Circulatory System Flashcards
- transports the oxygenated blood from the heart and lungs all throughout the body thru the arteries, and then the oxygen depleted blood is returned to its origin thru the help of the veins.
The circulatory system
- helps in the coagulation process, regulates the body temperature and assists the body in fighting diseases.
The circulatory system
Two main components of the circular system are?
Cardiovascular system and lymphatic system
- hollow muscular organ
- four chambers (left atrium, right atrium, left ventricles, and right ventricles)
- surrounded by pericardium (thin, fluid-filled sac)
- about the same size as of a man’s clenched fist
- Less than 1 lb. (250 to 350 grams)
Heart
Layers of the heart:
* thin, watery membrane in the outer layer of the heart.
* Function: covers the heart and attached to the pericardium
Epicardium
Layers of the heart:
* thick layer of cardiac muscles in the middle layer of the heart.
* Function: pumps blood to the arteries by contracting.
Myocardium
Layers of the heart:
* thin layer of epithelial cells in the inner layer of the heart.
* Function: lines the valves and interior chambers.
endocardium
Chambers of the heart:
- upper right chamber
* Function: Receives deoxygenated blood from the body.
Right atrium
Chambers of the heart:
* lower right chamber
* Function: Receives the blood from the right atrium and pumps into pulmonary artery.
Right ventricle
Chambers of the heart:
* upper left chamber
* Function: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle.
left atrium
Chambers of the heart:
* lower left chamber
* Function: Receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta.
left ventricle
Valves of the heart:
* tricuspid valve which is located between the right atrium and right ventricle.
* Function: Closes as the right ventricles contracts preventing blood from flowing back to the right atrium.
Right AV Valve
Valves of the heart:
* bicuspid or mitral valve which is located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
* Function: Closes as the left ventricles contracts preventing blood from flowing back to the left atrium
Left AV valve
Valves of the heart:
* pulmonary or pulmonic valve located at the entrance of the pulmonary artery.
* Function: Closes when the right ventricle relaxes preventing blood from flowing back to the right
ventricle
Right semilunar valve
Valves of the heart:
* aortic valve located at the entrance of the aorta.
* Function: Closes when the left ventricle relaxes preventing blood from flowing back to the left ventricle
Left semilunar valve
partition that separates the right
from the left atria.
Interatrial septum
separates the right and the
left ventricles.
interventricular septum
Two septa?
Interatrial septum
Interventricular septum
receives blood supply thru the left and right coronary arteries, and coronary veins return the oxygen depleted blood from the heart muscle back to the heart
coronary circulation
- the Coronary circulation supplies the blood and also provides drainage from the tissues.
- composed of the left and right coronary arteries and coronary veins
Heart function
Systole (contraction) & diastole (relaxation) which lasts about 0.8 seconds
cardiac cycle
Sends electric impulses throughout the myocardium which is initiated by the Sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker)
Electrical conduction system
Provides the graphical representation of the cardiac cycle’s activity
electrocardiogram (ECG)
“lubb” which is the first sound as the ventricles contract or the AV valves close and “dupp” or the second sound which is heard when the semilunar valves close and the ventricles relax.
Origin of heart sounds
“lubb” which is the first sound as the _____ contract or the ________ close
ventricles, AV valves
“dupp” or the second sound which is heard when the _____ close and the _______ relax
semilunar valves, ventricles
What is the average heart rate?
72 bpm
refers to the volume of blood pumped per minute
cardiac output
A rhythmic throbbing resulting from the alternating expansion and contraction of the artery
pulse
The force which was exerted by the blood on the walls of the vessel which is measured by the sphygmomanometer. The ___ is the difference between the systolic (pressure during contraction) and diastolic (pressure during relaxation).
Blood pressure
chest pain resulting from reduced blood flow to the heart.
angina pectoris
a murmur sound produced when the aortic leaflets fail to fully open during systole
Aortic stenosis
an infection that happens when a bacteria enters and resides in the heart lining or blood vessel
bacterial endocarditis
results to general feeling or weakness due to insufficient blood being pumped by the heart.
congestive heart failure
known as heart attack due to decrease or full stoppage of blood flow that damages the heart muscle.
myocardial infarction
inflammation of the pericardial sac that maybe due to viral infection
pericarditis
Arterial Blood Gases (ABG)
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or Serum glutamicoxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
Cholesterol
Creatine kinase (CK)
Creatine Kinase (CK)-MB
Digoxin
List of diagnostic tests for heart disorders
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
Lactate dehydrogenase (LD) isoenzymes
Microbial cultures
Myoglobin
Potassium (K)
Triglycerides
Troponin T (TnT)
List of diagnostic tests for heart disorders
the loop which consists of a system of blood vessels through which blood is circulated to the rest of the body
vascular system
two divisions of the vascular system?
pulmonary circulation, and systemic circulation
thick-walled blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues of the body.
arteries
a small-diameter blood vessel that branches out from the arteries and leads to the capillaries
arterioles
tubes with thin walls that carry deoxygenated blood from tissues to the heart.
veins
a very small vein that collects blood from the capillaries.
venules
fine hair-like blood vessels that connect arterioles and veins
capillaries
3 layers of the blood vessels
- tunica adventitia (outer connective tissue),
- tunica media (middle, muscle and elastic fiber), and
- tunica intima (inner, endothelial cells)
Structures of the blood vessel
A. Layers
B. Lumen
C. Valves
an enlargement of the artery due to the weakening of the artery wall.
aneurysm
hardening of the artery wall due to aging.
arteriosclerosis
formation of plaques in the inner walls.
atherosclerosis
clot or bubble which causes obstruction of an artery.
embolism
obstruction that is carried and lodged in a vessel.
embolus
swollen veins in the area of the anus
hemorrhoids
inflammation of the veins particularly the wall.
phlebitis
swelling of the veins of the legs that usually occurs during pregnancy
thrombophlebitis
blood clot that impedes blood flow
thrombus
usually found in the legs, these are veins that have been twisted and have enlarged.
varicose veins
D-Dimer
Fibrin degradation products (FDP)
Lipoproteins
Triglycerides
Prothombin time (PT)
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT/APTT)
Diagnostic Test of the vascular system
red fluid that is transported throughout the body through the circulatory system
blood
two blood function
arterial blood, venous blood
- Composed of plasma and other formed elements.
- Contains gases (02 , CO2 , N), minerals (Na, K, Ca, Mg), carbs & lipids, proteins, etc.
human blood
a clear, straw-colored liquid portion of the blood which is 90% water.
plasma
3 components of blood
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
- Leukocytes (white blood cells)
- Thrombocytes (platelets)
_____ is important especially during blood transfusion because the wrong type could agglutinate the red blood cells
Blood type match
_______ is necessary to determine the compatibility of the donor and recipient’s blood because an individual who do not produce the D antigen will produce anti-D which could be fatal if they encounter the D antigen.
Compatibility and cross-match
There are three blood specimen that are collected for testing
purposes, which are?
serum, plasma, the whole blood
caused by not having enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin
Anemia
cancer of the blood forming tissues like the bone marrow or the lymphatic system
leukemia
increase of the number of white blood cells in the blood due to illness or infection
leukocytosis
reduced number of white cells in the blood
leukopenia
the marrow produces too many red blood cells resulting to blood thickening
polycythemia
the body produces too many platelets (thrombocytes) which affects the blood clotting
thrombocytosis
characterized by low platelet count.
thrombocytopenia
Bone marrow examination
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Hematocrit (Hct)
Hemoglobin (Hb or Hgb)
Differential (diff)
Indices (MCH, MCV, MCHC)
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Reticulocyte (retic) count
ABO & RH type
Cross-match
Ferritin
Iron (Fe)
Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)
Diagnostic Test for blood disorders
composed of fluids or lymph which is similar to plasma but is composed of 95% wat
lymphatic system
- a network of tissues and organs that is responsible for the removal of toxins and waste in the body.
- Primary function: The main function is to transport the white blood cells to and from the lymph nodes throughout the body.
lymphatic system of the human body
inflammation of lymphatic channels resulting from an infection at a site distal to the channel
lymphangitis
- refers to the inflammation of the lymph nodes.
lymphadenitis
also called adenopathy, a disease where there is abnormality in the size or number of lymph nodes.
Lymphadenopathy
enlargement of the spleen.
Splenomegaly
cancer on the part of the immune system characterized by enlarged lymph nodes
Hodgkin’s disease
- a type of cancer that develops from lymphocytes
Lymphosarcoma
- cancer that begins with the lymphocytes.
lymphoma
Bone marrow biopsy
Complete Blood Count
Culture & Sensitivity
Lymph node biopsy
Mononucleosis test
Diagnostic Test for the Lymphatic System disorder
the stoppage of bleeding as a response to an injury.
hemostasis
4 interrelated responses to hemostasis
- Vasoconstriction
- Formation of the primary platelet plug
- Progression to the stable blood clot
- Fibrinolysis or dissolving of clot
is the process where the blood changes from a liquid form into a gel that forms the blood clot.
Coagulation or clotting
3 types of Coagulation or clotting
- Enzyme precursors,
- Cofactors, and
- Substrates
2 Pathways of the clotting cascade:
- Extrinsic pathway
- Intrinsic pathway
- an enzyme that plays an important role in coagulation.
- It amplifies coagulation and converts fibrinogen to soluble fibrin.
- This supports the platelet plug formation by activating factor XIII to cross-link fibrin and also controls the formation & coagulation process by activating protein C.
thrombin
3 steps when vessel damage occurs
- blood vessel spams (vascular spasm)
- platelet plug forms
- blood coagulation (clotting)
the process where the fibrin is dissolved.
fibrinolysis
- This organ’s role in the hemostasis is to synthesize coagulation factors such as V, VIII, prothrombin, & fibrogen.
- This organ produces heparin and bile salts needed for synthesis.
- It is also responsible for the production of bile salts needed for vitamin K absorption.
role of liver in hemostasis
happens when blood clot forms in one or more deep veins, usually in the legs.
Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)
when the formation of small clots blocks the small blood vessels.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
disorder involving lack of sufficient blood-clotting proteins.
Hemophilia
low platelet count
thrombocytopenia
Bleeding time
D-dimer
Factor assays
Fibrin degradation products (FDP)
Platelet function assay (PFA)
Prothrombin time (PT)
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT or APTT)
Diagnostic Test for Hemostatic disorders
- also called the elbow pit is a triangular area on the anterior of the elbow.
- the first-choice for venipuncture site because there are several major arm veins called antecubital veins which are close to the surface which makes it easy to locate and penetrate.
antecubital fossa
a vein arrangement that occurs in about 70% of the population.
H-shaped antecubital veins
3 antecubital veins?
- Median cubital vein
- Cephalic Vein
- Basilic vein
- used only if the antecubital veins are not accessible. The veins at the back of the hand which can be used are smaller, so it may be very painful. Take note that the underside of the wrist is never used as a venipuncture site.
other arm and hand veins
must not be used in venipuncture with the permission of a physician due to complications such as thrombosis
leg, ankle, and foot veins
- not used for routine blood collection and limited to collection of arterial blood gas. Special training is needed and it is more risky for the patient
arteries
