormant phase
dormant phase - synthesis - gap 1 - mitosis - gap 2 - dormant phase
dormant phase - gap 1 - synthesis - gap 2 - mitosis - dormant phase
dormant phase - gap 1 - synthesis - gap 2 - mitosis - dormant phase
In which part of the cell cycle can cells leave the process as a permanent or stable cell?
Synthesis
Dormant phase (G0)
Gap 1 (G1)
Gap 2 (G2)
Mitosis
Dormant phase (G0)
Which of the following is characteristic of cancerous cells?
uncontrollable
parasitic
all of these
generate own energy
autonomy
all of these
What is the name given to
“a gene that encodes proteins which normally stop prolifation of cells”?
Tumour suppressor gene
Oncogene
Epigenetic
Chemotherapy
Silencing
Tumour suppressor gene
The ‘gaps’ in the cell cycle allow the cell to check its progress. What is the check that occurs in Gap 2 (G2)?
The cell checks that the cell is being oxygenated prior to mitosis
The cell checks for any damage in the RNA
The cell checks for any damage in the DNA
The cell checks for any incomplete replication of the DNA prior to mitosis
The cell checks that the cell has sufficient glucose in the cytoplasm
The cell checks for any incomplete replication of the DNA prior to mitosis
What is the name given to:
“the changing of cells as they become more specialised”?
proliferation
apoptosis
angiogenesis
transformation
differentiation
differentiation
A tumour marker is a substance produced by a tumour cell that can be measured. Which of these is an example of this process?
Prostate specific antigen in a blood sample
C-reactive protein in a blood sample
Glucose in a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (from a lumbar puncture)
Glycoproteins in a tissue sample
Ketones in a urine sample
Prostate specific antigen in a blood sample
Which of these are types of gene mutation?
Point mutation
Gene amplification
Translocation
Chromothripsis
All of the above
All of the above
Carcinogenesis is the term used to describe the process of normal cells becoming cancerous. What stages does this process involve?
initiation, metabolism and apoptosis
autonomy, meiosis and differentiation
autonomy, angiogenesis and differentiation
initiation, promotion and progression
automony, mitosis and apoptosis
initiation, promotion and progression
Which of the following terms is used to describe “the presence of formation of new, abnormal growth of tissue which causes a cancer”?
hypertrophy
atrophy
neoplasia
dysplasia
apoptosis
neoplasia
