Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q
  • transports the oxygenated blood from the heart and lungs all throughout the body thru the arteries, and then the oxygen depleted blood is returned to its origin thru the help of the veins.
A

The circulatory system

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2
Q
  • helps in the coagulation process, regulates the body temperature and assists the body in fighting diseases.
A

The circulatory system

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3
Q

Two main components of the circular system are?

A

Cardiovascular system and lymphatic system

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4
Q
  • hollow muscular organ
  • four chambers (left atrium, right atrium, left ventricles, and right ventricles)
  • surrounded by pericardium (thin, fluid-filled sac)
  • about the same size as of a man’s clenched fist
  • Less than 1 lb. (250 to 350 grams)
A

Heart

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5
Q

Layers of the heart:
* thin, watery membrane in the outer layer of the heart.
* Function: covers the heart and attached to the pericardium

A

Epicardium

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6
Q

Layers of the heart:
* thick layer of cardiac muscles in the middle layer of the heart.
* Function: pumps blood to the arteries by contracting.

A

Myocardium

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7
Q

Layers of the heart:
* thin layer of epithelial cells in the inner layer of the heart.
* Function: lines the valves and interior chambers.

A

endocardium

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8
Q

Chambers of the heart:
- upper right chamber
* Function: Receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

A

Right atrium

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9
Q

Chambers of the heart:
* lower right chamber
* Function: Receives the blood from the right atrium and pumps into pulmonary artery.

A

Right ventricle

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10
Q

Chambers of the heart:
* upper left chamber
* Function: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle.

A

left atrium

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11
Q

Chambers of the heart:
* lower left chamber
* Function: Receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta.

A

left ventricle

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12
Q

Valves of the heart:
* tricuspid valve which is located between the right atrium and right ventricle.
* Function: Closes as the right ventricles contracts preventing blood from flowing back to the right atrium.

A

Right AV Valve

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13
Q

Valves of the heart:
* bicuspid or mitral valve which is located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
* Function: Closes as the left ventricles contracts preventing blood from flowing back to the left atrium

A

Left AV valve

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14
Q

Valves of the heart:
* pulmonary or pulmonic valve located at the entrance of the pulmonary artery.
* Function: Closes when the right ventricle relaxes preventing blood from flowing back to the right
ventricle

A

Right semilunar valve

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15
Q

Valves of the heart:
* aortic valve located at the entrance of the aorta.
* Function: Closes when the left ventricle relaxes preventing blood from flowing back to the left ventricle

A

Left semilunar valve

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16
Q

partition that separates the right
from the left atria.

A

Interatrial septum

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17
Q

separates the right and the
left ventricles.

A

interventricular septum

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18
Q

Two septa?

A

Interatrial septum
Interventricular septum

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19
Q

receives blood supply thru the left and right coronary arteries, and coronary veins return the oxygen depleted blood from the heart muscle back to the heart

A

coronary circulation

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20
Q
  • the Coronary circulation supplies the blood and also provides drainage from the tissues.
  • composed of the left and right coronary arteries and coronary veins
A

Heart function

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21
Q

Systole (contraction) & diastole (relaxation) which lasts about 0.8 seconds

A

cardiac cycle

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22
Q

Sends electric impulses throughout the myocardium which is initiated by the Sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker)

A

Electrical conduction system

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23
Q

Provides the graphical representation of the cardiac cycle’s activity

A

electrocardiogram (ECG)

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24
Q

“lubb” which is the first sound as the ventricles contract or the AV valves close and “dupp” or the second sound which is heard when the semilunar valves close and the ventricles relax.

A

Origin of heart sounds

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25
"lubb" which is the first sound as the _____ contract or the ________ close
ventricles, AV valves
26
"dupp" or the second sound which is heard when the _____ close and the _______ relax
semilunar valves, ventricles
27
What is the average heart rate?
72 bpm
28
refers to the volume of blood pumped per minute
cardiac output
29
A rhythmic throbbing resulting from the alternating expansion and contraction of the artery
pulse
30
The force which was exerted by the blood on the walls of the vessel which is measured by the sphygmomanometer. The ___ is the difference between the systolic (pressure during contraction) and diastolic (pressure during relaxation).
Blood pressure
31
chest pain resulting from reduced blood flow to the heart.
angina pectoris
32
a murmur sound produced when the aortic leaflets fail to fully open during systole
Aortic stenosis
33
an infection that happens when a bacteria enters and resides in the heart lining or blood vessel
bacterial endocarditis
34
results to general feeling or weakness due to insufficient blood being pumped by the heart.
congestive heart failure
35
known as heart attack due to decrease or full stoppage of blood flow that damages the heart muscle.
myocardial infarction
36
inflammation of the pericardial sac that maybe due to viral infection
pericarditis
37
 Arterial Blood Gases (ABG)  Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or Serum glutamicoxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)  Cholesterol  Creatine kinase (CK)  Creatine Kinase (CK)-MB  Digoxin
List of diagnostic tests for heart disorders
38
 Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) Lactate dehydrogenase (LD) isoenzymes  Microbial cultures  Myoglobin  Potassium (K)  Triglycerides  Troponin T (TnT)
List of diagnostic tests for heart disorders
39
the loop which consists of a system of blood vessels through which blood is circulated to the rest of the body
vascular system
40
two divisions of the vascular system?
pulmonary circulation, and systemic circulation
41
thick-walled blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues of the body.
arteries
42
a small-diameter blood vessel that branches out from the arteries and leads to the capillaries
arterioles
43
tubes with thin walls that carry deoxygenated blood from tissues to the heart.
veins
44
a very small vein that collects blood from the capillaries.
venules
45
fine hair-like blood vessels that connect arterioles and veins
capillaries
46
3 layers of the blood vessels
* tunica adventitia (outer connective tissue), * tunica media (middle, muscle and elastic fiber), and * tunica intima (inner, endothelial cells)
47
Structures of the blood vessel
A. Layers B. Lumen C. Valves
48
an enlargement of the artery due to the weakening of the artery wall.
aneurysm
49
hardening of the artery wall due to aging.
arteriosclerosis
50
formation of plaques in the inner walls.
atherosclerosis
51
clot or bubble which causes obstruction of an artery.
embolism
52
obstruction that is carried and lodged in a vessel.
embolus
53
swollen veins in the area of the anus
hemorrhoids
54
inflammation of the veins particularly the wall.
phlebitis
55
swelling of the veins of the legs that usually occurs during pregnancy
thrombophlebitis
56
blood clot that impedes blood flow
thrombus
57
usually found in the legs, these are veins that have been twisted and have enlarged.
varicose veins
58
 D-Dimer  Fibrin degradation products (FDP)  Lipoproteins  Triglycerides  Prothombin time (PT)  Partial thromboplastin time (PTT/APTT)
Diagnostic Test of the vascular system
59
red fluid that is transported throughout the body through the circulatory system
blood
60
two blood function
arterial blood, venous blood
61
* Composed of plasma and other formed elements. * Contains gases (02 , CO2 , N), minerals (Na, K, Ca, Mg), carbs & lipids, proteins, etc.
human blood
62
a clear, straw-colored liquid portion of the blood which is 90% water.
plasma
63
3 components of blood
1. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 2. Leukocytes (white blood cells) 3. Thrombocytes (platelets)
64
_____ is important especially during blood transfusion because the wrong type could agglutinate the red blood cells
Blood type match
65
_______ is necessary to determine the compatibility of the donor and recipient's blood because an individual who do not produce the D antigen will produce anti-D which could be fatal if they encounter the D antigen.
Compatibility and cross-match
66
There are three blood specimen that are collected for testing purposes, which are?
serum, plasma, the whole blood
67
caused by not having enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin
Anemia
68
cancer of the blood forming tissues like the bone marrow or the lymphatic system
leukemia
69
increase of the number of white blood cells in the blood due to illness or infection
leukocytosis
70
reduced number of white cells in the blood
leukopenia
71
the marrow produces too many red blood cells resulting to blood thickening
polycythemia
72
the body produces too many platelets (thrombocytes) which affects the blood clotting
thrombocytosis
73
characterized by low platelet count.
thrombocytopenia
74
Bone marrow examination Complete Blood Count (CBC) Hematocrit (Hct) Hemoglobin (Hb or Hgb) Differential (diff) Indices (MCH, MCV, MCHC) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) Reticulocyte (retic) count ABO & RH type Cross-match Ferritin Iron (Fe) Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)
Diagnostic Test for blood disorders
75
composed of fluids or lymph which is similar to plasma but is composed of 95% wat
lymphatic system
76
* a network of tissues and organs that is responsible for the removal of toxins and waste in the body. * Primary function: The main function is to transport the white blood cells to and from the lymph nodes throughout the body.
lymphatic system of the human body
77
inflammation of lymphatic channels resulting from an infection at a site distal to the channel
lymphangitis
78
- refers to the inflammation of the lymph nodes.
lymphadenitis
79
also called adenopathy, a disease where there is abnormality in the size or number of lymph nodes.
Lymphadenopathy
80
enlargement of the spleen.
Splenomegaly
81
cancer on the part of the immune system characterized by enlarged lymph nodes
Hodgkin's disease
82
- a type of cancer that develops from lymphocytes
Lymphosarcoma
83
- cancer that begins with the lymphocytes.
lymphoma
84
Bone marrow biopsy Complete Blood Count Culture & Sensitivity Lymph node biopsy Mononucleosis test
Diagnostic Test for the Lymphatic System disorder
85
the stoppage of bleeding as a response to an injury.
hemostasis
86
4 interrelated responses to hemostasis
1. Vasoconstriction 2. Formation of the primary platelet plug 3. Progression to the stable blood clot 4. Fibrinolysis or dissolving of clot
87
is the process where the blood changes from a liquid form into a gel that forms the blood clot.
Coagulation or clotting
88
3 types of Coagulation or clotting
1. Enzyme precursors, 2. Cofactors, and 3. Substrates
89
2 Pathways of the clotting cascade:
1. Extrinsic pathway 2. Intrinsic pathway
90
* an enzyme that plays an important role in coagulation. * It amplifies coagulation and converts fibrinogen to soluble fibrin. * This supports the platelet plug formation by activating factor XIII to cross-link fibrin and also controls the formation & coagulation process by activating protein C.
thrombin
91
3 steps when vessel damage occurs
* blood vessel spams (vascular spasm) * platelet plug forms * blood coagulation (clotting)
92
the process where the fibrin is dissolved.
fibrinolysis
93
* This organ’s role in the hemostasis is to synthesize coagulation factors such as V, VIII, prothrombin, & fibrogen. * This organ produces heparin and bile salts needed for synthesis. * It is also responsible for the production of bile salts needed for vitamin K absorption.
role of liver in hemostasis
94
happens when blood clot forms in one or more deep veins, usually in the legs.
Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)
95
when the formation of small clots blocks the small blood vessels.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
96
disorder involving lack of sufficient blood-clotting proteins.
Hemophilia
97
low platelet count
thrombocytopenia
98
 Bleeding time  D-dimer  Factor assays  Fibrin degradation products (FDP)  Platelet function assay (PFA)  Prothrombin time (PT)  Partial thromboplastin time (PTT or APTT)
Diagnostic Test for Hemostatic disorders
99
* also called the elbow pit is a triangular area on the anterior of the elbow. * the first-choice for venipuncture site because there are several major arm veins called antecubital veins which are close to the surface which makes it easy to locate and penetrate.
antecubital fossa
100
a vein arrangement that occurs in about 70% of the population.
H-shaped antecubital veins
101
3 antecubital veins?
* Median cubital vein * Cephalic Vein * Basilic vein
102
- used only if the antecubital veins are not accessible. The veins at the back of the hand which can be used are smaller, so it may be very painful. Take note that the underside of the wrist is never used as a venipuncture site.
other arm and hand veins
103
must not be used in venipuncture with the permission of a physician due to complications such as thrombosis
leg, ankle, and foot veins
104
- not used for routine blood collection and limited to collection of arterial blood gas. Special training is needed and it is more risky for the patient
arteries