Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Foundations EXAM 1 > Infection Control (EXAM1) > Flashcards

Infection Control (EXAM1) Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Flora (2)

A

Transient (normal)

Resident

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

microorganisms that are always present on or in a person and usually don’t cause ay disease

A

Resident flora normal

found in: gut, skin, etc. Helps us

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Episodic and found on/inside a person. EX: norovirus (stomach flu) Doesn’t last long

A

Transient Flora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pathogen VS Virulence

A
  • Cause disease

- Power of the organism to cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Chain of infection: Resevoir

A

Can be living or nonliving. Harbors an organism (infection)

  • human, food, areas of moisture (nose/mouth), ^ temp area, larger patients (under folds, breast, underarms), ^ oxygen^, correct PH
  • plants, animals, water supplies etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chain of infection: portal of exit

A

How the organism leaves the body.

Sneezing, pee, saliva, feces, wound damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chain of infection: mode of transmission: Direct vs Indirect

A

Direct: touch, kiss, sex, insects,
Indirect: computer keyboard, pen, stethoscope, oxygen movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chain of Entry: Portal of Entry

-definition and sights-

A

Sight (portals) at which organism/pathogen enters the host and causes disease or infection.

  • usually enters the host through the portal they exited of previous host*
    1. ) normal body openings
    2. ) vector created openings
    3. ) portal of entries in hospital
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Vector-borne disease

A

Human illnesses caused by parasites, viruses, and bacteria that are transmitted by mosquitos, sandflies, bugs, black flies, ticks, mites, snails and lice.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chain of Infection: Susceptible Host

A

Someone who is at the risk of infection. Decreased immune system usually (exhuasted, sick, stressed etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Prodromal period of pathogen

A

Early signs and symptoms

Fever, fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Illness period of pathogen

A

Clinical signs and symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Convalescent period of pathogen

A

Signs and symptoms recede… person returns to health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Classifying infections: Site

A

Localized or Systemic?

From a bug bight and its just there or a nasal bite that goes systemic?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Classification of infection starting point?

A

Primary: 1st time your exposed (no antibodies built up)

Secondary: occurs during/ after treatment for another infection. Caused by 1st type of treatment or changes in the immune system (EX: vaginal yeast infection after taking antibiotics for a infection)**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Classification of infection source: (2)

A
  1. Exogenous- pathogen from outside person’s body

2. Endogenous - pathogen from person’s own body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Classification of infection: how long?

A

Acute- rapid onset, briefly symptomatic, resolved within days
Chronic- commonly caused by viruses (Herpes, Epstein bar, hepatitis)
Latent- hidden or inactive/dormant. May not know you have it ( herpes, shingles) Can still pass on to someone**
Active- virus/bacteria actively replicating and causing symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Infectious predictable stages (5)

A
  1. Incubation Period- occurs in acute disease after initial entry of pathogen to enter host. Pt unaware that disease is being developed/multiplying. (Strep throat)
  2. Prodromal stage- after incubation. Pathogen continues to multiple and pt experiences signs/symptoms from activation of immune system (fever, soreness, cough, swelling, inflamm)
  3. Illness Stage- Full blown signs/symptoms are most obvious
  4. Decline- pathogens & particles: decrease. Signs/symptoms decline and start to feel a little better. Become susceptible to developing a secondary infection.
  5. Convalescence- pt returns to normal. Some disease may inflict permanent damage (only sometimes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Healthcare-Acquired Infections (HAI’s)

A 
Infections associated with healthcare giving setting,
EX: pneumonia
GI illness
UTI
Primary bloodstream infections
Surgical site infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nosocomial Infections

A

More specific to hospital setting

EX: c. Diff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Important nursing agencies

A

Joint Commission Internations (OSHA)

22
Q

Colonization

A

Microorganisms invades host but does not cause infection, found in chronic illnesses- particularly renal

23
Q

Communicable Disease

A

Transferable disease.

The infectious process transmitted from 1 person to another.

24
Q

Chain of infection

A 
Infectious Agent
Susceptible host
Reservoir
Portal of Entry
Portal of Exit
Mode of Transmission
25
Common Microorganisms
E-coli Staff MRSA
26
Normal Flora
Resident flora Beneficial or essential for human health Found in skin, gut, etc
27
Common normal flora
Staphylococci on skin
28
Epidemic
Diseases that affect large group of people at one time
29
Pandemic
Basically an epidemic that moves to different areas (worldwide)
30
MRSA- Staphylococcus aureus
- Lives on skin and nose - Treated with: methicillin, but resistant strains need more treatment - Spread by: skin to skin and crowded conditions. - Spread by most vulnerable patients and in secondary infections - Aggressive hand washing or alcohol based hand rubs: 20-30 seconds must be done before touching these ppl
31
VRE- Enterococci
- Enterococcus- - resides in: GI, female genital tract, environment - Occurs in hospital and spread contributed to failed infection control, - Leading cause of healthcare acquired bacterium surgical wound infections, UTI’s - Risk factors: previous long term use of antibiotics, weak immune system, surgery, long term devices (catheters), colonization by VRE
32
C-Diff
Clostridium Difficile - can be a carrier (3% adults carry harmless version - harmful when antibiotics destroy healthy flora normally protecting gut - new strains resistant to all antibiotics, can cause sepsis, removal of colon, and even death. - thrives in hospital
33
Preventing C-Diff spread
* *Contact precautions for pt with diarrhea - identify pt with GI issues - soap and water hand hygiene** - bleach disinfectant (on all equipment/things in room) - DON’T OVERUSE ANTIBIOTICS
34
Body’s primary Defenses against Infection
- Skin #1 best (Norma flora lives on skin, kills pathogens, keeps everything shut etc) - Respiratory tree: (nares, trachea, bronchi all covered by mucous membrane to trap pathogen/cilia) - Eyes: tears contain lysozyme (antimicrobial enzyme) - Mouth: saliva contains lysozyme (washes microbes from teeth and gums) - GI: stomach acid/gastric acid destroy microorganisms. Small intestine kills by use of bile. - GU tract: urine has ^ acidity & lysosomes. Mucous membranes keep pathogens from establishing colonies in urinary tract/vagina/penis
35
First defense to try to get bacteria out of GI tract
Vomiting and diarrhea
36
Secondary defenses against a pathogen
1. Phagocytes- eat all bad microorganisms 2. Complement cascade- ...... make bad cells explode. Activate histamine producing cells (basophils). Blood vessels dilate which increases flow of phagocytes etc... 3. Inflammation- localized warmth, erythema, fluid leaking from permeable blood vessels (aids in phagocytes/WBC’s getting to pathogens) 4. Fever- rise in core temp. ^ metabolism to help defend body (most docs don’t treat temp until reaches 102)
37
Tertiary Defenses of body
1. Active Immunity- when body makes own antibodies or t cells to protect body. 2. Passive Immunity- breast milk, immunizations (getting from somewhere else. Body not making them) 3. Specific immunity- body immune cells learn to recognize certain pathogens and destroy "learned ones (lymphocytes) 4. Lymphocytes- B Cell & T Cell - recognize foreign substance and are triggered. They are called antigens
38
Humoral Immunity
Antibody mediated response | - antibodies disable pathogen that it adheres to. Pathogen becomes inactive but NOT destroyed (encapsulated)
39
Agglutination
When antibodies have 2 different attachment sites so each antibody can attach to two pathogens at the same time (clumps/agglutinates) them together.
40
Cell mediated Immunity
-Killer T cells & B cells (phagocytes) to directly phagocytize the pathogen
41
Factors that increase a pt’s risk for infection
- age (elderly (pneumonia) /super young (RSV)) | - immunocompromised
42
Lymphocytes that grow to maturity in the bone marrow
B Lymphocytes
43
Lymphocytes that grow to maturity in the Thymus
T lymphocytes
44
after lymphocytes mature, they travel to the ___
lymph nodes, spleen & other sites of lymphatic tissue
45
Cell-Mediated Immunity- Cytotoxic
killer t cells: directly attack and kill the body cells infected with pathogens
46
Transmission based Isolation Categories:
Contact: MRSA, VRE, C. Diff Airborne: Chickenpox, TB Droplet: Meningococcal Pneumonia
47
ADPIE (E)
Evaluation - measure the success of the infection control techniques - compare the client's actual response with expected outcomes - if goals are not achieved, determine what steps must be taken
48
Removal of soil (organic and inorganic) from objects and surfaces
Cleansing
49
A process that eliminates many or all of the microorganisms with the exception of bacterial spores from inanimate objects
Disinfection
50
Complete elimination or destruction of all microorganisms, including spores
Sterilization

Foundations EXAM 1 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions