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GCSE Biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Before the bacterial cell can divide, what 2 main things must it do?

A

Grow and Replicate genetic material

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2
Q

Are the cells created by mitosis genetically identical to each other, or genetically different?

A

genetically identical

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3
Q

Can paralysis be treated with adult stem cells and why?

A

no, as adult stem cells cannot differentiate into nerve cells

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4
Q

Give 2 examples of eukaryotic cells.

A

animal and plant

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5
Q

Give 2 organelles present in plant cells but not in animal cells.

A

Permanent vacuole, chlorplast

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6
Q

Give 4 organelles present in both animal and plant cells.

A

cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, cell membrane

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7
Q

Give an example of a prokaryotic cell

A

Bacteria

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8
Q

Given the right conditions, what is the fastest bacteria can divide?

A

once every 20 minutes

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9
Q

How do scientists use stem cells to treat some conditions?

A

1) They extract embryonic stem cells from early embryos
2) They grow them in a laboratory
3) They stimulate them to differentiate into whatever specialised cell is needed
4) They give them to the patient to replace the faulty cells

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10
Q

How does binary fission work?

A

1) The cell grows
2) Genetic Material is duplicated
3) the 2 longs strands of DNA each go 2 one side of the cell, and the plasmids are arranged randomly
4) A cell wall is made in the middle of the cell to divide it
5) The cell pulls apart to form 2 new cells

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11
Q

How many PAIRS of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 pairs

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12
Q

Instead of a nucleus, what 2 organeles contain the DNA in a bacterium?

A

The circular strand of DNA and plasmids

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13
Q

Is binary fission cell division or reproduction and why?

A

It is both because bacteria are unicellular organisms

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14
Q

What 3 conditions could be treated by stem cells?

A

Type 1 diabetes
Paralysis
Sickle Cell Anaemia

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15
Q

What 3 organelles do bacteria not have?

A

Mitochondria, Nucleus, chlorophyll

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16
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of electron microscopes?

A

Very expensive, hard to use

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17
Q

What are 2 main features of stem cells?

A

They can divide by mitosis, and they can differentiate into specialised cells.

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17
Q

What are 3 advantages of light microscopes?

A

Easy to use, cheap and portable

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18
Q

What are 3 types of stem cells?

A

Plant, Adult, Embryonic

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19
Q

What are cell fibres?

A

Fibres that attach to chromosomes to split them

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20
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

coiled up packets of DNA

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21
Q

What are the 2 main drawbacks of using stem cells to treat conditions?

A

1) Requires embryonic stem cells, which are limited in suppl and have ethical issues
2) The patients body may reject the stem cells as they are foreign

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22
Q

What are the 2 main risks of using stem cells in medicine?

A

Virus transmission and tumor development

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23
Q

What are the 3 main stages of the cell cycle?

A

Growth, DNA replication + mitosis, division

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24
Q

What are the poles of a cell?

A

The 2 sides that chromosomes are split to

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25
Q

What can adult stem cells found in the bone marrow differentiate into?

A

Blood cells

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26
Q

What can plant stem cells differentiate into?

A

Any cell

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27
Q

What condition could be treated using adult stem cells?

A

Sickle cell anaemia

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28
Q

What do all eukaryotic organisms require a continous supply of new cells for?

A

Growth, development, and repair

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29
Q

What does a vacuole contain?

A

cell sap, which is a mixture of sugars, salts and water

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30
Q

What does unicellular mean?

A

single celled organism

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31
Q

What genes does the circular strand of DNA contain in a bacterium?

A

The genes they need to survive and reproduce

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32
Q

What happens in ribosomes?

A

protein synthesis

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33
Q

What happens in the 2nd stage of the cell cycle (DNA replication)?

A

The DNA is duplicated by mitosis so the daughter cells can have identical DNA

34
Q

What happens in the first step of the cell cycle (Growth)?

A

The cell increases the number of sub-cellular structures

35
Q

What happens in the last stage of the cell cycle (division)?

A

The cell membrane and cytoplasm pull apart, to create 2 daughter cells. Each daughter cell has all 46 identical chromosomes

36
Q

What happens to the chromosomes when the cell is dividing?

A

Each chromosome is duplicated and the duplicate stays attached to the original

37
Q

What happens to the DNA when the cell is getting ready to divide?

A

The DNA condenses into chromosomes

38
Q

What happens to the duplicated chromosomes when the cell is dividing?

A

The duplicated chromosmes line up in the middle of the cell, then cell fibres from both sides attach to their respective side of the X shaped chromosome. The fibres pull apart the attached chromosomes so that the duplicated ones are all onn one side and the originals on the other.

39
Q

What is a cell wall made of?

A

cellulose

40
Q

what is a cell?

A

The smallest unit of life that can replicate independantly

41
Q

What is a disadvantage of light microscopes?

A

Thay dont have a very high magnification or resolution

42
Q

What is a flagellum?

A

It is a small tail-like organelle that rotates to propel the bacterium forward, however not all bacteria have one

43
Q

What is an advantage to the electron miscroscope?

A

It has a much higher resolution and magnification

44
Q

What is binary fission?

A

The process by which prokaryotic organsims divide and reproduce

45
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process in which a stem cell becomes a specialised cell

46
Q

What is magnification?

A

How many times larger the image is than the object

47
Q

What is resolution?

A

The shortest distance between 2 points on an object, that can still be distinguished as separate.

48
Q

What is the approx. size of an atom?

A

0.1-0.2 nm

49
Q

What is the image in microscopy?

A

the image we see when we look down the microscope

50
Q

What is the lens that you put your eye to?

A

Eyepiece lens

51
Q

What is the magnification equation?

A

magnification = image size / object size

52
Q

What is the object in microscopy?

A

the real object or sample you are looking at.

53
Q

What makes plant’s leaves green?

A

Chlorophyll

54
Q

What process do stem cells use to divide?

A

Mitosis

55
Q

What shape do the duplicate chromosomes form when they are attached?

A

an X shape

56
Q

What two knobs are there in a light microscope?

A

Coarse focusing and fine focusing

57
Q

what type of cell is a bacterium?

A

prokaryotic

58
Q

What type of cell is a fungus?

A

eukaryotic

59
Q

Where can adult stem cells be found?

A

In the bone marrow

60
Q

Where can you find the objective lenses?

A

above the stage, below the main body

61
Q

Where do you find plant stem cells?

A

Meristem tissue of a plant

62
Q

Where is the meristem tissue found?

A

THe tips of the roots and shoots

63
Q

Which cells can an embryonic stem cell differentiate into?

A

Any type of specialised cell

64
Q

What is the definition of diffusion (memorise)?

A

the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

65
Q

Does diffusion require energy?

A

no, diffusion is a passive process

66
Q

what are 3 factors that effect the rate of diffusion?

A

larger concentration gradient = higher rate of diffusion
higher temperature = higher rate of diffusion
larger the surface area = higher the rate of diffusion

67
Q

Which 3 molecules are able to diffuse in and out of cells?

A

amino acids, glucose and water

68
Q

Why does a higher temperature increase the rate of diffusion?

A

when the temperature is higher the particles have more energy and move around more, allowing them to diffuse faster

69
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane from high water concentration to low concentration

70
Q

What is water concentration?

A

The amount of water compared to other particles dissolved within the water

71
Q

What would happen to red blood cells if they were placed in pure water?

A

They would gain water and swell

72
Q

Does active transport require energy?

A

yes, it is an active process

73
Q

What is active transport?

A

movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, which requires energy

74
Q

Where does the energy for active transport come from?

A

cellular respiration

75
Q

Where is active transport used?

A

in the root hair cells of plants in order to take in water and minerals from the soil

76
Q

True or false? Active transport can only take place across a membrane.

A

True

77
Q

How do our lungs increase the surface area?

A

through the alveoli

78
Q

How does our small intestine increase the surface area?

A

through villi

79
Q

What are the 2 main exchange surfaces in a human?

A

alveoli and villi

80
Q

What are the 2 main exchange surfaces in plants?

A

root hair cells and leaves

81
Q

What are common features between specialised exchange surfaces?

A

large surface area, the surfaces are usually very thin, the surfaces are permeable to the substances they need to exchange

82
Q
A

GCSE Biology (8 decks)

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