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homeostasis and response Flashcards

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1
Q

If our internal conditions are not regulated, which of the following substances could denature?

A

enzymes

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2
Q

Homeostasis

Internal conditions regulated

A

Homeostasis

Internal conditions regulated

Urea concentration

Internal body temperature

Blood sugar

Water

Carbon dioxide

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3
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis describes all of the processes that happen in a cell or organism that keep conditions optimal (at levels that best support normal functioning)

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4
Q

homeostasis happens as a response to …

A

homeostasis happens as a response to internal and external changes in the environment.

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5
Q

What can happen if the body stops operating in optimal internal conditions?

A

slower metabolic reactions

enzymes denature

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6
Q

Control systems are made up of:

A

receptors

coordination centre

effector

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7
Q

what explains why we sweat more in hot countries?

A

thermoregulation

homeostasis

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8
Q

receptor cells

A

In control systems, receptor cells detect changes in the environment.

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9
Q

Coordination centres

A

Coordination centres

Receive and process information arriving from the receptor cells

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10
Q

What will happen if our body temperature rises well above 37°C?

A

automatic mechanisms will work to reduce the temperature

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11
Q

What is the optimum human body temperature?

A

37

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12
Q

Synapses

A

When the electrical impulse reaches the end of the neurone, chemicals called neurotransmitters are released.

The chemicals diffuse across the synapse and bind to receptors on the next neurone.

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13
Q

Effectors

A

Effectors bring about actions in response to a change in the internal or external environment.

Such actions include muscles contracting and glands secreting hormones.

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14
Q

The components of the human nervous system:

A

the spinal cord

neurons

brain

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15
Q

At each junction of the ________, there is a synapse.

Synapses allow information to be passed from one neurone to another.

A

At each junction of the reflex arc, there is a synapse.

Synapses allow information to be passed from one neurone to another.

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16
Q

Which part of a reflex arc carries the signal to the CNS?

A

sensory neuron

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17
Q

Investigating Human Reaction Times

A

Investigating Human Reaction Times

Hold a ruler vertically from one end. The test subject should have their thumb and finger at the 0cm mark.

Drop the ruler. The subject should try to catch it between their thumb and forefinger as fast as possible.

Note down the distance from the 0cm mark that the ruler travels before the subject catches it.

Use a table to convert this distance into a reaction time.

Repeat the experiment on a subject who has just had a coffee, or who has just done exercise.

Compare reaction times.

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18
Q

The __________ variable is whether or not the subject has had caffeine or exercised.
The________ variable is the subject’s reaction time.

A

The independent variable is whether or not the subject has had caffeine or exercised.
The dependent variable is the subject’s reaction time.

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19
Q

Caffeine can _______ your reaction time.

A

Caffeine can reduce your reaction time.

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20
Q

The _______ neurone, which carries the signal in the form of an electrical impulse to the central nervous system (CNS).

A

The sensory neurone, which carries the signal in the form of an electrical impulse to the central nervous system (CNS).

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21
Q

The _______ neurone (in the CNS) relays the electrical impulse from the sensory neurone to the appropriate motor neurone.

A

The relay neurone (in the CNS) relays the electrical impulse from the sensory neurone to the appropriate motor neurone.

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22
Q

The ______ neurone carries the electrical impulse from the CNS to an effector.

A

The motor neurone carries the electrical impulse from the CNS to an effector.

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23
Q

There are three types of neurone (nerve cell):

The _________ neurone, which carries the signal in the form of an electrical impulse to the central nervous system (CNS).

The ______ neurone (in the CNS) relays the electrical impulse from the sensory neurone to the appropriate motor neurone.

The ________ neurone is another type of nerve cell that carries the electrical impulse from the CNS to an effector.

A

There are three types of neurone (nerve cell):

The sensory neurone, which carries the signal in the form of an electrical impulse to the central nervous system (CNS).

The relay neurone (in the CNS) relays the electrical impulse from the sensory neurone to the appropriate motor neurone.

The motor neurone is another type of nerve cell that carries the electrical impulse from the CNS to an effector.

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24
Q

Reflex actions allow us to respond to dangerous situations ________ and ____________.

For reflex actions, the nervous system responds to stimuli (events or things) via a __________.

A

Reflex actions allow us to respond to dangerous situations rapidly and automatically.

For reflex actions, the nervous system responds to stimuli (events or things) via a reflex arc.

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25
Q

Factors affecting human reaction time:

A

caffeine

exercise

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26
Q

Why is it hard to treat brain damage or problems in the brain?

A

we don’t understand the brain that well

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27
Q

Different ______ of the brain are responsible for coordinating different _______.

A

Different regions of the brain are responsible for coordinating different functions.

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28
Q

It’s hard to treat brain injuries because the brain is:

A

not well understood

delicate

complex

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29
Q

Control of body temperature

When it is too hot

A

Control of body temperature
When it is too hot

Sweat is released from sweat glands under the skin

Hairs lie flat

Blood vessels dilate (vasodilation):
More blood enters capillaries that pass close to the skin surface

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30
Q

Control of body temperature

When it is too cold

A

Control of body temperature
When it is too cold

Muscle contractions increase, causing shivering

Hairs stand on end

Blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction)
Reduce blood flow in capillaries

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31
Q

Where are the receptors that detect temperature changes in our body located?

A

skin

brain

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32
Q

What does thermoregulation control?

A

body temperature

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33
Q

What is involved in sweating?

A

evaporation

glands

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34
Q

When we are too cold, muscles start to contract automatically, making us shiver.

This process requires energy, which is generated through __________.

A

When we are too cold, muscles start to contract automatically, making us shiver.

This process requires energy, which is generated through respiration.

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35
Q

When we are ____, all the hairs stand on end, trapping an insulating layer of air around the body.

A

When we are cold, all the hairs stand on end, trapping an insulating layer of air around the body.

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36
Q

The possible reactions of a hair erector muscle during thermoregulation:

A

relax

contract

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37
Q

When it is too ____, sweat glands release water.

Heat energy from the body is transferred to this water.

As the water evaporates, it takes the heat _____ with it.

This ________ the average temperature of the body.

A

When it is too hot, sweat glands release water.

Heat energy from the body is transferred to this water.

As the water evaporates, it takes the heat energy with it.

This lowers the average temperature of the body.

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38
Q

If we are too hot, then the muscular walls relax.
This is called __________.

This allows more blood to enter and flow through capillaries close to the ____ surface.

The excess ____ energy is transferred to the surroundings.

A

If we are too hot, then the muscular walls relax.
This is called vasodilation.

This allows more blood to enter and flow through capillaries close to the skin surface.

The excess heat energy is transferred to the surroundings.

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39
Q

If we are too cold, then the muscular walls contract.
This is called _____________.

This _______ the blood flow to the skin surface and heat energy is kept inside the body.

A

If we are too cold, then the muscular walls contract.
This is called vasoconstriction.

This reduces the blood flow to the skin surface and heat energy is kept inside the body.

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40
Q

Vasoconstriction
Vasodilatation

Vaso refers to things involving the ____________.

Vasodilation - Blood vessels dilate to allow …

_____________ - Blood vessels constrict to reduce
blood flow in capillaries.

A

Vasoconstriction
Vasodilatation

Vaso refers to things involving the blood vessels.

Vasodilation - Blood vessels dilate to allow more blood to enter capillaries.

Vasoconstriction - Blood vessels constrict to reduce
blood flow in capillaries.

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41
Q

Endocrine glands (6)

A

Endocrine glands (6)

Pituitary

Thyroid

Adrenal

Pancreas

Ovaries (female only)

Testes (males only)

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42
Q

The endocrine system triggers a slower response than the ____________.

A

The endocrine system triggers a slower response than the nervous system.

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43
Q

hormones are carried in …

A

hormones are carried in the bloodstream

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44
Q

hormones are chemical __________.

A

hormones are chemical messengers.

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45
Q

This is the main endocrine gland and it is found in the brain. It is linked to the ________, which is a region of the brain that receives signals from the receptors.

A

pituitary

This is the main endocrine gland and it is found in the brain. It is linked to the hypothalamus, which is a region of the brain that receives signals from the receptors.

46
Q

This gland produces insulin and glucagon, both of which are involved in regulating blood glucose levels.

A

Pancreas

This gland produces insulin and glucagon, both of which are involved in regulating blood glucose levels.

47
Q

This gland is in our neck and releases thyroxine, which regulates our metabolism, heart rate and __________.

A

Thyroid

This gland is in our neck and releases thyroxine, which regulates our metabolism, heart rate and temperature.

48
Q

They produce adrenaline, which triggers the ‘fight or flight’ response when an organism is presented with a __________ situation.

A

Adrenal

They produce adrenaline, which triggers the ‘fight or flight’ response when an organism is presented with a dangerous situation.

49
Q

________ increases the basal metabolic rate and is also responsible for regulating the growth and brain development of young animals.

A

Thyroxine increases the basal metabolic rate and is also responsible for regulating the growth and brain development of young animals.

50
Q

Where does adrenaline work in the body?

A

Where adrenaline works in the body

Brain

Heart

Muscles

Lungs

Pupils

Blood

51
Q

what mechanisms regulates the production of thyroxine?

A

negative feedback

52
Q

Adrenaline:

A

increases heart rate

dilates pupils

enlarges air passages and alters metabolism in order to boost the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and the muscles.

53
Q

_______ is fuel for respiration, which is the chemical reaction that releases energy in many living cells.

A

Glucose is fuel for respiration, which is the chemical reaction that releases energy in many living cells.

54
Q

insulin is released by the pancreas after detecting there is too ______ glucose

A

insulin is released by the pancreas after detecting there is too much glucose

55
Q

glucagon is released by the pancreas after detecting there is too ______ glucose

A

glucagon is released by the pancreas after detecting there is too little glucose

56
Q

What is excess glucose in the body converted into?

A

glycogen

57
Q

Why is it important to control blood glucose levels?

A

Why is it important to control blood glucose levels?

Glucose is fuel for respiration. This is the chemical reaction that releases energy in many living cells.

Therefore, if blood glucose levels are too low, then an organism cannot meet its energy demands.

But if there is too much glucose in the blood, this has an impact on osmosis by affecting concentration gradients.

58
Q

Which organ helps to restore our glucose levels to normal when they fluctuate?

A

liver

59
Q

________ is a form of glucose that is insoluble (does not dissolve in water) and can be stored for later use.

A

Glycogen is a form of glucose that is insoluble (does not dissolve in water) and can be stored for later use.

60
Q

In type 1 diabetes, sufferers are unable to produce enough ________.

A

In type 1 diabetes, sufferers are unable to produce enough insulin.

61
Q

characteristics of type 1 diabetes?

A

treated by injecting insulin

not enough insulin produced by pancreas cells

develops during childhood

62
Q

two of the primary risk factors of type 2 diabetes?

A

old age and being overweight

63
Q

How is type 2 diabetes treated?

A

How is type 2 diabetes treated?

Because the body no longer responds to insulin, injections are an ineffective method of treatment.

Instead, type 2 diabetics control their blood glucose levels by managing their diet and doing regular exercise.

64
Q

We do not know what causes Type 1 diabetes, but we think that the body’s immune system …

A

We do not know what causes Type 1 diabetes, but we think that the body’s immune system attacks the pancreas cells.

65
Q

If someone wishes to donate an organ to someone else, they must:

A

have a tissue match

66
Q

Advantages of a kidney transplant are that the patient does not need to have _______ treatment, which is time-consuming and, in the long run, more _______.

A

Advantages of a kidney transplant are that the patient does not need to have dialysis treatment, which is time-consuming and, in the long run, more expensive.

67
Q

complications of kidney transplants?

A

long waiting list

the kidney may be rejected by the patient’s body.

68
Q

Kidney transplant benefits

A

Kidney transplant
Benefits

Don’t need dialysis (which is time-consuming)

Cheaper than dialysis in the long-run

69
Q

Drawbacks of kidney tranplant

Often have to take _______________ drugs
This can result in patients becoming more prone to other infections

A

Drawbacks of kidney tranplant

Often have to take immunosuppressant drugs
This can result in patients becoming more prone to other infections

70
Q

Kidneys can be transplanted from people who have recently ____, provided that they are a _____ match and have registered onto the organ donor register.

A

Kidneys can be transplanted from people who have recently died, provided that they are a tissue match and have registered onto the organ donor register.

71
Q

Why do donor kidneys usually come from close relatives?

A

Why do donor kidneys usually come from close relatives?

because it is essential that the antigens on the surface of the organ are not recognised as foreign, triggering the immune response.

72
Q

Name three regions of the male body that experience hair growth after puberty:

A

Name three regions of the male body that experience hair growth after puberty:

1
Underarm
2
Pubis (where pubic hair grows)
3
Facial
73
Q

In males, puberty increases the amount of the hormone testosterone, stimulating the production of _____.

In females, the amount of the hormone oestrogen increases, triggering the _______ cycle.

A

In males, puberty increases the amount of the hormone testosterone, stimulating the production of sperm.

In females, the amount of the hormone oestrogen increases, triggering the menstrual cycle.

74
Q

Puberty in Females

A

Puberty in Females

Levels of the hormone oestrogen rise
Menstrual cycle

Body hair
Underarm
Pubic

Breasts enlarge

75
Q

Features that appear during puberty are called:

A

secondary sex characteristics

76
Q

The hormone oestrogen:

A

The hormone oestrogen:

thickens the uterus lining

produced in the ovaries

77
Q

What happens in the first 4 days of the menstrual cycle?

A

the uterus lining starts to break down, resulting in a ‘period’

78
Q

The menstrual cycle involves …

A

The menstrual cycle involves the maturation and release of an egg.

If sexual intercourse has occurred, this can result in pregnancy.

79
Q

On what day of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?

A

14

80
Q

Hormones involved in the menstrual cycle:

A

progesterone

oestrogen

FSH

LH

81
Q

How many stages does the menstrual cycle have?

A

4

82
Q

In stage _ of the menstrual cycle, the uterus lining is maintained and is now ready for the arrival of a fertilised egg.

If no egg is attached to the uterus lining, the lining breaks down and the cycle begins again.

A

In stage 4 of the menstrual cycle, the uterus lining is maintained and is now ready for the arrival of a fertilised egg.

If no egg is attached to the uterus lining, the lining breaks down and the cycle begins again.

83
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

stage 1 (days 1-4) the uterus lining starts to break down, resulting in a ‘period’

stage 2 (days 4-14) the uterus starts to build up again into a thick, spongy layer full of blood vessels

stage 3 (day 14) ovulation occurs

stage 4 (days 15-28) the uterus lining is maintained, which means it is now ready for the arrival of a fertilised egg. if no fertilised egg arrives, the lining breaks down and the cycle repeats

84
Q

This is produced by the pituitary gland

stimulates the release of a mature egg on day 14 of the menstrual cycle.

A

LH

This is produced by the pituitary gland

stimulates the release of a mature egg on day 14 of the menstrual cycle.

85
Q

This is produced in the ovaries after ovulation.

It is responsible for maintaining the lining of the uterus during days 14-28.

A

Progesterone

This is produced in the ovaries after ovulation.

It is responsible for maintaining the lining of the uterus during days 14-28.

86
Q

ovulation

A

release of an egg

87
Q

This is produced in the ovaries and causes the development of the thick, spongy uterus lining.

It also stimulates the production of Luteinising Hormone (LH) and inhibits (stops) the production of FSH.

A

Oestrogen

This is produced in the ovaries and causes the development of the thick, spongy uterus lining.

It also stimulates the production of Luteinising Hormone (LH) and inhibits (stops) the production of FSH.

88
Q

This is released by the pituitary gland and causes an egg in the ovary to mature.

A

FSH

This is released by the pituitary gland and causes an egg in the ovary to mature.

89
Q

How do menstrual hormones affect the production of one another?

A

How do menstrual hormones affect the production of one another?

FSH stimulates the production of oestrogen and oestrogen inhibits the production of FSH.

90
Q

How often is the combined contraceptive pill taken?

A

daily

91
Q

What are the two types of contraceptive pill?

A

What are the two types of contraceptive pill?

Combined pill

Progesterone-only

92
Q

Name the contraceptive method that lasts:

_______
Three months.

_____
Three years.

______
One week.

A

Name the contraceptive method that lasts:

Injection
Three months.

Implant
Three years.

Patch
One week.

93
Q

Which hormones does the combined contraceptive pill contain?

A

Which hormones does the combined contraceptive pill contain?

1
Progesterone
2
Oestrogen

94
Q

The progesterone-only pill stimulates the production of thick, sticky _____, which is very difficult for any sperm to penetrate.

It also inhibits the release of FSH, so that eggs don’t _______.

A

The progesterone-only pill stimulates the production of thick, sticky mucus, which is very difficult for any sperm to penetrate.

It also inhibits the release of FSH, so that eggs don’t mature.

95
Q

What can we put on a diaphragm to kill sperm?

A

spermicide

96
Q

Which hormone is released by the contraceptive patch, injection and implant?

A

progesterone

97
Q

A diaphragm is a shallow plastic cup inserted into the vagina prior to sexual intercourse to prevent …

A

A diaphragm is a shallow plastic cup inserted into the vagina prior to sexual intercourse to prevent the sperm from reaching the egg.

98
Q

Intrauterine Devices are small t-shaped devices inserted into the uterus to prevent …

A

Intrauterine Devices are small t-shaped devices inserted into the uterus to prevent implantation of an embryo.

99
Q

This is also known as the coil.

They are small t-shaped devices that are inserted into the uterus.

They work by preventing implantation of an embryo (fertilised egg).

Some intrauterine devices also release progesterone.

A

Intrauterine Devices

This is also known as the coil.

They are small t-shaped devices that are inserted into the uterus.

They work by preventing implantation of an embryo (fertilised egg).

Some intrauterine devices also release progesterone.

100
Q

Condoms are also effective in protecting against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as …

A

ondoms are also effective in protecting against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as chlamydia, gonorrhoea and HIV.

101
Q

Sterilisation Procedures

Women
The fallopian tubes are cut
Eggs cannot reach the ________

Men
The sperm ducts are cut
Sperm are not released on _______

A

Sterilisation Procedures

Women
The fallopian tubes are cut
Eggs cannot reach the uterus

Men
The sperm ducts are cut
Sperm are not released on ejaculation

102
Q

Some women prefer to use ‘natural methods’ of contraception. These include:

A

Some women prefer to use ‘natural methods’ of contraception. These include:

Abstinence

Monitoring body temperature

103
Q

What is the only truly effective method of avoiding pregnancy?

A

Abstinence (no sex)

104
Q

Since a female’s body temperature usually rises during ovulation, some women choose to avoid sexual intercourse on days when they know (or feel) that they are ovulating.

However, sperm can last up to ____ days inside the woman’s body, so this is not a very reliable or effective method of contraception.

A

Since a female’s body temperature usually rises during ovulation, some women choose to avoid sexual intercourse on days when they know (or feel) that they are ovulating.

However, sperm can last up to six days inside the woman’s body, so this is not a very reliable or effective method of contraception.

105
Q

The only truly effective way (apart from sterilisation) to avoid pregnancy is _________.

This simply means that a couple chooses to not have sexual intercourse unless they are ready for a baby.

A

The only truly effective way (apart from sterilisation) to avoid pregnancy is abstinence.

This simply means that a couple chooses to not have sexual intercourse unless they are ready for a baby.

106
Q

An infertile woman has insufficient levels (doesn’t have enough) of which hormone?

A

FSH

107
Q

Three disadvantages of fertility treatments:

A

Three disadvantages of fertility treatments:

Expensive

Stress

Multiple pregnancies

108
Q

Fertility drugs often contain a mix of:

A

FSH and LH

109
Q

IVF stands for …

A

IVF stands for in - vitro - fertilisation.

110
Q

In an IVF treatment, eggs are collected from the mother and taken to a _____ in a laboratory to be fertilised using ____ from the father.

A

In an IVF treatment, eggs are collected from the mother and taken to a dish in a laboratory to be fertilised using sperm from the father.

111
Q

IVF treatments can result in multiple pregnancies (twins or triplets if more embryos are ________).

A

IVF treatments can result in multiple pregnancies (twins or triplets if more embryos are implanted to increase the chance of pregnancy.).

sarah's biology class (7 decks)

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