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GCSE Biology > Infection and Response > Flashcards

Infection and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that can cause disease

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2
Q

Are diseases cause by pathogens communicable or non-communicable?

A

COMMUNICABLE

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3
Q

Are viruses living organisms?

A

no

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4
Q

Are viruses made of cells?

A

no

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5
Q

How many times smaller are viruses than animal or plant cells?

A

10, 000 times smaller

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6
Q

How can measles be spread between people?

A

Via droplets in air when an infected person coughs or sneezes

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A

Fever (feeling hot and cold)

Red skin rash

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8
Q

What does HIV do?

A

it weakens the immune system

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9
Q

What type of pathogen is HIV?

A

virus

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10
Q

Which two ways can HIV be spread between people?

A

Sexual contact

Exchange of bodily fluids

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11
Q

What can HIV lead to?

A

AIDS

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12
Q

What does AIDS do?

A

it weakens the immune system so much that the person can catch unusual infections

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13
Q

What type of organism does Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) infect?

A

plants

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14
Q

What is the main symptom of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)?

A

Patches of the leaves get discoloured

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15
Q

What affect does the TMV have?

A

reduces the amount of photosynthesis the plant can do, resulting in stunted growth and decrease in sugar production

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16
Q

How much smaller are bacterial cells compared to animal or plant cells?

A

100 times smaller

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17
Q

What do bacteria release that harm our body?

A

toxins

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18
Q

What is salmonella?

A

bacterial disease spread by consuming contaminated food

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19
Q

What are some symptoms of salmonella?

A

fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, and diarrhoea

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20
Q

What is Gonorrhoea?

A

an STD transmitted by sexual contact

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

Pain when urinating
Yellow/green discharge from the vagina or penis

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22
Q

How can you prevent the spread of gonorrhoea?

A

Avoid unsafe sex

Use a condom

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23
Q

What is the treatment for gonorrhoea?

A

Antibiotics such as penicillin

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24
Q

Are fungi unicellular or multicellular?

A

Can be either

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25
Q

What is rose black spot?

A

fungal disease that causes purple or black spots develop on leaves, which then often turn yellow and drop off.

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26
Q

What affect does rose black spot have on the plant?

A

reduces photosynthesis and so also reduces the growth of the plant.

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27
Q

How does rose black spot spread?

A

the fungal spores can get blown off the dead leaves or water can transport them to another plant.

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28
Q

What are treatments of rose black spot?

A

spraying the infected plants with fungicides, or destroying the affected leaves.

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29
Q

What does it mean when we say that protists are parasites?

A

This means that they live on, or in, a host organism, and get their food at the expense of their host.

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30
Q

What are vectors?

A

organisms that transport pathogens without being affected

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31
Q

What vector spread malaria?

A

mosquitoes

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32
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

recurrent fevers, headaches and in extreme cases death

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33
Q

What are 3 ways to reduce the spread of malaria?

A

Stop the mosquito vectors from spreading the protists

Destroy the mosquito breeding sites

Kill the mosquito with insecticides

Use mosquito nets

Use mosquito repellent

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34
Q

What are 3 barriers to reduce the entry of pathogens?

A

skin
hairs in the nose
enzymes in tears

35
Q

How does skin help to defend against disease?

A

It covers the body, physically preventing pathogens from entering
It secretes oils and antimicrobial substances that kill pathogens

36
Q

Does skin act as a physical or chemical barrier to pathogens?

A

physical

37
Q

What are cilia?

A

tiny hair-like projections that waft the mucus and pathogens away from the lungs in the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

38
Q

What are the 2 main types of white blood cells?

A

phagocytes and lymphocytes

39
Q

Which of the following are functions of white blood cells?

A

Produce antitoxins

Producing antibodies
Phagocytosis

40
Q

How does phagocytosis work?

A

the phagocyte tracks down the pathogen and binds to it
the phagocytes membrane surrounds the pathogen and engulfs it
the enzymes in the phagocyte break down the pathogen to destroy it

41
Q

What do antitoxins do?

A

Bind and neutralise the toxins produced by bacteria

42
Q

What does a vaccine contain?

A

Small quantities of dead, weakened, or inactive forms of a pathogen

43
Q

Can vaccines be made against both bacterial and viral diseases?

A

yes

44
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

They expose us to the antigens of a pathogen so that we can develop immunity to it

45
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

there are enough vaccinated individuals in the population to make the spread of disease from one individual to another unlikely. As a result, the whole population becomes protected - not just those who are immune.

46
Q

Give 2 examples of painkillers.

A

paracetamol and aspirin

47
Q

What is antibiotic resistance?

A

when the bacteria mutate to become immune to the antibiotics

48
Q

What measures could help reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance?

A

Patients taking antibiotics for the full prescribed course
less antibiotics to farm animals
Doctors only prescribing antibiotics for serious bacterial infections

49
Q

How do antibiotics help to cure bacterial infections?

A

They directly kill bacterial cells

50
Q

From what is aspirin developed?

A

willow bark

51
Q

From where is digitalis developed?

A

foxgloves

52
Q

What does digitalis do?

A

treats heart problems

53
Q

Where was penicillin made from?

A

a fungus that kills bacteria

54
Q

What are the 3 main things tested for when testing drugs?

A

efficacy, toxicity, dosage

55
Q

What are the 3 main stages of drug testing?

A

1) testing on human cells and tissues
2) testing on live animals
3) testing on humans

56
Q

What are the 2 stages of pre-clinical testing?

A

testing on human cells and tissues
testing on live animals

57
Q

What are the 2 parts to clinical testing?

A

1) give the drug to healthy volunteers starting from very low dose and gradually increasing to find the max dosage we can give without side effects
2) Give the drug to the people suffering the particular illness to find the optimum dosage

58
Q

How do we make clinical testing fair?

A

use a placebo
trials should be blind or double blind

59
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

a trial in which neither the patient nor the doctors know which is the placebo and which is the real one

60
Q

What do blind trial prevent?

A

unconscious bias

61
Q

What happens after the tests?

A

peer-review the results by other scientists to make sure its all correct

62
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Antibodies made from clones of a single type of cell

63
Q

Where are monoclonal antibodies made?

A

in a lab

64
Q

How do you produce monoclonal antibodies?

A

Inject an animal, like a mouse, with the antigen that we want our antibodies to bind to.
Let the animal develop an immune response, and then isolate some of their B-lymphocytes (which will produce the antibody we want).
Combine those B-lymphocytes with fast-dividing tumour cells to form hybridoma cells.
Let these hybridoma cells divide rapidly in a petri dish.
Collect and purify the monoclonal antibodies they produce

65
Q

What is a hybridoma cell?

A

Lymphocytes combined with fast-dividing tumour cells

66
Q
A

N

67
Q

What do antibodies bind to?

A

Antigens with a complementary shape

68
Q

What do pregnancy tests detect?

A

the chemical HCG

69
Q

What hormone is produced when a woman is pregnant?

A

HCG

70
Q

how do pregnancy tests work?

A

1) there are fixed monoclonal antibodies that are specific to HCG on the right of the strip
2) there are monoclonal antibodies attached to coloured beads on the left and are free to move
3)the urine carries the M.As from the right to the left, if HCG is present the chemical binds the antibodies
4) if the HCG is present and has binded to the M.As, they will go on to bind to the fixed M.As as well, otherwise they will just travel through
5) Since the coloured beads are stuck with the M.As and the HCG, a blue line appears, confirming the pregnancy

71
Q

Which type of antibodies does the pregnancy test use?

A

Monoclonal antibodies

72
Q

What are the benefits of the pregnancy test?

A

its cheap and quick

73
Q

What are the 3 main causes of plant diseases?

A

Infection by microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, or viruses.
Attack by larger organisms, such as insects.
Lack of essential minerals, such as nitrates, or magnesium ions.

74
Q

What is the primary mode of transmission for tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)?

A

Direct contact with infected plants

75
Q

Why do plants require nitrates?

A

to make proteins

76
Q

Which of the following is a symptom of nitrate deficiency (lack of nitrates) in a plant?

A

stunted growth

77
Q

Why do plants require magnesium?

A

To make chlorophyll

78
Q

What is the main symptom of magnesium deficiency (lack of magnesium) for a plant?

A

Chlorosis (yellow leaves due to lack of chlorophyll)

79
Q

List three physical changes that could indicate that a plant has a disease.

A

Stunted growth

Spots of leaves

Abnormal growths / lumps

Patches of decay

Malformed stems or leaves

Discolouration

80
Q
A

N

81
Q

What do we mean by mechanical defences?

A

Structures that reduce the chance of being attacked

82
Q

What are 3 mechanical plant defences?

A

Hairs and thorns

Leave that curl or droop when insects land on them

Mimicking other organisms to trick animals

83
Q
A

GCSE Biology (8 decks)

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