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sarah's biology class > infection and response > Flashcards

infection and response Flashcards

1
Q

The four types of pathogen:

A

Fungi

Protists

Viruses

Bacteria

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2
Q

Ways of spreading diseases

A

direct contact

water

air

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3
Q

Infections are caused whenever……….

A

Infections are caused whenever a foreign pathogen invades an organism.

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4
Q

_________ can make people immune to infection. The more individuals that are vaccinated, the less likely the disease is to spread.

A

Vaccination can make people immune to infection. The more individuals that are vaccinated, the less likely the disease is to spread.

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5
Q

what are protists?

A

Protists are single-celled eukaryotic organisms (they have a nucleus).

Many are parasites, meaning that they live on or inside other organisms.

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6
Q

how are protists transferred?

A

They are often transferred to the host organism by a vector, such as an insect or mosquito.

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7
Q

how do protists make us feel ill?

A

They make us feel ill by damaging our tissues.

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8
Q

what are viruses?

A

Viruses are tiny, non-living (do not contain cells) particles that can reproduce rapidly within the body.

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9
Q

what are bacteria?

A

Bacteria are small living cells that either damage cells directly or by producing toxins (poisons).

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10
Q

bacteria can reproduce rapidly in what type of conditions?

A

warm, moist areas with a good supply of oxygen.

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11
Q

how do bacteria make us feel ill?

A

The toxins released by bacteria can damage cells and tissues, making us feel ill.

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12
Q

how do viruses make us feel ill?

A

They invade host cells and use them to make new virus particles.
Once the new viruses are made, they cause the cells to burst.
The cell damage makes us feel ill.

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13
Q

synthesised is a synonym for what?

A

made

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14
Q

Name the viral diseases described:

A virus that infects plants. The unique ‘mosaic’ pattern of the discolouration of the plant stunts the growth of the affected plant, as photosynthesis cannot take place.

A

TMV

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15
Q

Name the viral diseases described:

Its symptoms include a fever and red skin rash and it can be fatal if complications arise. Most young people are vaccinated against it.

A

measles

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16
Q

Name the viral diseases described:

Spread by sexual contact or the exchange of body fluids (e.g blood from sharing needles).

A

HIV

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17
Q

examples of viral disease?

A

measles

HIV

TMV

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18
Q

______ are tiny non-living (acellular) particles that can reproduce rapidly within the body.

A

Viruses are tiny non-living (acellular) particles that can reproduce rapidly within the body.

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19
Q

properties of viruses

A

acellular

rapid reproduction

need a host cell to replicate

smaller than 1 mm

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20
Q

Viral Reproduction

A

viruses invade host cells

the virus inserts its own DNA into the host cell’s DNA, which is then copied and is used to make more viruses

once the new virus particles synthesised (made), they cause the cell to burst, releasing the viruses to invade other host cells

the cell damage makes us feel ill

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21
Q

How do HIV and AIDS differ?

A

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is caused by HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus).

It is the name given to the life-threatening infections that can occur when a person’s immune system has been badly damaged by HIV.

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22
Q

Name the diseases transmitted by bacteria and fungi:

Bacteria spread by sexual contact. A barrier method of contraception, such as a condom, can stop this bacteria spreading from person to person.

A

Name the diseases transmitted by bacteria and fungi:

Gonorrhoea
Bacteria spread by sexual contact. A barrier method of contraception, such as a condom, can stop this bacteria spreading from person to person.

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23
Q

Name the diseases transmitted by bacteria and fungi:

A bacterial disease transmitted by the ingestion of food that has not been cooked properly or has been prepared in unhygienic conditions.

A

Name the diseases transmitted by bacteria and fungi:

Salmonella
A bacterial disease transmitted by the ingestion of food that has not been cooked properly or has been prepared in unhygienic conditions.

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24
Q

Bacteria are small living cells that either damage cells directly or by __________________

A

Bacteria are small living cells that either damage cells directly or by producing toxins (poisons).

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25
what is true of fungi?
hyphae eukaryotic living
26
Fungi are unicellular or multicellular organisms that have bodies made up of _______ (thread-like structures). The hyphae are able to grow and _______ tissues, such as human skin or the surface of plants.
Fungi are unicellular or multicellular organisms that have bodies made up of hyphae (thread-like structures). The hyphae are able to grow and penetrate tissues, such as human skin or the surface of plants.
27
Protists are often transferred to the host organism by a ______, such as a mosquito or other insect.
Protists are often transferred to the host organism by a vector, such as a mosquito or other insect.
28
Malaria is spread by vectors, such as mosquitos. How can one stop malaria spreading?
Malaria is spread by vectors, such as mosquitos. How can one stop malaria spreading? We can stop malaria from spreading by preventing mosquitoes from breeding and using mosquito nets to avoid being bitten.
29
How do fungi spread and infect plants and animals?
Fungi are unicellular or multicellular organisms that each have bodies made up of hyphae (thread-like structures). The hyphae are able to grow and penetrate tissues, such as human skin or the surface of plants. The hyphae produce spores, which can spread to other plants and animals
30
Functions of white blood cells
phagocytosis produce antitoxins and antibodies
31
The immune system is made up of lots of different ____________, which each have different functions.
The immune system is made up of lots of different white blood cells, which each have different functions.
32
Non-Specific Defences
Mucus Skin Tears Stomach acid
33
Immune system
White blood cells Phagocytosis Antibodies Antitoxins
34
what are antigens?
Antigens Proteins found on the surface of some cells. They each have a specific shape and act like signals to allow cell recognition.
35
what are antibodies?
Antibodies | Have a complementary shape to the antigen and lock onto the pathogen, effectively ‘tagging’ them.
36
antibodies are...
protien molecules
37
WBC
WBC recognise foreign antigens on the surface of pathogens and produce protein molecules called antibodies antbodies lock onto the pathogen and 'tag' them ths causes the microorganisms to clump together and other WBC's to ingest them
38
Antigens are _______ found on the surface of some cells. These antigens each have a specific shape and act like signals to allow cell recognition. ________________ can recognise foreign antigens on the surface of pathogens and produce protein molecules called antibodies.
Antigens are proteins found on the surface of some cells. These antigens each have a specific shape and act like signals to allow cell recognition. White blood cells can recognise foreign antigens on the surface of pathogens and produce protein molecules called antibodies.
39
Vaccination
a vaccination injects dead or inactive form of a pathogen into the blood WBC's recognise the antigens are foreign and produce antibodies against them some of the WBC's produced in response to the vaccination remain in the blood as memory cells if the same pathogen invades the body again the memory cells will produce antibodies quickly and in larger quantities the memory cells destroy the pathogen before it can cause illness
40
The main technique that we use to help the immune system to recognise and destroy pathogens is vaccination. Immunising a large proportion of the population will make it very hard for a pathogen to be spread. This is called ___________.
The main technique that we use to help the immune system to recognise and destroy pathogens is vaccination. Immunising a large proportion of the population will make it very hard for a pathogen to be spread. This is called herd immunity.
41
Antibiotics can treat:
bacterial infections salmonella
42
Some antibiotics work by .....
Some antibiotics work by destroying the cell wall of the bacteria so that they can’t replicate.
43
To help prevent strains of resistant bacteria from developing, antibiotics should be:
taken for their complete course taken for bacterial infections prescribed only when needed
44
Antibiotic Resistance
in a population of resistant bacteria, some will have random mutations(random change in DNA) this means they are resistant to antibiotics, if we are taking antibiotics these bacteria will survive and non-resistant bacteria will die the resistant bacteria will reproduce quickly because their competition (the non resistant bacteria) have been killed by the antibiotic this produces lots of genetically-identical copies of the resistant bacteria
45
Antibiotic resistance comes about partly because of...
evolution and mutations (changes in DNA)
46
Nowadays, most drugs are ________ by chemists in the ___________ industry.
Nowadays, most drugs are synthesised by chemists in the pharmaceutical industry.
47
the painkiller aspirin originates from .....
willow trees
48
the heart drug digitalis originates from .....
foxgloves
49
what treats viral infections.
antiviral
50
relieves symptoms of an infection
painkillers
51
Drugs are tested on three criteria. These are:
``` 1 Toxicity 2 Efficacy 3 Dose ```
52
In preclinical and clinical testing:
low doses of the drug are initially used tests are first done to human cells
53
Clinical tests are usually double-blind trials. This means that some patients are given the drug, and some are given a _______ (which is an alternative that does not contain any of the drug).
Clinical tests are usually double-blind trials. This means that some patients are given the drug, and some are given a placebo (which is an alternative that does not contain any of the drug).
54
Early stage clinical testing is done in laboratories on ____________________ grown in the laboratory.
Early stage clinical testing is done in laboratories on human cells and tissues grown in the laboratory.
55
In a ____________, all the conditions are kept identical across the two groups so that only the drug has an impact on a patient’s health.
In a double-blind trial, all the conditions are kept identical across the two groups so that only the drug has an impact on a patient’s health.
56
clinical testing
is done is laboratories on human cells and tissue and on live animals to work out how toxic a drug is to cells. this stage involves clinical trials. drugs are tested on healthy volunteers and patients to check that they are safe if a drug is found to be safe at low doses, there are more clinical trials to work out the optimum dose for the drug
57
_______________ are produced from clones of cells. They are all identical and are complementary to one type of antigen.
Monoclonal antibodies are produced from clones of cells. They are all identical and are complementary to one type of antigen.
58
monoclonal antibodies:
target certain cells are identical to each other
59
The first step in producing monoclonal antibodies is to inject a mouse with .............
The first step in producing monoclonal antibodies is to inject a mouse with the chosen antigen obtained from a pathogen.
60
what are common side effects of monoclonal antibodies?
they may cause side effects such as fevers, low blood pressure and vomiting when used to treat patients.
61
what's involved in producing monoclonal antibodies:
a mouse lymphocytes myeloma
62
Monoclonal antibodies have many uses, but they may cause side effects. These include ______________________________________ when used to treat patients.
Monoclonal antibodies have many uses, but they may cause side effects. These include fevers, low blood pressure and vomiting when used to treat patients.
63
Lymphocyte
White blood cell taken from the mouse to produce antibodies.
64
Hybridoma
Cell which divides rapidly and produces antibodies.
65
antigen
Protein on the surface of a cell. It is taken from a pathogen.
66
Tumour | cell
Cell which divides rapidly.
67
uses of monoclonal antibodies:
Identifying chemicals in blood Pregnancy tests Treating diseases
68
Producing Monoclonal Antibodies
1) . inject a mouse with the chosen antigen obtained from a pathogen. 2) . mouses immune system responds quickly by producing lymphocytes, that produce the particular antibody 3) . the lymphocytes are extracted from the mouse and fused (combined) with the myeloma (cancer) cells to form hybridoma cells. 4) . the myeloma cells grow rapidly and produce lots of identical cells. all of the hybridoma cells produce the same antibody 5) . these monoclonal antibodies are collected, purified and then can be used to target specific cells and chemicals.
69
synthesis is a synonym of...
creation/production
70
Nitrate deficiencies cause stunted growth. This is because ......
Nitrate deficiencies cause stunted growth. This is because this ion is needed to produce protein!
71
_______ are needed for the production and synthesis of proteins. Without proteins, plants cannot grow, resulting in ______________.
Nitrates are needed for the production and synthesis of proteins. Without proteins, plants cannot grow, resulting in stunted growth.
72
Plant Diseases
Viruses Tobacco mosaic virus Fungal disease Rose black spot
73
Ion deficiencies in plants
Stunted growth is a result of Nitrates deficiency Chlorosis is a result of Magnesium deficiency
74
If a plant has a magnesium deficiency, this will result in:
lack of glucose chlorosis yellow leaves
75
types of organism that infect plants:
Insects Virus Fungi
76
Name the three categories of plant defence:
1 Physical 2 Chemical 3 Mechanical
77
Physical defences of plants
Bark (made of dead cells that acts as a barrier, protecting the stem from pathogens and pests (like aphids).) Waxy cuticle Cell walls
78
Chemical defenses of plants
Antibacterial chemicals (are produced by some plants, such as mint, garlic and witch hazel. They work like antibiotics to prevent the growth of bacteria.) Poisons (produced by many plants, including foxgloves and deadly nightshade, to deter herbivores.)
79
Mechanical defenses of plants
Thorns or hairs (stop animals eating the plants.) Leaves that close up when touched Mimicry
80
Greenflies and black flies (both called ____) feed on the ____ (a liquid in plants that stores _______________) in the phloem. This takes sugars away from plants.
Greenflies and black flies (both called aphids) feed on the sap (a liquid in plants that stores sugars, salts and amino acids) in the phloem. This takes sugars away from plants.
81
signs of plant disease
Stunted growth Growths Discolouration Spots on leaves Areas of decay Presence of pests Malformed stems or leaves
82
What do kits for testing plant disease contain?
monoclonal antibodies
83
Methods of Identifying Plant Disease
Gardening manual/website Laboratory Testing kits
84
To identify a plant’s disease, you may refer to a gardening manual or website, take infected plants to a laboratory to identify the pathogen or use _________ that contain monoclonal antibodies.
To identify a plant’s disease, you may refer to a gardening manual or website, take infected plants to a laboratory to identify the pathogen or use testing kits that contain monoclonal antibodies.

sarah's biology class (7 decks)

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