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Foundations EXAM 1 > Infection Control (EXAM1) > Flashcards

Infection Control (EXAM1) Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Flora (2)

A

Transient (normal)

Resident

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2
Q

microorganisms that are always present on or in a person and usually don’t cause ay disease

A

Resident flora normal

found in: gut, skin, etc. Helps us

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3
Q

Episodic and found on/inside a person. EX: norovirus (stomach flu) Doesn’t last long

A

Transient Flora

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4
Q

Pathogen VS Virulence

A
  • Cause disease

- Power of the organism to cause disease

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5
Q

Chain of infection: Resevoir

A

Can be living or nonliving. Harbors an organism (infection)

  • human, food, areas of moisture (nose/mouth), ^ temp area, larger patients (under folds, breast, underarms), ^ oxygen^, correct PH
  • plants, animals, water supplies etc.
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6
Q

Chain of infection: portal of exit

A

How the organism leaves the body.

Sneezing, pee, saliva, feces, wound damage

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7
Q

Chain of infection: mode of transmission: Direct vs Indirect

A

Direct: touch, kiss, sex, insects,
Indirect: computer keyboard, pen, stethoscope, oxygen movement

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8
Q

Chain of Entry: Portal of Entry

-definition and sights-

A

Sight (portals) at which organism/pathogen enters the host and causes disease or infection.

  • usually enters the host through the portal they exited of previous host*
    1. ) normal body openings
    2. ) vector created openings
    3. ) portal of entries in hospital
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9
Q

Vector-borne disease

A

Human illnesses caused by parasites, viruses, and bacteria that are transmitted by mosquitos, sandflies, bugs, black flies, ticks, mites, snails and lice.

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10
Q

Chain of Infection: Susceptible Host

A

Someone who is at the risk of infection. Decreased immune system usually (exhuasted, sick, stressed etc)

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11
Q

Prodromal period of pathogen

A

Early signs and symptoms

Fever, fatigue

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12
Q

Illness period of pathogen

A

Clinical signs and symptoms

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13
Q

Convalescent period of pathogen

A

Signs and symptoms recede… person returns to health

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14
Q

Classifying infections: Site

A

Localized or Systemic?

From a bug bight and its just there or a nasal bite that goes systemic?

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15
Q

Classification of infection starting point?

A

Primary: 1st time your exposed (no antibodies built up)

Secondary: occurs during/ after treatment for another infection. Caused by 1st type of treatment or changes in the immune system (EX: vaginal yeast infection after taking antibiotics for a infection)**

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16
Q

Classification of infection source: (2)

A
  1. Exogenous- pathogen from outside person’s body

2. Endogenous - pathogen from person’s own body

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17
Q

Classification of infection: how long?

A

Acute- rapid onset, briefly symptomatic, resolved within days
Chronic- commonly caused by viruses (Herpes, Epstein bar, hepatitis)
Latent- hidden or inactive/dormant. May not know you have it ( herpes, shingles) Can still pass on to someone**
Active- virus/bacteria actively replicating and causing symptoms

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18
Q

Infectious predictable stages (5)

A
  1. Incubation Period- occurs in acute disease after initial entry of pathogen to enter host. Pt unaware that disease is being developed/multiplying. (Strep throat)
  2. Prodromal stage- after incubation. Pathogen continues to multiple and pt experiences signs/symptoms from activation of immune system (fever, soreness, cough, swelling, inflamm)
  3. Illness Stage- Full blown signs/symptoms are most obvious
  4. Decline- pathogens & particles: decrease. Signs/symptoms decline and start to feel a little better. Become susceptible to developing a secondary infection.
  5. Convalescence- pt returns to normal. Some disease may inflict permanent damage (only sometimes)
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19
Q

Healthcare-Acquired Infections (HAI’s)

A 
Infections associated with healthcare giving setting,
EX: pneumonia
GI illness
UTI
Primary bloodstream infections
Surgical site infection
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20
Q

Nosocomial Infections

A

More specific to hospital setting

EX: c. Diff

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21
Q

Important nursing agencies

A

Joint Commission Internations (OSHA)

22
Q

Colonization

A

Microorganisms invades host but does not cause infection, found in chronic illnesses- particularly renal

23
Q

Communicable Disease

A

Transferable disease.

The infectious process transmitted from 1 person to another.

24
Q

Chain of infection

A 
Infectious Agent
Susceptible host
Reservoir
Portal of Entry
Portal of Exit
Mode of Transmission
25
Q

Common Microorganisms

A

E-coli
Staff
MRSA

26
Q

Normal Flora

A

Resident flora
Beneficial or essential for human health
Found in skin, gut, etc

27
Q

Common normal flora

A

Staphylococci on skin

28
Q

Epidemic

A

Diseases that affect large group of people at one time

29
Q

Pandemic

A

Basically an epidemic that moves to different areas (worldwide)

30
Q

MRSA- Staphylococcus aureus

A
  • Lives on skin and nose
  • Treated with: methicillin, but resistant strains need more treatment
  • Spread by: skin to skin and crowded conditions.
  • Spread by most vulnerable patients and in secondary infections
  • Aggressive hand washing or alcohol based hand rubs: 20-30 seconds must be done before touching these ppl
31
Q

VRE- Enterococci

A
  • Enterococcus-
  • resides in: GI, female genital tract, environment
  • Occurs in hospital and spread contributed to failed infection control,
  • Leading cause of healthcare acquired bacterium surgical wound infections, UTI’s
  • Risk factors: previous long term use of antibiotics, weak immune system, surgery, long term devices (catheters), colonization by VRE
32
Q

C-Diff

A

Clostridium Difficile

  • can be a carrier (3% adults carry harmless version
  • harmful when antibiotics destroy healthy flora normally protecting gut
  • new strains resistant to all antibiotics, can cause sepsis, removal of colon, and even death.
  • thrives in hospital
33
Q

Preventing C-Diff spread

A
  • *Contact precautions for pt with diarrhea
  • identify pt with GI issues
  • soap and water hand hygiene**
  • bleach disinfectant (on all equipment/things in room)
  • DON’T OVERUSE ANTIBIOTICS
34
Q

Body’s primary Defenses against Infection

A
  • Skin #1 best (Norma flora lives on skin, kills pathogens, keeps everything shut etc)
  • Respiratory tree: (nares, trachea, bronchi all covered by mucous membrane to trap pathogen/cilia)
  • Eyes: tears contain lysozyme (antimicrobial enzyme)
  • Mouth: saliva contains lysozyme (washes microbes from teeth and gums)
  • GI: stomach acid/gastric acid destroy microorganisms. Small intestine kills by use of bile.
  • GU tract: urine has ^ acidity & lysosomes. Mucous membranes keep pathogens from establishing colonies in urinary tract/vagina/penis
35
Q

First defense to try to get bacteria out of GI tract

A

Vomiting and diarrhea

36
Q

Secondary defenses against a pathogen

A
  1. Phagocytes- eat all bad microorganisms
  2. Complement cascade- …… make bad cells explode. Activate histamine producing cells (basophils). Blood vessels dilate which increases flow of phagocytes etc…
  3. Inflammation- localized warmth, erythema, fluid leaking from permeable blood vessels (aids in phagocytes/WBC’s getting to pathogens)
  4. Fever- rise in core temp. ^ metabolism to help defend body (most docs don’t treat temp until reaches 102)
37
Q

Tertiary Defenses of body

A
  1. Active Immunity- when body makes own antibodies or t cells to protect body.
  2. Passive Immunity- breast milk, immunizations (getting from somewhere else. Body not making them)
  3. Specific immunity- body immune cells learn to recognize certain pathogens and destroy “learned ones (lymphocytes)
  4. Lymphocytes- B Cell & T Cell
    - recognize foreign substance and are triggered. They are called antigens
38
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

Antibody mediated response

- antibodies disable pathogen that it adheres to. Pathogen becomes inactive but NOT destroyed (encapsulated)

39
Q

Agglutination

A

When antibodies have 2 different attachment sites so each antibody can attach to two pathogens at the same time (clumps/agglutinates) them together.

40
Q

Cell mediated Immunity

A

-Killer T cells & B cells (phagocytes) to directly phagocytize the pathogen

41
Q

Factors that increase a pt’s risk for infection

A
  • age (elderly (pneumonia) /super young (RSV))

- immunocompromised

42
Q

Lymphocytes that grow to maturity in the bone marrow

A

B Lymphocytes

43
Q

Lymphocytes that grow to maturity in the Thymus

A

T lymphocytes

44
Q

after lymphocytes mature, they travel to the ___

A

lymph nodes, spleen & other sites of lymphatic tissue

45
Q

Cell-Mediated Immunity- Cytotoxic

A

killer t cells: directly attack and kill the body cells infected with pathogens

46
Q

Transmission based Isolation Categories:

A

Contact: MRSA, VRE, C. Diff
Airborne: Chickenpox, TB
Droplet: Meningococcal Pneumonia

47
Q

ADPIE (E)

A

Evaluation

  • measure the success of the infection control techniques
  • compare the client’s actual response with expected outcomes
  • if goals are not achieved, determine what steps must be taken
48
Q

Removal of soil (organic and inorganic) from objects and surfaces

A

Cleansing

49
Q

A process that eliminates many or all of the microorganisms with the exception of bacterial spores from inanimate objects

A

Disinfection

50
Q

Complete elimination or destruction of all microorganisms, including spores

A

Sterilization

Foundations EXAM 1 (9 decks)

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