Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1 - TOB > Infection, microbes etc > Flashcards

Infection, microbes etc Flashcards

1
Q

What is infection?

A

The multiplication/colonisation of a pathogenic microbe on/in a susceptible host with associated dysfunction/damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What causes infection?

A

Pathogenic microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What three stipulations are used to determine whether a pathogen causes a disease?

A
  • The agent must be shown to be present in every case of the disease by isolation in pure culture- The agent must not be found in cases of other disease- Once isolated, the agent must be capable of reproducing the disease in experimental animals, and must be recovered from the experimental disease produced.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why do particular individuals get particular infections?

A
  • Weakened immune systems- Poor nutrition- Poor living circumstances- No access to health care (vaccinations)- Genetic predisposition- Lifestyle (e.g. STDs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What influences the outcome of infection?

A

The host’s immune system, the affected body systems and the drugs used.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the key properties of a Eukaryote?

A

No cell wallNo envelopeNo capsidMembrane bound organellesNucleusDNA and RNANo pili or flagellaNo reverse transcriptase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the key properties of a Bacterium?

A

Peptidoglycan or lipopolysaccharide cell wallNo capsidNo membrane bound organellesNo nucleus – Circular DNADNA and RNAPili, flagellaNo reverse transcriptase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the key features of a virus?

A

Can be envelopedNo organelles – obligate intracellular parasitesCan have capsidsDNA or RNANo pili or flagellaCan have reverse transcriptase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does gram staining allow us to do?

A

detect and begin to classify most bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two classifications of bacteria within gram staining?

A

. Bacteria can be classified as Gram positive or negative depending on its cell wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What colour are gram negative bacteria in a Gram stain and vice versa?

A

Gram negative bacteria are stained red whereas Gram positive bacteria are blue after staining.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the process of gram staining

A
  • Positively charged crystal violet binds to negatively charged cell components- Iodine forms a large molecular complex with crystal violet- Acetone or methanol extract the complexes through the Gram-negative cell wall but not through the Gram-positive- A red dye is used to stain the now unstained Gram-negative cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do acid fast stains allow us to do?

A

detect the bacterial causes of tuberculosis and leprosy (mycobacteria) – bacteria that cannot be identified by gram staining.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a non pathogen and what roles do they peform?

A

a bacterium that doesn’t cause disease. Many non-pathogens perform essential ecological roles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the significance of genome compositon in the classification and detection of viruses?

A

RNA viruses are more likely to mutate, as RNA is less stable. DNA more stable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the significance of a viral envelope, and whether it is present for the classification and detection of viruses?

A

If a virus has an envelope it’s more easily sterilised as if holes are punched in the envelope the virus cannot survive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the significance of replication strategy for classification and detection of viruses?

A

RNA viruses can use reverse transcriptase (HIV), DNA viruses can use cell machinery (HPV), or a virus can carry its own replication enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Classify Hepatitis B virus and give disease association

A

DNA EnvelopedInflamed liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Classify Herpes virus and give disease association

A

DNA Enveloped Oral/genital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Classify smallpox virus and give disease association

A

DNA envelopedSmallpox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Classify and give disease association of HPV

A

DNA non-envelopedWarts, Cervical Cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Classify and give disease association of HIV

A

RNA envelopedAIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Classify and give disease association of Rubella

A

RNA envelopedRash, congenital rubella syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Classify and give disease association of Rota virus

A

RNA envelopedDiarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Classify and give disease association of Coronavirus

A

RNA envelopedSARS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Classify and give disease association of Polio

A

Inflammation of the spinal cordRNA non-enveloped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Classify and give disease association of Hepatitis A

A

RNA non-enveloped Liver disease

29
Q

Give gram reaction and disease association of Staphylococcus aureus

A

+’veAbscesses, toxic shock syndrome and food poisoning. If organisms enter the bloodstream they may cause endocarditis and osteomyelitis.

30
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Streptococcus pyogenes

A

+’veNecrotising fasciitis (flesh easting bacteria)

31
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Group B Streptococci

A

+’veNeonatal sepsis and meningitis

32
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

+’vePneumonia (also meningitis, sepsis, endocarditis)

33
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Clostridium perfingens

A

+’veGas gangrene

34
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Clostridium difficile

A

+’veAntibiotic associated diarrhoea (can lead to pseudomembranous colitis)

35
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Neisseria meningitidis

A

-‘veSepticaemia and meningitis

36
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Neisseria gonorrhoea

A

-‘veGonorrhoea, which can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and epididymitis

37
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Escherichia coli

A

-‘veWatery diarrhoea, acute renal failure (haemolytic-uremic syndrome)

38
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Salmonella spp.

A

-‘veGastroenteritis, typhoid fever

39
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Shigella

A

-‘veDysentery, bloody diarrhoea (is closely related to E.coli)

40
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

-‘veGeneralised inflammation, sepsis

41
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Legionella spp.

A

-‘vePontiac fever, Legionnaire’s disease (legionellosis)- acute influenza or pneumonia

42
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Helicobacter pylori

A

-‘veCausal role in peptic ulcers, especially duodenal

43
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Bacteroides spp.

A

-‘veAbcesses, lesions

44
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Chlamydia spp.

A

-‘veChlamydia

45
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Acid FastTuberculosis

46
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

A

Acid FastLeprosy

47
Q

What are the two methods of identifying bacteria?

A

Gram Stain and Acid Fast

48
Q

DNA enveloped viruses?

A

Hepatitis BHerpesSmallpox

49
Q

DNA non-enveloped viruses?

A

HPV

50
Q

RNA enveloped viruses?

A

HIVRubellaRotavirusCoronavirus

51
Q

RNA non-enveloped viruses?

A

PolioHepatitis A

52
Q

Which antibiotics target the cell wall?

A

PenicillinAmoxicillinFlucloxacillinCephalexinVancomycin

53
Q

Which antibiotics target protein synthesis?

A

GentamicinErythromycinTetracycline

54
Q

Which antibiotics target antifolates?

A

TrimethoprimMetronidazole

55
Q

Which antibiotic targets RNA polymerase?

A

Rifampicin

56
Q

Which antibiotic targets DNA?

A

Ciprofloxacin

57
Q

Antibiotics in Beta-Lactams group?

A

PenicillinAmoxicillinFlucloxacillinCephalexin

58
Q

Antibiotics in glycopeptide group?

A

Vancomycin

59
Q

Antibiotic in Macrolide group?

A

Erythromycin

60
Q

Antibiotic in polypeptide group?

A

Tetracycline

61
Q

Antibiotic in chemotheraputic group?

A

Ciprofloxacin

62
Q

What habitats can microbes occupy?

A

SoilAirBodily fluidsAnimalsPlantsHumans

63
Q

Define Reservoir

A

Any person, plant, animal, soil or substance in which an infectious agent lives

64
Q

Define source

A

Readily available form of an infective agent

65
Q

Define mode of transmission

A

Ingestion, inhalation, physical contact, inoculation, sexual transmission

66
Q

Define carriage

A

Passage taken by microorganism

67
Q

Define normal flora

A

Non-pathogenic bacteria found in our bodies E.g. In the gut

68
Q

Define commensal

A

Symbiotic relationship where one species (microbe) benefits from the relationship and the host is unaffected – when microbe is replicating or waiting for immune system to be compromised

69
Q

Where is lipopolysaccharide found?

A

In the outermembrane– would give a gram negative stain result

1 - TOB (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions