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GCSE Biology > Homeostasis and Response > Flashcards

Homeostasis and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

Is the nervous system or the endocrine system faster at acting?

A

nervous

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2
Q

Name the two types of effectors and state what they do.

A

The two types of effectors are muscles and glands.
Muscles contract when stimulated, whilst glands release hormones.

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3
Q

What are the 3 main componenets of automatic control systems?

A

Receptors, Coordination centres and effectors

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4
Q

what do coordination centres do?

A

interpret a detected change and decide what needs to be done

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5
Q

what do effectors do?

A

carry out the process to reverse the change

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6
Q

What do receptors do?

A

detect a change

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7
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

the regulation of conditions inside the body to maintaining a stable internal environment

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8
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

the process which does the opposite of the change

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9
Q

Where are the coordination centres located in the body?

A

brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

What do neurons do?

A

carry electrical impulses from once place to another

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11
Q

What is a synapse?

A

the connection between nerve cells

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12
Q

what is needed to connect nerve cells

A

synapse

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13
Q

How do synapses work?

A

when an electrical signal reaches the end of a nerve cell, it releases chemicals which diffuse across to the other cell and trigger another electrical signal.

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14
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

they are neurons that carry sensory information from receptors to the Central nervous system

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15
Q

What are the 2 parts of the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal chord

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16
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A

they take electrical signals to effectors to tell them what to do.

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17
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

the nerve partway that underlies our unconscious reflexes

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18
Q

What is the benefit of reflex arcs?

A

they are rapid and automatic

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19
Q

What is a stimuli?

A

the change detected by the recepetors

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20
Q

What is the full process of the reflex arc?

A

the receptor cells detect a stimuli which causes the sensory neurons to send electrical signals to the CNS. A relay neuron then sends the electrical signal to a motor neuron which takes it to an effector, which carries out the opposite change.

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21
Q

What is released across a synapse?

A

chemicals

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22
Q

What is the role of a relay neurone?

A

To transfer a signal from a sensory neurone to a motor neurone

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23
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

the control of our internal body temperature

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24
Q

What temp. does our body have to be kept at?

A

37 Celsius

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25
Q

why does our body temp have to be optimum?

A

because if it was lower our enzymes would slow down and if it was higher our enzymes would denature.

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26
Q

Where can you find the thermoregulatory centre?

A

within the brain.

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27
Q

where are most thermal receptors found in the body?

A

skin and blood vessels

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28
Q

What does the body do in order to warm us up?

A

vasoconstriction, make hair stand on end, shivering

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29
Q

what is vasoconstriction and what effect does it have?

A

the constriction of blood vessels near the skin to prevent heat loss

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30
Q

What effect does our hair standing on end have?

A

it traps a layer of insulating air to prevent heat loss.

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31
Q

What does the body do to cool down?

A

vasodilation, sweat

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32
Q

What is vasodilation and what effect does it have?

A

Vasodilation is when our blood vessels near our skin expand to allow more heat loss

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33
Q

What does sweating do?

A

when the sweat evaporates off our skin it takes some of the heat energy with it leaving us cooler

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34
Q

Explain how shivering warms the body.

A

Shivering involves muscles contracting and relaxing automatically. This requires a lot of energy from respiration, which in the process releases a lot of heat energy as waste.

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35
Q

What does the endocrine system allow our body to do?

A

it allows different parts of our body to communicate with each other

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36
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of?

A

glands that secrete hormones

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37
Q

what is the pituitary gland also called?

A

the master gland

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38
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

it releases lots of different hormones to tell the body what to do or to tell other glands to release their hormones

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39
Q

What hormone does the thyroid gland produce?

A

thyroxine

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40
Q

Where can you find the thyroid gland?

A

in your neck

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41
Q

What does the hormone thyroxine do?

A

regulates the rate of metabolism and also plays an important role in growth and development

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42
Q

What does TSH stand for?

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

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43
Q

Which gland releases TSH?

A

the pituitary gland

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44
Q

When will the pituitary gland release TSH?

A

when it detects low levels of thyroxine

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45
Q

What do the adrenal glands produce?

A

adrenaline

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46
Q

Where can you find the adrenal gland?

A

just above the kidneys

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47
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

it causes our heart to beat faster in preparation for fight or flight

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48
Q

What hormone does the pancreas produce?

A

insulin

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49
Q

What does insulin do?

A

regulates blood glucose concentrations

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50
Q

What are the roles of the testes?

A

to produce testosterone and sperm

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51
Q

What is the main roles of the ovaries?

A

to produce oestrogen and hold the egg cells

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52
Q

What are the differences in the endocrine system and the nervous system?

A

endocrine system relies on hormones released into the bloodstream, whereas nervous system relies on electrical impulses through nerve cells. Endocrine system is slower, more general and its effects last longer.

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53
Q

What 2 hormones control our blood glucose levels?

A

glucagon and insulin

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54
Q

What does insulin do?

A

decreases our blood sugar levels

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55
Q

how does insulin decrease our blood glucose levels?

A

It binds to receptors on cells and tells them to take in more glucose. It mostly binds to muscle and liver cells.

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56
Q

Which 2 types of cells take in the most glucose due to insulin?

A

liver and muscle

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57
Q

How is a lot of glucose stored in a cell?

A

as glycogen

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58
Q

What is glycogen?

A

a long term storage form of glucose

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59
Q

Where is glucagon released from?

A

the pancreas

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60
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

increase blood glucose levels

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61
Q

How does glucagon increase blood glucose levels?

A

It binds to lots of cells but mainly liver calls, which take their glycogen and break it down into glucose molecules. They would then release the glucose back into the bloodstream.

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62
Q

What kind of loop do insulin and glucagon make?

A

A negative feedback loop

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63
Q

Which organ detects changes in blood glucose concentration?

A

pancreas

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64
Q

What is wrong in the body when someone has diabetes?

A

cant regulate blood glucose levels properly as the insulin level is all messed up

65
Q

What is type 1 diabetes and when is it usually discovered?

A

It is usually discovered in childhood or in teenage years. it is when the pancreas stops producing or produces very little insulin

66
Q

What is a treatment of type 1 diabetes?

A

injecting the person with insulin after a meal, usually in the abdomen or thigh

67
Q

What does the amount of insulin injected depend on?

A

About of carbs eaten and amount of exercise done

68
Q

What is type 2 diabetes and when is it usually discovered?

A

Usually happens to older people with a bad diet over a long time. Their body becomes resistant to insulin (doesn’t respond to it) so their cells wont take in glucose from the bloodstream.

69
Q

What is the main treatment for type 2 diabetes?

A

a healthy low sugar diet and consistent exercise

70
Q

Where is insulin released from?

A

pancreas

71
Q

Is type 1 diabetes a temporary, or lifelong condition?

A

lifelong

72
Q

What are the main jobs of the kidneys?

A

to filter the blood and remove waste products
to regulate water and ion levels

73
Q

What is the main waste product filtered out by kidneys and where is it made?

A

urea made in the liver during deamination

74
Q

What is deamination?

A

excess amino acids being converted to fats and carbs for storage

75
Q

What is a nephron?

A

one of a million such structures in the kidney within which filtration and selective reabsorption take place

76
Q

What happens within a nephron?

A

everything small in the blood (e.g. water, glucose, amino acids, urea) diffuses out of the blood and into the tubule
then the things we want (e.g. all of the glucose and some of the water) get reabsorbed into the blood stream (selective reabsorption)

77
Q

What is filtration?

A

the process in which all the small molecules in the blood diffuse into the tubule

78
Q

What is selective reabsorption?

A

the process in which certain amounts of substances get reabsorbed into our bloodstream from the tubule

79
Q

How are water levels regulated in the body?

A

if we have too little water, we produce ADH which makes the blood reabsorb more water from the tubules. If we have too much water we produce less ADH.

80
Q

What detects conc. of water in our bloodstream and what does it do if its too low or too high?

A

hypothalamus signals to the pituitary gland to release ADH if too low and if too high, then it stops sending signals so less ADH is decreased.

81
Q

Where is the hypothalamus found?

A

in the brain

82
Q

What are 2 ways ions can be removed from the body?

A

By sweating

By the kidneys

83
Q

If we have too much water in the body, what could happen to our cells?

A

They could gain water and burst

84
Q

What affect does increased ADH have on urine?

A

less urine is made

85
Q

What blood vessels does the blood pass in and out of the kidney?

A

renal arteries = in
renal veins = out

86
Q

What is the path of the urine from the kidneys?

A

kidney
ureter
bladder
urethra

87
Q

What are the consequences of kidney failure?

A

waste substances build up in the blood stream
unable to regulate water and ion levels

88
Q

What are the 2 treatments for kidney failure?

A

dialysis or kidney transplant

89
Q

What is a dialysis machine?

A

an artificial kidney which filters the patient’s blood for them

90
Q

How does a dialysis machine work?

A

the patients blood supply is connected to the machine. Dialysis fluid is put across a partially permeable membrane to the blood, letting all the waste products diffuse out of the blood as well as excess water, ions and amino acids.

91
Q

What does the dialysis fluid contain?

A

same conc. of water, glucose, ions and amino acids as healthy blood

92
Q

What happens to the dialysis fluid after a while if not replaced?

A

reaches equilibrium

93
Q

Why does the dialysis fluid have to continuously replaced?

A

to maintain the concentration gradient

94
Q

What are problems with dialysis?

A

time consuming
unpleasant experience
expensive

95
Q

What is the main risk of kidney transplant?

A

the replacement organ might be rejected

96
Q

In a dialysis machine, why is it important that the membrane between the blood and dialysis fluid is partially permeable?

A

To only allow some substances to diffuse across

97
Q

If a patient has a kidney transplant, what type of drugs are they required to take for the rest of their lives?

A

Immunosuppressants

98
Q

What are the main reproductive hormones in men and women?

A

testosterone in men
oestrogen in women

99
Q

What does testosterone do and where is it made?

A

made in the testes, causes sperm production

100
Q

where is oestrogen produced?

A

ovaries

101
Q

What is the average length of the menstrual cycle?

A

28 days

102
Q

What are the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle?

A

stage 1: menstruation
stage 2: build up of lining
stage 3: ovulation
stage 4: maintaining the lining of the uterus

103
Q

What happens in menstruation and how long does it last?

A

breaking down of the uterus lining (bleeding) lasts around 4 days

104
Q

What happens in stage 2 and how long does it last?

A

lining starts to build up and lasts 10 days

105
Q

What happens in ovulation and how long does it last?

A

egg released from the ovaries and lasts 1 day

106
Q

What happens in stage 4 and how long does it last?

A

maintaining the lining of the uterus, lasts until the end of the cycle (day 28). if egg is embedded, the menstrual cycle stops and the lining thickens

107
Q

What are the 4 hormones in the menstrual cycle?

A

oestrogen, progesterone, LH, FSH

108
Q

What happens to oestrogen levels through the cycle and why?

A

levels increase in stage 2 and decrease after stage 3. oestrogen stimulates uterus lining to thicken

109
Q

What happens to progesterone levels through the cycle and why?

A

increase in stage 4 and drop at the end of the cycle. Maintains lining of uterus (if levels drop, lining breaks down)

110
Q

Where are LH and FSH pituitary gland?

A

pituitary gland

111
Q

Where are oestrogen and progesterone produced?

A

produced in the ovaries

112
Q

What does LH do?

A

stimulate the release of the matured egg

113
Q

What does FSH do?

A

stimulate one of the eggs to mature

114
Q

How do menstrual hormones interact with each other?

A

FSH stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen.
oestrogen inhibits FSH
When oestrogen levels get high, they stimulate LH to be produced causing ovulation
progesterone inhibits LH and FSH

115
Q

Which hormone stimulates the uterus lining to develop?

A

oestrogen

116
Q
A
117
Q

What is contraception?

A

any artificial method people use to prevent pregnancy

118
Q

What 2 hormones do most hormonal contraception pills contain?

A

oestrogen and progesterone

119
Q

What are some side effects of contraceptive pills?

A

headaches and nausea

120
Q

What does a contraceptive patch do?

A

releases oestrogen and progesterone slowly for a week

121
Q

What are 3 hormonal contraceptive methods?

A

contraceptive patch
pills
IUD
Contraceptive injection
Contraceptive implant
Contraceptive patch

122
Q

What do most non-hormonal methods of contraception do?

A

physically prevent sperm from meeting egg

123
Q

What is an additional benefit of condoms?

A

protect against STDs

124
Q

What are 3 non-hormonal methos of contraception?

A

condom, spermicide, diaphragm, sterilisation,

125
Q

How can oestrogen act as a contraceptive?

A

Inhibit FSH production, so that eggs can’t mature

126
Q

How can progesterone act as a contraceptive?

A

Stimulate the production of mucus in the cervix, so sperm can’t enter the uterus

127
Q

If a women undergoes sterilisation, which structure is cut and tied?

A

Fallopian tubes

128
Q

If a man undergoes sterilisation, which structure is cut and tied?

A

Sperm duct

129
Q

What methods can be used to get pregnant if a woman is infertile?

A

use FSH pill to make up for lack of FSH so egg can mature, then take LH pill 14 days later to stimulate egg to be released
Use IVF

130
Q

What does IVF stand for?

A

in vitro fertilisation

131
Q

What are the 4 stages of IVF?

A

1) woman is given FSH and LH to stimulate eggs to mature
2) eggs collected from woman’s ovaries and fertilised by sperm from father in a lab
3) place fertilised egg in an incubator to allow them to grow into embryo
4) insert embryo into mother’s womb and grow and be born naturally

132
Q

What are some pros and cons of IVF?

A

allow infertile parents to have kids

doesn’t always work, often leads to multiple births (higher risk of complications), ethical issues

133
Q

Why are embryos kept in an incubator whilst in the laboratory?

A

To provide the optimum temperature for enzymes and thus cell growth

134
Q

Why do some people think IVF is unethical?

A

Some embryos (which had the potential for human life) are destroyed
It could lead to ‘designer babies’ if parents can select embryos with certain traits

135
Q

Where is adrenaline produced?

A

adrenal glands

136
Q

Where are the adrenal glands found?

A

just above you kidneys

137
Q

When is adrenaline produced?

A

Adrenaline is produced during the ‘fight or flight’ response, when you get scared, stressed, or need to exercise. It prepares the body for activity.

138
Q

What effects does adrenaline have on the body?

A

Increases heart rate

Increases blood pressure

Increases blood flow to muscles

Increases blood sugar (glucose) levels by stimulating the liver to break glycogen down into glucose

139
Q

Adrenaline causes the conversion of which substances?

A

Glycogen ➔ glucose

140
Q

What is thyroxine produced by?

A

thyroid gland

141
Q

Where is the thyroid gland found?

A

in the neck

142
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

increase your metabolic rate

143
Q

How is the production of thyroxine regulated?

A

The pituitary gland produces Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine.

Thyroxine then inhibits the production of TSH from the pituitary gland.

144
Q

Which organ is TSH released from?

A

Pituitary gland

145
Q

What plant hormone controls growth in the tips of the shoots and roots?

A

auxins

146
Q

What affect do auxins have on shoot and roots?

A

in shoots they stimulate growth and in roots they inhibit growth

147
Q

What do photo and geo - tropism mean?

A

phototropism - response to light
geotropism - response to gravity

148
Q

Where will auxins accumulate?

A

the shaded side and the lower side

149
Q

How do auxins cause shoots to bend towards light?

A

the light makes the auxins gather at the shaded side causing that side to grow more. Since the far side is growing faster, the shoot will bend towards the light.

150
Q

shoots are _____ phototropic and _____ geotropic

A

positively, negatively

151
Q

Roots are _____ phototropic and _____ geotropic

A

negatively, positively

152
Q

True or false? Plant hormones only act locally.

A

true

153
Q

what are 3 plant hormones?

A

auxins, gibberellins, ethene

154
Q

What are some commercial uses of auxins?

A

rooting powder (contains auxins) used to grow cuttings
use them to kill weeds

155
Q

What are some commercial uses of gibberellins?

A

controlling dormancy (induce germination)
inducing flowering
Growing larger fruit

156
Q

What does ethene do?

A

stimulate the ripening of fruit

157
Q

What is a commercial use of ethene?

A

ripening fruits after they have been shipped unripened

158
Q

How can auxins be used as weedkillers?

A

If large amount of auxins are added to plants, it can disrupt their growth process by overstimulating them. This can kill the plant.

159
Q
A

GCSE Biology (8 decks)

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