Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of a gland

A

An epithelial cell or collection of cells specialised for secretion

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2
Q

Give the four ways in which glands can be defined

A

Destination of secretion, structure of the gland, nature of the secretion and method of discharge

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3
Q

Whena are multicellular glands classed as simple?

A

When their ducts don’t branch

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4
Q

Name the two types of structure glands can be?

A

Alveolar (acinar) or tubular

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5
Q

What type of gland is this? Where is it found?

A

Simple Tubular Intestinal glands

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6
Q

What type of gland is this? Where is it found?

A

Simple Coiled tubular Merocrine Sweat Glands

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7
Q

What type of gland is this? Where is it found?

A

Simple branched tubular Gastric Glands

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8
Q

What gland type is this? Where is it found?

A

Simple branched alveolar Sebacous glands

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9
Q

What type of gland is this? Where is it found?

A

Compound alveolar Mammary glands

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10
Q

What kind of gland is this? Where is it found?

A

Compound tubular, mucous glands

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11
Q

What kind of gland is this, and where is it found?

A

Compound tubuloalveolar Salivary glands, pancreas

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12
Q

What are the two types of classification by destination?

A

Exocrine and endocrine

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13
Q

Define exocrine

A

A gland with ducts

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14
Q

Define endocrine

A

A ductless gland that secretes directly into blood

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15
Q

What are the two types of secretory gland?

A

Mucous and Serous

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16
Q

What do mucous glands produce? How well do they stain?

A

Secretions contain mucous, rich in mucins (highly glycosylated polypeptides). Stain poorly in H&E.

17
Q

What do serous glands secrete? How well do they stain, and what colour?

A

Watery, mucus free secretions which often contain enzymes. Eosinophillic (pink) in H&E stains.

18
Q

Give three methods of secretion

A

Merocrine, Apocrine, Holocrine

19
Q

Name two merocrine glands, and give the process of secretion (5)

A

Salivary glands, pancreas Membrane bound vesicle approaches cell surface Vesicle fuses with plasma membrane Contents of vesicle are in continuity with the extracellular space Plasma membrane is very slightly larger Membrane retrieved, stabilising cell surface area

20
Q

Name an apocrine gland and give its step by step method of secretion (6)

A

mammary gland (myoepithelial cells assist secretion) Non-membrane bound structure (e.g. a lipid) approaches cell surface Makes contact and pushes up apical membrane Thin layer of apical cytoplasm drapes around droplet Membrane surrounding droplet pinches off from cell Plasma membrane is very slightly smaller Membrane added to regain original surface area

21
Q

Give a holocrine gland, and outline its method of secretion (3)

A
22
Q

What is endocytosis, and in what process is it useful?

A

Endocytosis is the process of engulfing material initially outside the cell. Endo/Exocytosis are coupled in transepithelial transport.

23
Q

What is merocrine secretion also known as?

A

Exocytosis

24
Q

Why is transepithelial transport good?

A

Because it allows molecule too large to penetrate membranes to be shunted across from one component of the body to another.

25
Q

Give process of transepithelial transport (3)

A

Material is endocytosed at one surface of the cell The transport vesicle shuttles it across the cytoplasm The material/vesicle is then exocytosed at the opposite surface.

26
Q

Give four features of the structure of the golgi apparatus

A

Stack of disc-shaped cisternae One side of the discs are flattened, other side is concave Discs have swelling at their edges (Vesicles that bud off) Distal swellings pinch off as migratory Golgi Vacuoles

27
Q

Give four functions of golgi apparatus

A
28
Q

Give three product destinations of golgi apparatus

A
29
Q

What does glycosylation do to a cell?

A

Branching sugars offer complex shapes for specific interactions in the glycocalyx Allows Adhesion to substrates & neighbouring cells Communication with neighbouring cells Contact inhibition of movement and division Mobility of cells

30
Q

What does enzymatic destruction of glycocalyx alter?

A

Adhesion to substrates & neighbouring cells Communication with neighbouring cells Contact inhibition of movement and division Mobility of cells

31
Q

Give four mechanisms of secretory control

A

Nervous Control Endocrine control Neuro-endocrine control Negative feedback chemical mechanism

32
Q

Give example of nervous control

A
33
Q

Give example of endocrine control

A

adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland to secrete hormones (e.g. Cortisol)

34
Q

Give example ofNeuro-endocrine control

A

nervous cells of the hypothalamus control ACTH secretion from the anterior pituitary gland

35
Q

Give example ofNegative feedback chemical mechanism

A

the inhibitory effect of high thyroxine (T3 & T4) levels on TSH synthesis by the anterior pituitary gland.

36
Q

Give three example of exocrine glands

A
37
Q

Give four examples of endocrine glands

A