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Pathophysiology and Pharmacology > Infections > Flashcards

Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Categories of infections

A

local and systemic (spread by blood)

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2
Q

Causes of infections

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Viruses
  3. Fungi
  4. Protozoa
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3
Q

Bacteria causes diseases in two ways

A
  1. Enter body and grow inside cells.

2. Secrete endotoxins that damage cells:

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4
Q

Endotoxins

A
  • Exotoxinsareprotein released during bacterial growth
  • part of the cell wall of gram (–) bacteria
  • released with bacterial lysis activates inflammatory response and produce fever (pyrogenic)
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5
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

End-stage of chronic HIV infection; a syndrome involving a defect in cell-mediated immunity that has a long incubation period and is manifested by various opportunistic infections and cancers.

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6
Q

acute retroviral syndrome

A

Symptoms accompanying the development of HIV-specific antibodies (seroconversion), including a flulike syndrome of fever, swollen lymph glands, sore throat, headache, malaise, nausea, muscle and joint pain, diarrhea, or a diffuse rash, or some combination.

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7
Q

Bacteria

A

One-celled microorganisms that are found virtually everywhere on earth and are involved in fermentation, putrefaction, infectious diseases, and nitrogen fixation.

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8
Q

emerging infectious disease

A

A disease of infectious origin that newly appears in a population, or whose incidence in humans has increased within the recent past or threatens to increase in the near future, including those infections that appear in new geographic areas or increase abruptly.

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9
Q

Fungi

A

Organisms similar to plants, but lacking in chlorophyll; pathogenic fungi cause infections that are usually localized, but may become disseminated in an immunocompromised individual.

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10
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

A retrovirus that causes HIV infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

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11
Q

opportunistic disease

A

Infections and cancers that occur in immunosuppressed patients that can lead to disability, disease, and death.

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12
Q

oral hairy leukoplakia

A

An Epstein-Barr virus infection that causes painless, white, raised lesions on the lateral aspect of the tongue.

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13
Q

protozoa

A

Single-cell, animal-like microorganisms that normally live in soil and bodies of water, but can cause infection when introduced into the human body.

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14
Q

retrovirus

A

A virus that replicates in a “backward” manner, going from RNA (ribonucleic acid) to DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

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15
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

An enzyme made by HIV and other retroviruses, that helps the virus replicate back from RNA to DNA.

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16
Q

viral load

A

The number of HIV particles in the blood.

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17
Q

viremia

A

Large amounts of virus in the blood.

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18
Q

virus

A

Infectious agents consisting of either RNA or DNA and a protein envelope; can reproduce only in the cells of a living organism

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19
Q

window period

A

Time period of two months after infection, during which an infected individual will not test positive for HIV antibodies

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20
Q

Bacteria Morphology Shapes

A 
Coccus
Bacillus
Coccobacillus
Spirochete
Spirillium
Vibrio
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21
Q

Gram-positive organism

A
  • Stain purple
  • Much thicker cell walls
  • Thicker outer cells capsule
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22
Q

Gram-negative organism

A
  • Stain red
  • Cell wall structure is more complex
  • Usually harder to treat because antibiotics have a more difficult time penetrating the cell wall
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23
Q

What is the most common infection in humans?

A

Viral

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24
Q

Obligate parasite

A

a parasitic organism that cannot complete its life-cycle without exploiting a suitable host. If an obligate parasite cannot obtain a host it will fail to reproduce. A virus is an example of this.

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25
Q

How do viruses bypass the body’s defense mechanisms?

A

By developing intracellularly

• They hide in cells, away from inflammatory and immune responses

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26
Q

When does the immune response develop in a viral infection?

A
  • This immune response resolves the infection

* Therefore viral infection is often self-limiting or resolves without medications

27
Q

Mycosis

A

any disease caused by a fungus

28
Q

Can fungi be part of the normal flora?

A

yes

29
Q

What complications can disease states or antibiotic therapy cause in regards to fungal infections?

A

Disease states or antibiotic therapy can upset this balance causing fungal overgrowth and ‘opportunistic infection’(e.g.-Candida albicans-causes oral candidiasis [thrush], esophageal candidiasis, intestinal vaginitis)

30
Q

What do pathogenic fungi cause?

A

infections that are usually localized to a small area (e.g.. -Athlete’s foot and ringworm)

31
Q

How does a fungi infection become systemic?

A

In an immunocompromised person (e.g.. –cancer, AIDs) fungi can becomes disseminated (systemic infection)

32
Q

Four categories of protozoa

A
  1. Amebas
  2. Ciliates
  3. Flagellates
  4. Sporozoa
33
Q

Examples of protozoa infection

A

Amebic dysentery, giardiasis

34
Q

Emerging Infections

A
  • Disease of infectious origin that newly appears in a population
  • infections that appear in new geographic areas
  • Infections increase abruptly
35
Q

Examples of emerging infections

A
  • SARS
  • West Nile Virus
  • HIV
  • Avian influenza
  • Ebola
  • Lyme Disease
36
Q

Causes and contributing factors of emerging infections

A

Animals vectors, Antibiotic resistance, Climate change, Natural disasters, Global travel, and population density

37
Q

Animal Vectors and emerging infections

A

severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the West Nile virus

38
Q

Antibiotic Resistance and emerging infections

A

have emerged as a result of a previously treatable organism developing resistance due to inappropriate use of antibiotics

39
Q

Climate Change and emerging infections

A

increased vegetation in some regions that leads to increases in rodent numbers and hantavirus; expanded range of insect populations including disease-carrying mosquitoes

40
Q

Natural Disasters and emerging infections

A

such as earthquakes and breakdown on sanitation infrastructure and access to clean drinking water are associated with the spread of water-borne diseases such as cholera

41
Q

Re-Emerging Infection

A
  • Infections once thought under control
  • Vaccines and proper medications have led to the near eradication of some infections
  • Re-emergence caused by numerous factors including more global travel, less uptake of vaccinations, drugs resistance
42
Q

Examples of re-emerging infection

A
  • Tuberculosis

* Pertussis

43
Q

Type of Resistant organisms

A

AROs: Antibiotic Resistant Organisms(aka ‘super bugs’)
MDROs: Multidrug Resistant Organisms

44
Q

Resistant organisms

A
  • Bacteria whose growth and reproduction is unaffected by particular antibiotics
  • Bacteria adapt -mutation and acquisition of new DNA
  • Bacteria resist antibiotics by producing enzymes that destroy or inactive drugs
45
Q

MRSA: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

A
  • Hospital or community acquired
  • Spreads via contact
  • Organism can remains viable on surfaces for days
46
Q

Those at risk for MRSA

A
  • Immunosuppressed persons
  • Invasive devices
  • Breaks in skin barrier
47
Q

VRE: Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci

A
  • Hardier than MRSA
  • Spread via contact
  • Can remain viable for weeks on environmental surfaces
48
Q

BSL: Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases

A
  • Enzymes produced by bacteria that cause resistance to cephalosporins –the most widely used antibiotic in hospital
  • Spread via contact
  • Usually lives in urine
49
Q

ARO Prevention

A
  • Appropriate antibiotic use
  • Take antibiotics as prescribed and finish entire prescription
  • Do not request antibiotics for viruses (colds and flus)
  • Do not use antibiotics as a prevention strategy
  • Frequent hand washing
50
Q

Health Care Associated Infections (HAIs)

AKA nosocomial infection

A
  • Acquired due to exposure in the health care setting

* Caused by any bacteria –most common: e.coli, staph aureus, c.difficile

51
Q

Those at risk for Health Care Associated Infections (HAIs)

A
  • Surgical patients

* Immunocompromised

52
Q

Health Care Associated Infection (HAI) Prevention

A
  • Universal precautions
  • Hyper-vigilant hand hygiene!
  • Infection control precautions
  • PPE
  • Appropriate isolation precautions
53
Q

Incubation period

A
  • Time between entrance of pathogen and first symptoms
  • Examples:
    * Mumps incubate in 18 days
    * Chicken pox incubate in 2 to 3 weeks
54
Q

Prodromal Stage

A
  • Time from onset of nonspecific findings (such as fatigue, malaise) to more specific findings.
  • The pathogen is multiplying.
  • The host is most contagious.
55
Q

Illness Stage

A
  • When a client exhibits the specific findings of a disease

* Examples: The parotid gland swelling of mumps; The sore throat of a cold

56
Q

Convalescence

A

when the acute findings begin to disappear

57
Q

Localized infection clinical manifestations

A
  • Pain
  • Redness
  • Swelling
  • Heat
  • Exudate
58
Q

Systemic infection clinical manifestation

A
  • Fever
  • Chills
  • Diaphoresis
  • Fatigue
  • Loss of appetite
  • Leukocytosis
  • Exudate
59
Q

Common Infections in Older Adults:

A
  • Pneumonia
  • UTIs
  • Skin infections
  • TB
60
Q

Presentation of infection in older adults

A
  • Cognitive and behavioural changes will often present before changes in lab values
  • FEVER is not a reliable indication of infection!
61
Q

Infection physical assessment

A
  • Clinical manifestations vary depending on the pathogen
  • Majority of symptoms are related to the inflammatory and immune responses
  • Non-specific, vague, constitutional symptoms: fatigue, malaise, weakness, decreased concentration
  • Generalized aches, loss of appetite
62
Q

Monitoring for infection

A

MONITOR VITAL SIGNS
• Fever, chills, –how does this impact other vital signs?MONITOR LAB WORK
• Specimen collection: blood cultures, urine, sputum, fecal specimens (obtain blood cultures and specimens as appropriate prior to giving antibiotics)
• Monitor CBC values

63
Q

Nursing Diagnosis in infection

A 
Activity intolerance 2 ̊ loss of function
Body image –disturbed 2 ̊ wound, scar}Body temperature –impaired
Comfort –impaired}Coping –ineffective
Fatigue
Fluid volume -deficient
Knowledge deficit 
Hopelessness
Infection –risk for
Health maintenance –ineffective, impaired 
Mobility –impaired
Nausea
Nutrition –less than body requirements
Pain –acute/chronic
Tissue integrity –impaired
Self-care deficit 
Skin integrity -impaired

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology (17 decks)

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