Hyperventilation

Question 1

Define hyperventilation

Answer 1

When the rate or tidal volume of breathing eliminates more CO2 than the body can produce.
Inc RR typically above 20bpm, breathing in more than your body needs.
Rapid and deep breathing.

Question 2

What dangerous problem can occur because of hyperventilation?

Answer 2

Respiratory alkalosis
Type 1 respiratory failure

Question 3

What are the consequences of respiratory alkalosis in hyperventilation?

Answer 3

Leads to cerebral vasoconstriction
Leads to lightheadedness, tingling peripheries and temporary unconsciousness (fainting)

Question 4

What symptoms can coincide with hyperventilation?

Answer 4

Tachycardia
Central cyanosis
Impending sense of doom
Changes in hearing
Changes in vision
Sweating
Chest pain
SOB

Question 5

What is the basic physiology underpinning hyperventilation?

Answer 5

Increased sympathetic tone at the respiratory centres
Many factors can cause this: chemical influences such as inc progesterone, low O2, high CO2, and psychological stress.

Question 6

What are some common differentials for hyperventilation?

Answer 6

Pulmonary - asthma attack, anxiety, PE, pneumonia
CNS - head injury, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, pain
Other - anaphylaxis, drug side effects (cocaine, aspirine, salbutamol overdose), hyperthyroidism, pregnency, high altitude.

Question 7

What treatment can be given for hyperventilation?

Answer 7

Oxygen delivery (stat dependent)
Breath into a bag
Sit upwards - tripod position
Depending on suspected cause - medications: benzos, bronchodilators/steroids, carotid sinus massage.

Question 8

What is meant by hyperventilation syndrome?

Answer 8

A rapid, shallow or irregular breathing pattern unrelated to underlying physical condition.
Often accompanied by palpitations, paresthesia and anxiety.
Typically episodic, occurs at rest and are unrelated to exercise.
Individuals anxiety alters voluntary control of the respiratory centres.