Infection Control Flashcards
What is the main route of transmission for streptococcus pyrogenes?
What conditions does it tend to cause?
Route = contact
Cause = wound infections, cellulitis, occasionally invasive infections such as bactermeias
What infection control actions are required for streptococcus pyrogenes?
Singe en suite room until establish on appropriate antibiotocs
Inform health protection team if any invasive infections as household contacts may need prophylactic antibiotics.
What PPE is required for Group A streptococcus?
Gloves and apron
What is the main route of transmission for MRSA?
Contact
What is infection control procedure for MRSA?
Single en-suite toom
Prescribe eradication therapy - pronotderm body wash, nasal ointment and shampoo for 5 days
All new admission are screened (nose, throat, groin swab)
What PPE is required for an MRSA infection?
Gloves and apron
What is the main route of transmission for shingles?
Contact
Or airborne if the patient is immunocompromised
What is the infection control action for shingles?
Patient should be isolated if immunocompromised
Single en-suite room is lesion cannot be covered but isolation not required if lesions can be covered by clothes or a dressing
What PPE is required for a shingles infection?
Gloves and apron
Surgical mask if the patient is immunocompromised.
What infection control actions are needed for influenza?
Single en suite roon with negative pressure or cohort with other patients with same time on influenza for 5days.
Usually 5 days oseltamavir for patient
usually 10 days oseltamavir for prophylaxis to contacts.
What PPE is required for an influenza infection?
Gloves and apron
Fluid resistance surgical facemask for routine care and FFP3 for aerosol generating procedures.
What is the infection control procedure for COVID-19?
Singe en-suite room with negative pressure or cohort with other patients for 5 days.
What PPE is required for COVID-19 infection?
Gloves and apron
Fluid resistant surgical mask for routine care
FFP3 for aerosol generating procedures.
What is the infection control procedure for mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Single en-suite room (negative pressure)
Inform Health Protection Team as contact tracing required.
What PPE is required for mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Gloves and apron
FFP3 for routine care andAGPs whilst patient is considered infectious and always if suspected to have MDR or XDR TB
What is the main method of transmission for carbapenemase resistance enterobactase?
Contact
What is the Infection Control Procedure for CRE?
Single en-suite room
Decontaminate clinical areas with hydrogen peroxide vapour after patient leaves
Review patient antibiotics if any infection
Screen patient contacts (rectal swab)
Routinely screen any admission is hospital admission outside of the trust within the last 12 months (rectal swab)
What is mode of transmission for norovirus?
Contact (foecal-oral)
What is the appropriate Infection Control Procedure for Norovirus?
Single en-suite room for duration of admission
Decontaminate clinical areas with hydrogen peroxide vapour after patient leaves.
What PPE is required for CRE?
Long sleeved gown
Long gloves
What PPE is required for norovirus?
Gloves and apron
Surgical mask if patient is vomiting.
What is the main route of transmission for C.difficile?
Contact
Foecal Oral
What is the infection control procedure for Clostridium Difficile Infection?
Single en-suite room for duration of admission
Decontaminate clinical areas with hydrogen peroxide vapour after patient leaves
What is the recommended PPE for a C.Diff infection?
Gloves and apron
What is the main route of transmission for viral haemorrhagic fever?
Contact (bodily fluids) /blood borne
What is the main Infection Control Procedure for viral haemorrhagic fever?
Consider in any pyrexial fever returning from a high risk country
Strict isolation in designated isolation room in ED/EAU unit until results back from reference laboratory.
Inform Health Protection Team of any suspected cases
What PPE is appropriate for viral Hemorrhagic fever?
Enhanced PPE.
What is main route of transmission for MERS?
Droplet/airborne
What is the appropriate infection control procedure for MERS?
Consider in any patient returning with a respiratory illness returning from a high risk country.
Strict resp isolation in designated negative pressure room in ED/EAU until results back from laboratory
Inform health protection team of any suspected cases.
What PPE is appropriate for MERS?
Enhanced respiratory PPE.
What are some examples of blood borne viruses?
HIV
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
What is the appropriate infection control procedure for blood borne viruses?
Standard precautions
What is the appropriate PPE for blood borne viruses?
No PPE required unless risk of being splashed by blood.
What is the appropriate Infection control procedure for neutropenic sepsis?
Single en-suite rooom with positive isolation (protective isolation) until no longer neutropenic
What is the appropriate PPE for a neutropenic sepsis?
Gloves
Apron
Surgical Mask
How does norovirus tend to present?
One of the most common cause of gastroenteritis.
Symptoms within 15-20hrs from infection – nausea, vomiting and watery diarrhea.
May be accompanied by headache, low grade fever and myalgia.
How to distinguish between norovirus and offer common differentials?
Salmonella (high grade fever and bloody diarrhea), retrovirus (more common in under 5yrs), E.coli (longer incubation period 3-4days)
How is Norovirus diagnosed?
Gold standard
Stool culture and viral PCR
What is norovirus?
Non-encapsulated RNA virus
What is the management of norovirus?
Isolation of infected - until 48hrs after symptoms have stopped.
Good hand hygeine
Self-limiting in immunocompetent within 72hrs.
Dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities should be managed.
How is norovirus spread?
High infectious – by oral-fecal route, direct or indirect (cross-contam/food prep) often aerosolized when toilet is flushed.
What are some common complications of norovirus?
Chronic gastroenteritis in immuncompromised
Electrolyte abnomalities
Dehydration.
What is C.diff as a microbiologist?
Gram positive
Bacilli
Anaerobic
How does C.diff present?
Associated with repeated antibiotic use, PPIs and healthcare setting.
Can have colonised intestine with no symptoms then after antibiotics becomes problematic as proliferates – produces Toxin A and Toxin B. Cause diarrhoea, nausea and abdominal pain
Severe infection – systemic signs and dehydration
What antibiotics are associated with C.Diff infections?
Clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, cephlasporins, carbapenems
C for C.diff
How is C.Diff diagnosed?
Stool antigen test for C.difficile antigen and A/B toxins (toxins can be tested for by PCR or enzyme immunoassay)
What is the management for a C.diff infection?
Oral vancomycin (first line), oral fidaxomicin (second line) and symptoms support if needed.
Should isolated until 48hrs after last episode of diarrhoea.
Faecal microbiota transplantation – if recurrent
What are the complications from a C.Diff infection?
Releases spores released on feaces, survive on surfaces and hands – high transmission rates.
Pseudomembranous colitis – inflammation in large intestines, with plaque formation
Toxic megacolon – dilation, risk of bowel rupture, require bowel resection.
What is influenza from a microbiology perspective?
RNA virus
A B C cause disease in humans, commonly type A and B
How does influenza present?
2 days incubation then fever, lethary, anorexia, myalgia, headache, dry cough, sore throat, coryzal symptoms.
Compared to common cold: high grade fever and more rapid onset
How is influenza managed?
Annual vaccination: Vaccination – aged 65yrs+, young children, pregnant women, chronic health conditions asthma, COPD, heart failure, health care workers.
Self-limiting – fluid intake and rest
If at risk: Oral oseltamivir BD for 5/7
Inhaled zanamivir BD 5/7.
Must start within 48hrs of symptoms to be affected.
Exposure prophyalxis useful if within 48hrs .
How is influenza diagnosed?
Point of care tests such as swabs detect viral antigens, Viral nasal/throat swabs to lab can undergo PCR.
What are some common complications of influenza?
Otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis
Viral pneumonia
Secondary bacteria pneumonia
Worsening chronic health conditions such as COPD and heart failure
Febrile convulsions (young children)
Encephalitis.
What antibiotics are commonly used in an MRSA infection?
Vancomycin
Teicoplanin
Linezolid
What is the typical history/patient scenario of a MERS patient?
Spread by contact with infected camels, touching, being bitten by, eating camal meat or drinking camel milk, contact with spir, pee or poo. Or close contact with infected human individual
Commonly seen middle east such as Saudia Arabia
