Infection And Response Flashcards
How does bacteria reproducing in the body make us feel ill?
Due to poisonous toxins being produced
How do WBC destroy these toxins made from bacteria? 2 marker
WBC produce anti toxins which bind and counteract with the poisonous toxins.
How do WBC help to defend against the pathogens? 3 marker
Ingesting pathogens
Produce antibodies
Produce antitoxins
Why are dead or inactive pathogens used in a vaccine?
It helps prevent infection from the disease
helps to develop immunity due to the dead/inactive pathogens being able to stimulate antibody production.
How can immunity be developed from a specific pathogen?
Immune system of the body produces antibodies to kill a particular pathogen, causing these pathogens to be destroyed.
What are pathogens?
Theyre micro organisms which cause infectious disease
What would happen if bacteria AND viruses reproduce rapidly?
Bacteria- more production of toxins which makes us feel ill
Viruses- live inside of cells causing them to damage cells in the body
How do antitoxins help defend against disease and fight infections?
They help to neutralize the effect of toxins made by the pathogens, since the anti toxins bind and counteract with the poiosionous toxins and destroy them.
If you have been
infected with a
specific type of
bacteria, can that
bacteria invade
your body again?
Will you become
ill?
Yes it can, but it will not make us feel sick. Antibodies can be reformed quickly after reinfection due to the lymphocytes being memory cells, they’re able to quickly recognize and destroy microbes before they multiply and make us feel sick, causing antibody production to increase, and antibodies are able to act quickly when the individual is infected with the bacteria again, because the The immune system keeps a record of every microbe it has ever defeated.
A person can be immunized against a disease by injecting them with an inactive form of a pathogen.
Explain how this makes the person immune to the disease.
WBC stimulate antibody production, leading to a rapid production of antibodies on re-infection.
What is immunity?
The immune system protecting the human body to prevent an infectious disease.
What happens if a large quantity of the population is immune to a pathogen?
The spread of pathogens will be reduced.
Less likelihood to have an infectious disease.
Higher likelihood of survival.
How can people be immunized?
By having small quantities of dead or inactive forms of the pathogens being inserted and introduced to the body by vaccination.
What are vaccines function?
Stimulate WBC to produce antibodies to destroy pathogens.
How can vaccines cause an individual to be immune to a specific microorganism?
Vaccines stimulate the WBC to produce antibodies. leading to more pathogens being destroyed. This can cause the person to be immune to future infections by this pathogen, since the body can respond rapidly by making the correct antibody which destroy microorganisms.
What does the MMR vaccine protect children against?
MMR= measles,mumps,rubella
What are the advantages and disadvantages of vaccines?
Adv- diseases that were more common before became rare due to the worldwide spread of vaccines.
Adv- epidemics can be prevented if a large number of populations were to be vaccinated, preventing a huge number of death.
Dis- vaccines tend to have lots of side effects, such as swelling or a rash.
Dis- vaccines don’t always give immunity.
(A)What is the first defense system? (B)State the chemical and physical ways to prevent microorganism entry-
Skin is the first defense system which prevents the entry of microorganisms.
Physical-
Hair and mucus in nose trap pathogens.
Chemical-
Ciliated epithelial cells are found in the respiratory tract and the cilia lining in the trachea, trap dust and microorganisms to prevent the lungs from getting an infection.
Natural flora in the gut and vagina which protect humans against pathogens.
Glands in the stomach help produce hydrochloric acid in the stomach lining (pepsin enzymes work best in these conditions, and also to kill bacteria.)
What are glands?
Glands are special tissues in the body that help to create and release substances
How are antibodies designed to help fight off infection and disease?
Antibodies have a complementary shape to antigens on the pathogens surface/ or virus, etc, these AB bind and attach themselves to the antigens, destroying these antigens by signaling to other cells in the immune system to destroy the pathogen/virus
What are lymphocytes? What is their function?
Main type of WBC.
Each WBC produce 1 type of antibody.
Involved in the specific immune response
Where are the WBC found? Where are they made?
Theyre found through the blood stream, so tha they’re able to act quickly if viruses were to enter the body.
WBC are made in the bone marrow
What process happens when WBC surrounds/ engulfs and destroy pathogens?
Phagocytosis
How are diseases spread?
Through droplets (spit), direct contact, contaminated food, wounds
How does the stomach acid get rid of microorganisms? What are the protease enzymes that work in the stomach? What PH level do they require?
The acid neutralizes the microorganisms found in foods.
The stomach acid maintains an acidic PH of 2-3, in which protease enzymes work effectively in.
Protease enzymes- trypsin- 7-7.5 PH
Pepsin- 2-3
How does the skin protect itself after the surface has been punctured?
When the skin is cut or damaged, bleeding occurs.
This blood helps to quickly form a clot at the site of the wound, which dries into a scab.
The scab forms a seal over the cut, preventing microorganisms and pathogens from entering the body.
What are toxins?
Poisonous proteins released by bacteria
Are antibodies/anti toxins/ phagocytosis specific or non specific?
Antibodies- highly specific since only one antibody is able to recognize a specific antigen, depending if the antibody has complementary shape to the antigen or not
Antitoxins- highly specific, since the anti toxins that are produced bind and counteract with specific poisonous toxins.
AB and AT are both specific since theyre produced by lymphocytes which is also specific.
Phagocytosis- non specific, since it just engulfs pathogens around the surface.
Explain the process of phagocytosis?
Phagocytes have a sensitive cell membrane surface which is able to detect and recognize chemicals produced by microorganisms or pathogens (bacterial pathogens)
The WBC engulfs the pathogens around the surface
Causing digestive enzymes to be released so they breakdown the pathogens or bacterium.
Vaccination against measles will not protect the patient against rubella, why?
Antibodies which are made for the measles disease is specific, and cannot bind and destroy other pathogens which cause other diseases, since the antibodies don’t have the complementary shape to the antigens of the other diseases pathogens.
Why does the vaccine contain a weak and dead version of the pathogen?
It helps your immune system recognize the current pathogens/virus that is making you feel ill, causing an increase in AB production,and so the wbc destroy these pathogens.
What are antibiotics?
Medicine which helps to cure bacterial diseases by killing infective bacteria inside the body , WITHOUT harming body cells.
Can viruses be destroyed by anti biotics?
No, AB cannot be used to cure viruses, since viruses live inside of the body cells, and antibiotics are not able to harm and destroy these body cells, they can only destroy infective bacteria inside the body.
What happens when you take anti biotics?
Less resistant (weak bacteria) dies first, then other bacteria die, until the resistant bacteria are left.
What happens when you stop taking anti biotics, and don’t stay consistent with the AB course but start taking it again?
When you stop taking antibiotics, the resistant bacteria will reproduce, causing the population of resistant bacteria to increase and multiply, leading to the bacterial infection to worsen.
When you don’t stay consistent and not take AB regularly, and start taking AB again, nothing will happen leading to the same number of the R.B’s population.
How can bacteria gain resistance? 3 marker
Bacteria gains resistance through mutation (genetic variation)
Bacteria is able to survive the AB due to the bacteria having the gene for resistance.
Reproduction occurs leading to the gene of resistance to be passed on to other bacteria (offspring)
What happens when you take AB frequently?
The surviving bacteria reproduce, and pass on the resistance alleles to their offsprings.
Over many generations, the frequency of the resistance alleles increase, resulting in antibiotic resistance strains of bacteria.
What is the meaning of antibiotic resistant strain?
The ability of bacteria to resist the effects of antibiotics.
Why does the antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria populations increase? 6 marker
Random mutations occur in the bacteria’s DNA causing them to be resistant to antibiotics, which changes their characteristics.
Antibiotics will have a smaller effect on the resistant bacteria, bacteria reproduces rapidly causing all the offsprings developed to have the gene for antibiotic resistant. Leading to a rapid increase in the antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria.
