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Infection and Response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define pathogens

A

microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

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2
Q

Define health

A

the state of physical and mental well-being

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3
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

a disease that can be transmitted from one organism to another

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4
Q

What are the four types of pathogens?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Protists
  • Fungi
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5
Q

How does bacteria make us ill?

A

They reproduce rapidly and produce toxins that damage your cells and tissues

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6
Q

How do viruses make us ill?

A

They reproduce rapidly using a cell’s machinery until it bursts, releasing the new viruses

The cell damage makes us feel ill

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7
Q

How do protists cause disease?

A

some protists are parasites and live on or inside an organism to cause damage
they often travel via a vector

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8
Q

How does fungi cause disease?

A

Some fungi have hyphae
The hyphae penetrates the human skin / surface of plants and cause diseases

hyphae - fungi’s body / thread-like structures

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9
Q

What pathogen produces toxins?

A

bacteria

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10
Q

What pathogen often uses a vector?

A

protists

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11
Q

What 5 ways can pathogens be spread? + an example

A
  • Water - cholera
  • Air - influenza/common cold
  • Direct contact - athlete’s foot
  • Contaminated food - salmonella
  • Vector - malaria
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12
Q

What ways can the spread of diseases be prevented?

A
  • Being hygienic (e.g. washing hands)
  • Destroying vectors (e.g. using intecticides)
  • Isolating infected individuals
  • Vaccination
  • Reducing direct contact (e.g. using condoms)
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13
Q

Give three examples of a viral disease

A
  • Measles
  • HIV(Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
  • TMV (Tobacco mosaic virus)
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14
Q

Can viruses be killed by antibiotics?

A

No

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A
  • red skin rash
  • fever (a high temperature)
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16
Q

How is measles spread?

A

It is airborne.
It can spread through droplets in the air after sneezing which can be inhaled.

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17
Q

What can measles lead to?

A
  • Lung damage (pneumonia)
  • Brain infection (encephalitis)
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18
Q

What is used to prevent measles?

A

People are vaccinated against it when they’re young

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV?

A
  • flu-like symptoms (fever, cough, sore throat)

after this there are usually no other symptoms

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20
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Exchanging bodily fluids:
* Sexual contact
* Sharing needles

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21
Q

What does HIV lead to?

A

It attacks the immune system cells - damaging it
This means it can’t cope with other infections or cancers

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22
Q

How is HIV treated?

A

It cannot be cured.
But you can take antiretrovial drugs to stop the virus from replicating in their bodies

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23
Q

What does TMV do to plants?

(plant infection)

A

It causes leaves to discolour in a mosaic pattern

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24
Q

What does the TMV discoloured leaves lead to?

A

It causes the rate of photosynthesis to reduce
causing growth to reduce

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25
Q

Give two examples of a bacterial disease

A
  • Salmonella
  • Gonorrhoea
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26
Q

Can bacterial diseases be killed by antibiotics?

A

Yes

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27
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A
  • fever
  • stomach cramps
  • vomiting
  • diarrhoea
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28
Q

How does salmonella spread?

A

by eating food that is contaminted with salmonella bacteria

chicken that had salmonella or food prepared in unhygienic conditions

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29
Q

How does the UK control the salmonella?

A

In the UK, poultry is vaccinated against salmonella

poultry - chicken/turkey

30
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A
  • pain when urinating
  • thick yellow / green discharge from vagina / penis
31
Q

How does gonorrhoea spread?

A

Through sexual contact

It’s an STI

32
Q

How was gonorrhoea treated before? Why doesn’t it work now?

A

With penicillin
It doesn’t work because strains of the bacteria have become resistant to it

33
Q

How is gonorrhoea treated now?

/ control the spread

A
  • treated with antibiotics
  • use barrier methods of contraception (condom)
34
Q

Give an example of a disease caused by a protist

A

Malaria

35
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A
  • repeated episodes of fever
36
Q

How is malaria spread?

A

Via a vector (mosquito)
The mosquito picks up malaria from infected animals and infects others by inserting it into the blood vessels

37
Q

How can you reduce the spread of malaria?

A
  • stopping mosquitos from breeding - draining areas of still water
  • kill them with insecticides
  • use mosquito nets to protect yourself
38
Q

Give two examples of a fungal disease

A
  • Rose black spot
  • Athlete’s foot
39
Q

What does rose black spot do to plants?

A

causes leaves to develop purple or black spots
The leaves turn yellow and fall off

40
Q

What do infected rose black spot leaves lead to?

A

It causes rate of photosynthesis to fall
This causes rate of growth to decrease

41
Q

How is rose black spot spread?

A
  • water
  • wind
42
Q

How can you treat rose black spot?

A
  • remove infected leaves (and destroy them)
  • spray with fungicides
43
Q

How is your nose adapted to defend against entry of pathogens?

A
  • hairs
  • mucus
    to trap particles
44
Q

How is the trachea and bronchi adapted to defend against entry of pathogens?

A
  • secrete mucus
  • lined with cilia which waft the mucus to the back of the throat to be swallowed
45
Q

How does the stomach protect against the entry of pathogens?

A

Produced hydrochlauric acid which kills pathogens

46
Q

How does your skin defend against pathogens?

A

acts as a barrier with dead skin cells and secretes sebum

47
Q

What does the immune system do?

A
  • protect us against pathogens and any toxins they produce
  • to protect against the same pathogen in the future

prevent disease

48
Q

What are the three ways white blood cells can attack pathogens?

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Producing antibodies
  • Producing antitoxins
49
Q

What is phagocytosis ?

A

White blood cells (phagocytes) engulf foreign cells and digest them.

(ingest them)

50
Q

What are antigens?

A

unique molecules on the surface of a pathogen

(this is just for understanding)

51
Q

What are antibodies?

A

proteins produced by lymphocytes (white blood cells) that recognise pathogens ( and clump them together so they can be easily engulfed ) ( this triggers them to be destroyed )

52
Q

What happens if a pathogen infects a body for the second time?

a pathogen with antigens

A

The lymphocytes recognise the pathogen and produces more antibodies, more quickly

53
Q

What are antibodies specific to?

A

the type of antigen they attack

54
Q

What do white blood cells produce to fight against toxins?

A

Anti-toxins
They bind with and neutralise the toxins

55
Q

How do vaccines work?

A
  • They inject dead / inactive pathogens
  • The white blood cells produce antibodies
  • If the same pathogen enters the body later, white blood cells will recognise it
56
Q

What are the pros of vaccines?

A
  • the help control communicable diseases that were once common (e.g. polio and smallpox)
  • epidemics can be prevented if lots of people are vaccinated

epidemics - big outbreaks of disease

57
Q

What are the cons of vaccines?

A
  • don’t always work / give immunity
  • bad reactions e.g. swelling, seizures (although rare)
58
Q

What was the first antibiotic?

A

Penicillin

59
Q

What do painkillers do?

/ not do

A

They relieve pain but don’t kill pathogens

They just help reduce symptoms.

60
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

They kill infective bacteria without killing body cells.

Different antibiotics kill different bacteria

61
Q

Which type of pathogen can antibiotics be used to kill?

A

Bacteria

not viruses !!

62
Q

What is antibiotic resistance?

A

When bacteria mutates so it cannot be killed by the antibiotic and so becomes resistant

It is caused by the over use of antibiotics

63
Q

Why is it important to finish a whole course of antibiotics?

A

So all bacteria is killed and no resistant strains are made

64
Q

Where is aspirin found?

A

In the bark of a willow tree

painkiller

65
Q

Where is digitalis found?

A

Foxgloves

used for heart conditions

66
Q

What is preclinical testing?

A

testing on human cells and tissues and then live animals

67
Q

What is clinical testing?

A

Testing on human volunteers

68
Q

What happens in clinical testing?

not including placebo groups

A
  • Low dose given healthy volunteers to check the drug has no harmful side effects
  • Drug is tested on people with the illness and dosage increases until optimal dose is found (most effective + few side effects)
69
Q

How are placebos used in testing drugs?

A

There’s a placebo group and a new drug group
This is to eliminate the placebo effect

the volunteers don’t know which group they’re in

70
Q

What are double-blind trials?

A

neither the patient nor the doctor know which group is which

71
Q

Why are double-blind trials used?

A

To stop bias and so that the doctors monitoring aren’t subconsiously influenced

72
Q

Why do scientists use peer review?

(other scientists check the work is valid)

A

To prevent false claims

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