Infection control, Safety, First Aid, Personal wellness Flashcards
When a microorganism invades the body, multiplies, and causes injury or disease
Infection
These are microorganisms that cause disease
Pathogens
These are nonpathogenic microorganisms on our skin and in other areas (GIT)
Normal flora
Refers to an infection affecting only one area of the body
local infection
refers to an infection affecting the entire body
systemic infection
An infection from one’s own flora
Autogenous infection
An infection spread from person to person
Communicable Infection
infection acquired in hospitals or other health care facilities
Nosocomial Infection
An infection wherein microorganisms develop resistance to specific antibiotics
Antibiotic-resistant infections
Infection wherein pathogenic microorganisms resistant to several drugs
Multidrug resistant organisms (superbugs)
a continuous link in the transmission of harmful organisms between a source and the susceptible host
chain of infection
COMPONENTS OF THE CHAIN OF INFECTION:
* Causative agent
* Pathogenic microbe responsible for causing an infection
* Bacteria, parasites, fungi, viruses
Infectious agents (source)
COMPONENTS OF THE CHAIN OF INFECTION:
* Source of an infectious agent
* Place where the microbe could grow, survive and multiply
* Humans, animals, insects, food, water, soil, equipment
Reservoir
COMPONENTS OF THE CHAIN OF INFECTION:
* a way an infectious agent can leave a reservoir host
* secretions from eyes, nose, mouth
* exudates from wounds, mucous membranes, tissue specimens, blood, feces, urine
Exit pathway
COMPONENTS OF THE CHAIN OF INFECTION:
* Contact ( Direct or Indirect)
* Droplets
* Airborne
* Vector
* Vehicle
Means of transmission
physical transfer of infective material from the source to the susceptible host through close or intimate contact
direct contact (means of transmission)
transfer of infective material via an object ,such as bed linens, instruments, furniture
Indirect contact (means of transmission)
▪ Transfer of an infectious agent to the mucous membranes of a susceptible individual via infectious droplets
▪ 5 um or larger
▪ Do not remain suspended in the air
▪ Transmitted through coughing , sneezing, talking
Droplet transmission
- Dispersal of infectious agents that can remain infective for long periods of time in particles less than 5um and can be inhaled
- droplet nuclei or dried residue of droplets
- Airborne droplet nuclei develop when the fluid of pathogenic droplets evaporates
- small and light they may remain suspended in the air for several hours
- can be spread via ventilation systems
Airborne transmission
Transfer of infective material through contaminated items such as food or water
vehicle
Transmission by insect or animal vectors. Examples: Dengue, Malaria ( mosquitoes)
vector-borne (means of transmission)
*A way an infectious agent enters a susceptible host
*body orifices
*mucous membranes
*breaks in the skin
Portal of entry (entry pathway)
- Someone who is prone to infection ( elderly, newborn, immune-suppressed, unvaccinated, with acute or chronic illness)
Susceptible host
Breaking the Chain of Infection
* stopping _____ at the source
* preventing _______ with substances from exit pathways
* ____ means of transmission
* blocking _____ to entry pathways
*reducing or eliminating the _____ of potential hosts
- infections
- contact
- eliminating
- exposure
- susceptibility
These are what?
* Effective hand hygiene procedures
* Good nutrition, adequate rest, and reduction of stress
* Immunization against common pathogens
* Proper decontamination of surfaces and instruments
* Proper disposal of sharps and infectious waste
* Use of personal protective equipment (PPE)
* Use of needle safety devices during blood collection
WAYS TO BREAK THE CHAIN OF INFECTION
What are these?
* Infection control programs
* Insect and rodent control
* Isolation procedures
WAYS HEALTHCARE INSTITUTIONS BREAK THE CHAIN
- to protect patients, employees, and visitors from infection
- to screen employees for infectious diseases and to require immunization when needed
- to provide evaluation and treatment to health workers who have been exposed to infections while performing their duty
- to monitor employees and patients who are at risk of infection and to collect data from patients and health workers who have been exposed to such danger
4 functions of infection control program
This is an effective way to prevent the spread of infection
hand hygiene
- Use plain soap and water
- When hands are visibly dirty
- Before eating and after using the restroom
routine handwashing
- Use antimicrobial soap or alcohol-based sanitizers
- Alcohol-based hand sanitizers when hands are not visibly dirty
- Put sanitizer on hands, rub hands together for 20 seconds or until it feels dry
Hand antisepsis
Aside from routine handwashing, and hand antisepsis, what is the third hand hygiene infection control method?
Two-minute scrub
What are these?
* Before and after each patient contact
* Between unrelated procedures on a patient
* Before putting on gloves and after taking them off
* Before leaving the laboratory
* Before going to lunch or on break
* Before and after going to the restroom
* Whenever hands become visibly or knowingly contaminated
SITUATIONS THAT REQUIRE HAND HYGIENE PROCEDURES
According to WHO guidelines, when performing ________ , hand hygiene should be performed:
1. Before touching a patient
2. Before performing a clean or aseptic procedure
3. After a risk of body fluid exposure
4. After touching a patient
5. After touching patient surroundings
direct patient care
These are applicable in what?
* alcohol-based antiseptic hand cleaners that contain a minimum of 60% alcohol
* if the hands are not visibly soiled
* cover all surfaces of the hands, including between the fingers
* allow to evaporate
* 20 to 30 seconds
USE OF ALCOHOL-BASED ANTISEPTIC HAND CLEANERS
These are equipment worn to minimize exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace injuries and illnesses
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
“specialized clothing or equipment worn by an employee for protection against infectious materials” (OSHA)
PPE
What level of PPE is/are surgical mask?
Level 1
What level of PPE is/are surgical mask, googles or face shield, gown, gloves
Level 2 PPE
What level of PPE is/are n95 mask, googles or face shield, gloves, surgical cap, scrub suits, gowns (or coveralls), shoe covers
Level 3
What level of PPE is/are N95 mask (or PAPR), goggles or face shield, double gloves, surgical cap, scrub suits, coveralls (Hazmat suit), dedicated shoes, shoe covers?
Level 4
- Worn during blood collection and handling of specimen
- should be worn over the cuffs of the lab gown
gloves
- Purpose – patient care, environmental services, others
- material – vinyl, latex, nitrile, others
- Sterile or nonsterile
- One or two pair
- Single use or reusable
- Work from “clean to dirty”
gloves
- Worn when entering the room of a patient in isolation
- Fluid-proof _____ – spattering of body fluids
- Worn once, then discard
- Should cover both the nose and mouth
- Never be worn around the neck
mask
- Fluid resistant
- Disposable
- Should be put on first
- Make sure that it is fastened, and the belt tied
gowns
- Gown
- Mask or Respirator
- Goggles or Face shield
- Gloves
SEQUENCE FOR WEARING (DONNING) PPE
- If ____ is too small, use two
– #1 ties in front
– #2 ties in back
gown
- Fully cover torso from neck to knees, arms to end of wrists, and wrap around the back
- Fasten in back of neck and waist
- Select appropriate type and size
- Opening is in the back
- Secure at neck and waist
(wearing of) gown
- Place over nose, mouth and chin
- Fit flexible nose piece over nose bridge
- Secure on head with ties or elastic
(wearing of) masks
- Secure ties or elastic bands at middle of head and neck
- Fit flexible band to nose bridge
- Fit snug to face and below chin
- Fit-check respirator
(wearing of) respirator
What PPE is this?
* Place over face and eyes and adjust to fit
goggles
What PPE is this?
* Extend to cover wrist of isolation gown
gloves
- Areas of PPE that have or are likely to have been in contact with body sites, materials, or environmental surfaces where the infectious organism may reside
Contaminated (outside front)
- Areas of PPE that are not likely to have been in contact with the infectious organism
Clean (inside, outside back, ties on head and back)
SEQUENCE FOR REMOVAL (DOFFING) OF PPE? (normal)
- Gloves
- Goggles and Face shield
- Gown
- Mask or Respirator
SEQUENCE FOR REMOVAL (DOFFING) OF PPE? (COVID-19)
- Gloves
- Gown
- Perform Hand Hygiene - Goggles and Face shield
- Mask or Respirator Perform hand Hygiene
What process is this?
* Using a gloved hand, grasp outside edge near wrist
* Peel away from hand, turning glove inside-out
* Hold in opposite gloved hand
* Slide ungloved finger under the wrist of the remaining glove
* Peel off from inside
* Discard gloves in a waste container
Removing contaminated gloves
What process is this?
* Remove from the back by lifting head band or earpieces
* If the item is reusable, place in designated receptacle for reprocessing or discard in a waste container
Removing goggles or face shield
What process is this?
* Unfasten it, taking care that sleeves don’t contact your body when reaching for ties
* Pull it away from neck and shoulders, touching inside of gown only
* Turn it inside out
* Fold or roll into a bundle and discard in a waste container
Removing used gowns
What process is this?
* Grasp bottom ties or elastics, then the ones at the top, and remove without touching the front
* Discard in a waste container
Removing used mask
- Perform proper hand washing before donning PPE
- Bring items necessary for specimen collection
- Leave blood collection tray outside the nursery/ICU (anteroom)
- Remove gloves, wash hands (use a new pair of gloves between
patients)
- Remove gloves, wash hands (use a new pair of gloves between
NURSERY AND NEONATAL ICU INFECTION CONTROL TECHNIQUE
This procedure separate patients with certain transmissible infections from contact with other patients and limit their contact with hospital personnel and visitors
isolation procedures
This is used for patients who are highly susceptible to infections.
Protective (reverse) isolation
These are microorganisms in the human blood that are infectious and can cause human disease
blood-borne pathogens
4 common blood-borne pathogens
- hepatitis b
- hepatitis c
- hepatitis d
- Immunodeficiency virus
Blood-borne pathogen that can survive a week on objects
hepatitis b virus
What type of blood-borne pathogen is this?
* Hepatitis S/S : flu-like, fatigue, loss of appetite, mild fever, muscle joint, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting
* MOT: needlesticks, sexual contact
* Vaccine: Hepa B
Hepatitis D
This specifies precautions to use in caring for ALL patients regardless of diagnosis or presumed infection status
standard precautions
This specifies precautions to use for patients either suspected or known to be infected with certain pathogens transmitted by airborne, droplet, or contact routes
Transmission-based precautions
Which precaution includes the following?
* Hand hygiene
* Use of personal protective equipment
* Respiratory hygiene / cough etiquette
* Sharps safety (engineering and work practice controls)
* Sterile instruments and devices
* Clean and disinfected environmental surfaces
standard precautions
What precaution has this?
* for patients diagnosed or suspected of a specific transmissible disease
* Precautions based on whether the disease is transmitted by
* Airborne
* Droplets
* Contact
TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTIONS
These results/risks in what?
1. needle-stick injury
2. blood or body fluid splashes in the eyes, nose or mouth
3. blood or body fluid comes in contact with cut, scratch or abrasion
4. human bite cuts the skin
Exposure to blood-borne pathogens
These are what you do in case of what?
1. Remove sharp or foreign object
2. Wash the site with soap and water for at least 30 seconds
Blood-Borne Pathogen Exposure: Caused by needlestick or any sharp objects
These are what you do in case of what?
1. Flush with water or saline for at least 10 minutes
2. Eyes: use eyewash station (remove contact lenses)
3. Report the incident to the immediate supervisor
Blood-Borne Pathogen Exposure: Through Mucous Membrane
What part of the exposure control plan are these?
* Cleaning up spill and decontaminating soiled areas immediately with disinfectant
* 1:10 bleach solution(sodium hypochlorite)
* Prepared daily
* Wear gloves
* Use absorbent material
* Broken glass: do not pick up with hands
* Use brush, dustpan or tongs
surface decontamination
Refers to any material that could be harmful to one’s health
biohazard
- Safe handling of biological substances that pose a risk to health.
- used to prevent and protect clinical laboratories from harmful incidents caused by laboratory specimens that are potential hazardous
biosafety
Which biohazard exposure routes are these?
* Aerosols and splashes can be created when specimens are centrifuged, when tube stoppers are removed, and when specimen aliquots are being prepared
a. observe proper handling practices
b. wear PPE properly
c. use safety shields and guards
airborne
Which biohazard exposure routes are these?
* Biohazards can be ingested if healthcare workers neglect to sanitize hands before handling food
a. Frequent hand sanitization, wash hands frequently
b. avoid hand-to-mouth activities
c. avoid placing items in the mouth
ingestion
Which biohazard exposure routes are these?
* through breaks or cuts in the skin
a. cover skin breaks or cuts with non-permeable bandages
Non-intact skin
Which biohazard exposure routes are these?
* through the skin (intact) due to needlesticks and other sharp objects
a. use needle safety devices.
b. wear heavy duty utility gloves when cleaning broken glass
c. never handle broken glass with bare hands
percutaneous
Which biohazard exposure routes are these?
* through mucus membranes ;mouth , nose , eyes
a. proper specimen handling
b. avoid rubbing, touching eyes, nose and mouth
permucosal
These are what you do in case of what?
* Shut off the source of electricity
* Source of electricity cannot be shut off?
* use nonconducting material to remove the source of electricity from the victim
* Call for medical assistance
* Start CPR if necessary
* Keep the victim warm
electric shock
These are done to ensure what?
* Conduct regular fire drills
* Be familiar with the location of emergency exits
* Be familiar with the evacuation plans or routes
* Post location of fire extinguishers and heavy blankets
* Know how to use the fire extinguisher
fire safety
What class of fire is this?
Cause: Ordinary combustible materials(wood, paper)
Extinguisher: Water, foam, dry chem
class a
What class of fire is this?
Cause: Flammable liquids and vapors (paint, oil, grease, gasoline)
Extinguisher: Require blocking oxygen dry chem.,CO2 , foam, halon
class b
What class of fire is this?
Cause: Electrical equipment
Extinguisher: non-conducting agents dry chem, CO2 , halon (DO NOT USE FOAM)
class c
What class of fire is this?
Cause: combustible chemicals/ reactive metals Na,Mg, K , litium, Titanium
Extinguisher: Power agents, sand or dry powder
class d
What class of fire is this?
Cause: Cooking oil, grease fats
Extinguisher: liquids designed to prevent splashing, cooling
& smothering the fire
class k
What extinguisher class is needed for these materials?
* cloth
* wood
* rubber
* paper
* plastics
class a
What extinguisher class is needed for these materials?
* gasoline
* grease
* oil
class b
What extinguisher class is needed for these materials?
* electrical fires
class c
What extinguisher class is needed for these materials?
* combustible materials
class d
What extinguisher class is needed for these materials?
* kitchen fires
class k
Why should we never use a water extinguisher on grease fires, electrical fires or class D fires?
The flames will spread and make the fire bigger
These is an all-purpose fire extinguisher that works on class A, B, and C fires. The extinguishing agent is a dry chemical
Class ABC
CO2 extinguishers don’t leave a harmful residue - a good choice for an __________
electrical fire
Meaning of PASS in using fire extinguisher?
- PULL the pin
- AIM the nozzle at the base of the fire
- SQUEEZE the lever slowly
- SWEEP from side to side
This description fits under what?
* heat, fuel, oxidizing agent (oxygen), chemical reaction
* A fire naturally occurs when the elements are combined in the right mixture
* prevented or extinguished by removing any one element
Fire tetrahedron
Acronym “RACE” in case of fire?
- RESCUE - rescue anyone in immediate danger
- ALARM - activate the institutional fire alarm system
- CONTAIN- close all doors
- EXTINGUISH- attempt to extinguish the fire, if possible
Fight a fire if the flames are _______, and evacuate immediately if the flames are ________
smaller than you, taller than you
- radiation exposure depends on what three things?
distance, shielding, and time
- Radiation effects are ______
cumulative
These poses what type of hazard?
* collecting specimens from patients injected with radioactive dyes or from nuclear medicine department
* delivering specimens to radioimmunoassay sections
radiation hazards
The _______ should be:
* aware of institutional radiation safety procedures
* cautious when entering areas with radiation hazard symbol
phlebotomist
What to use in chemical spill procedures?
- Use special kits containing absorbent and neutralizer
Term used to describe abnormal or profuse bleeding
hemorrhage
These are first aid to perform with…?
* Firmly applying direct pressure to the wound until bleeding stops or emergency rescuers arrive.
* Pressure should be applied using cloth or gauze with additional material added if bleeding continues.
external hemorrhage
This refers to an insufficient return of blood flow to the heart, resulting in an inadequate supply of oxygen to all organs and tissues of the body.
shock
What are these symptoms?
* Pale, cold, clammy skin
* Rapid, weak pulse
* Increased, shallow breathing rate
* Expressionless face and staring eyes
common symptoms of shock
These are first aid to perform to a victim of what?
1. Maintain an open airway for the victim.
2. Call for assistance.
3. Keep the patient lying down with the head lower than the rest of the body.
4. Attempt to control bleeding or other cause of shock if known.
5. Keep the victim warm until help arrives
shock
- emergency lifesaving procedure performed when the heart stops beating
CPR – CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
- aims to keep blood and oxygen flowing through the body when a person’s heart and breathing have stopped
CPR – CARDIOPULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
This can keep oxygenated blood flowing to the brain and other vital organs until more definitive medical treatment can restore a normal heart rhythm
CPR – CARDIOPULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
These are what you do before what?
* Check the scene and the person.
* Patient lying on his/her back on a steady surface
* Call 911 for assistance
* ask a bystander to call 911, or a there is no call 911 and begin administering assistance. Check for breathing. If there is no breathing begin CPR
before giving cpr
How many compressions and at what rate should be performed during CPR?
30 compressions at a rate of 100 compressions per minute
using chest compressions and mouth-to-mouth breathing at a ratio of 30:2 compressions-to-breaths.
Conventional CPR
What is the ratio between compressions to breaths in a conventional cpr?
30:2 compressions-to-breaths
In adult victims of cardiac arrest, it is reasonable for rescuers to perform chest compressions at a rate of ________ for an average adult
100 to 120/min and to a depth of at least 2 inches (5 cm)
These are what?
1. Personal Hygiene
2. Proper Nutrition
3. Rest
4. Exercise
5. Proper posture/Back protection
6. Stress management
Personal wellness
These fall under what?
* Shower or bathe and use deodorant on a regular basis
* Brush teeth after eating
* Keep hair clean and neatly combed
* Fingernails should be clean, short, and neatly trimmed
* Avoid heavily scented lotions or colognes
personal hygiene
This falls under what?
* Nutritious food
* plant-based diet rich in a variety of vegetables, fruits, legumes
* minimally processed starchy staple foods
* balance of carbohydrates, fat, protein, vitamins, minerals, and fiber
proper nutrition
This falls under what?
* get the required hours of sleep
* take breaks during the day to rest, refresh, and stay fit
rest
This description falls under what?
* strengthens the immune system
* increases energy
* reduces stress by releasing substances called endorphins
* reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety
exercise
This falls under what?
* Use proper techniques and equipment when lifting heavy objects
proper posture/back protection
- Has damaging effect on personal wellness
- Affects different organs and systems throughout the body
- Weakens immune system
negative stress
What are these?
* Identify your problem and talk about it.
* Learn to relax throughout the day.
* Exercise regularly.
* Avoid making too many changes at once.
* Planning the time you have.
* Set realistic goals—be practical about what you can accomplish.
* Avoid procrastination by tackling the most difficult job first.
Ways to control stress
