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Infection and Response Flashcards

1
Q

Define pathogens

A

microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

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2
Q

Define health

A

the state of physical and mental well-being

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3
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

a disease that can be transmitted from one organism to another

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4
Q

What are the four types of pathogens?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Protists
  • Fungi
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5
Q

How does bacteria make us ill?

A

They reproduce rapidly and produce toxins that damage your cells and tissues

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6
Q

How do viruses make us ill?

A

They reproduce rapidly using a cell’s machinery until it bursts, releasing the new viruses

The cell damage makes us feel ill

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7
Q

How do protists cause disease?

A

some protists are parasites and live on or inside an organism to cause damage
they often travel via a vector

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8
Q

How does fungi cause disease?

A

Some fungi have hyphae
The hyphae penetrates the human skin / surface of plants and cause diseases

hyphae - fungi’s body / thread-like structures

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9
Q

What pathogen produces toxins?

A

bacteria

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10
Q

What pathogen often uses a vector?

A

protists

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11
Q

What 5 ways can pathogens be spread? + an example

A
  • Water - cholera
  • Air - influenza/common cold
  • Direct contact - athlete’s foot
  • Contaminated food - salmonella
  • Vector - malaria
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12
Q

What ways can the spread of diseases be prevented?

A
  • Being hygienic (e.g. washing hands)
  • Destroying vectors (e.g. using intecticides)
  • Isolating infected individuals
  • Vaccination
  • Reducing direct contact (e.g. using condoms)
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13
Q

Give three examples of a viral disease

A
  • Measles
  • HIV(Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
  • TMV (Tobacco mosaic virus)
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14
Q

Can viruses be killed by antibiotics?

A

No

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A
  • red skin rash
  • fever (a high temperature)
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16
Q

How is measles spread?

A

It is airborne.
It can spread through droplets in the air after sneezing which can be inhaled.

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17
Q

What can measles lead to?

A
  • Lung damage (pneumonia)
  • Brain infection (encephalitis)
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18
Q

What is used to prevent measles?

A

People are vaccinated against it when they’re young

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV?

A
  • flu-like symptoms (fever, cough, sore throat)

after this there are usually no other symptoms

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20
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Exchanging bodily fluids:
* Sexual contact
* Sharing needles

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21
Q

What does HIV lead to?

A

It attacks the immune system cells - damaging it
This means it can’t cope with other infections or cancers

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22
Q

How is HIV treated?

A

It cannot be cured.
But you can take antiretrovial drugs to stop the virus from replicating in their bodies

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23
Q

What does TMV do to plants?

(plant infection)

A

It causes leaves to discolour in a mosaic pattern

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24
Q

What does the TMV discoloured leaves lead to?

A

It causes the rate of photosynthesis to reduce
causing growth to reduce

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25
Give **two** examples of a **bacterial disease**
* Salmonella * Gonorrhoea
26
Can **bacterial** diseases be killed by **antibiotics**?
**Yes**
27
What are the **symptoms** of **salmonella**?
* fever * stomach cramps * vomiting * diarrhoea
28
How does **salmonella** **spread**?
by **eating food** that is **contaminted** with salmonella bacteria | chicken that had salmonella or food prepared in unhygienic conditions
29
How does the UK **control** the **salmonella**?
In the UK, **poultry** is **vaccinated** against **salmonella** | poultry - chicken/turkey
30
What are the **symptoms** of **gonorrhoea**?
* **pain** when **urinating** * **thick** yellow / **green** **discharge** from **vagina** / **penis**
31
How does **gonorrhoea** **spread**?
Through **sexual contact** | It's an STI
32
How **was** gonorrhoea **treated** before? Why doesn't it work now?
With **penicillin** It doesn't work because **strains** of the **bacteria** have become **resistant** to it
33
How is **gonorrhoea** treated **now**? | / control the spread
* treated with **antibiotics** * use barrier methods of **contraception** (condom)
34
Give an **example** of a **disease** caused by a **protist**
**Malaria**
35
What are the **symptoms** of **malaria**?
* **repeated** episodes of **fever**
36
How is **malaria** spread?
Via a **vector** (**mosquito**) The mosquito **picks up** malaria from **infected animals** and **infects others** by **inserting** it into the **blood vessels**
37
How can you **reduce the spread** of **malaria**?
* **stopping** mosquitos from **breeding** - draining areas of *still water* * kill them with **insecticides** * use **mosquito nets** to protect yourself
38
Give **two** examples of a **fungal disease**
* Rose black spot * Athlete's foot
39
What does **rose black spot** do to plants?
causes **leaves** to develop **purple** or **black** **spots** The leaves turn **yellow** and **fall off**
40
What do **infected rose black spot leaves** lead to?
It causes rate of **photosynthesis** to **fall** This causes rate of **growth** to **decrease**
41
How is **rose black spot** **spread**?
* water * wind
42
How can you **treat** **rose black spot**?
* **remove infected leaves** (and **destroy** them) * spray with **fungicides**
43
How is your **nose** adapted to **defend against** entry of **pathogens**?
* hairs * mucus to trap particles
44
How is the **trachea and bronchi** adapted to **defend against** entry of **pathogens**?
* secrete **mucus** * lined with **cilia** which **waft the mucus** to the back of the **throat** to be **swallowed**
45
How does the **stomach** protect against the entry of **pathogens**?
Produced **hydrochlauric acid** which **kills pathogens**
46
How does your **skin** **defend** against **pathogens**?
acts as a **barrier** with dead skin cells and secretes **sebum**
47
What does the **immune system** do?
* **protect** us against **pathogens** and any **toxins** they produce * to **protect** against the **same pathogen** in the **future** | prevent disease
48
What are the **three ways** white blood cells can **attack pathogens**?
* **Phagocytosis** * Producing **antibodies** * Producing **antitoxins**
49
What is **phagocytosis** ?
White blood cells (**phagocytes**) **engulf** foreign cells and **digest** them. | (ingest them)
50
What are **antigens**?
**unique molecules** on the **surface** of a **pathogen** | (this is just for understanding)
51
What are **antibodies**?
**proteins** produced by **lymphocytes** (white blood cells) that **recognise pathogens** ( and clump them together so they can be easily engulfed ) ( this triggers them to be destroyed )
52
What happens if a **pathogen** infects a body for the **second time**? | a pathogen with antigens
The **lymphocytes recognise** the **pathogen** and produces more **antibodies**, more **quickly**
53
What are **antibodies** **specific** to?
the **type** of **antigen** they attack
54
What do white blood cells **produce** to fight against **toxins**?
**Anti-toxins** They bind with and **neutralise** the **toxins**
55
How do **vaccines** work?
* They *inject* **dead** / **inactive** **pathogens** * The white blood cells **produce antibodies** * If the same pathogen enters the body later, white blood cells will **recognise** it
56
What are the **pros** of **vaccines**?
* the help **control communicable diseases** that were once **common** (e.g. polio and smallpox) * **epidemics** can be **prevented** if **lots** of people are **vaccinated** | epidemics - big outbreaks of disease
57
What are the **cons** of **vaccines**?
* **don't** always **work** / give **immunity** * **bad reactions** e.g. swelling, seizures (although rare)
58
What was the **first antibiotic**?
**Penicillin**
59
What do **painkillers** do? | / not do
They **relieve pain** but **don't kill** pathogens | They just help reduce symptoms.
60
What do **antibiotics** do?
They **kill infective bacteria** without killing **body cells**. | **Different** antibiotics kill **different** bacteria
61
Which type of **pathogen** can **antibiotics** be used to **kill**?
**Bacteria** | not viruses !!
62
What is **antibiotic resistance**?
When **bacteria mutates** so it **cannot** be **killed** by the **antibiotic** and so becomes *resistant* | It is caused by the over use of antibiotics
63
Why is it important to **finish a whole course** of **antibiotics**?
So **all bacteria** is **killed** and no **resistant strains** are **made**
64
Where is **aspirin** found?
In the **bark** of a **willow tree** | painkiller
65
Where is **digitalis** found?
**Foxgloves** | used for heart conditions
66
What is **preclinical** testing?
*testing* on **human cells** and **tissues** and then **live animals**
67
What is **clinical** testing?
Testing on human volunteers
68
What **happens** in **clinical** testing? | not including placebo groups
* Low dose given **healthy volunteers** to check the drug has **no harmful** side effects * Drug is tested on people with the **illness** and **dosage increases** until **optimal dose** is found (most effective + few side effects)
69
How are **placebos** used in **testing drugs**?
There's a **placebo** group and a **new drug** group This is to **eliminate** the **placebo effect** | the volunteers don't know which group they're in
70
What are **double-blind** trials?
**neither** the **patient** nor the **doctor** know which group is which
71
Why are **double-blind** trials used?
To *stop* **bias** and so that the doctors monitoring *aren't* **subconsiously influenced**
72
Why do scientists use **peer review**? | (other scientists check the work is valid)
To prevent **false claims**

biology (4 decks)

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