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biology > Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Bioenergetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Is photosynthesis endo or exothermic?

A

endothermic - it takes in energy from the light

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2
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water —–> glucose + oxygen

light

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3
Q

What four factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • Amount of chlorophyll
  • Light intensity
  • Level of CO2
  • Temperature
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4
Q

What happens when temperature increases?

A

Enzymes work faster until around 45° where the enzymes denature

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5
Q

What are 5 ways glucose is used/stored in a plant?

A
  • For respiration
  • Making cellulose
  • Making amino acids
  • Stored as oils / fats
  • Stored as starch
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6
Q

When is starch converted into glucose in a plant?

A

When there is no photosynthesis occuring
e.g. at night or in winter

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7
Q

How do you use pondweed to measure the effect of light intensity on photosynthesis?

A
  1. Cut off a piece of pondweed and put it into a test tube with water and put the cut end on top. Place a funnel above the pondweed with a measuring cylinder on top.
  2. Place the test tube 10cm away from an LED light source
  3. Let the test tube sit there for 5 mins to adjust to the climate
  4. Measure the volume of oxygen released from the pondweed in 1 min and repeat 3 times.
  5. Repeat from 20cm, 30cm, 40cm.
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8
Q

What is the inverse square law?

A

1/distance^2
If you halve the distance the light intensity will be 4x greater, if you third the distance the light intensity will be 9x greater e.t.c.

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9
Q

Why is it inaccurate to count the bubbles produced from pondweed yourself?

A
  • bubbles can move too fast to count
  • not all bubbles are the same size
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10
Q

How do greenhouses increase the yield of crops?

A
  • They have light: windows and artificial lights
  • High heat: greenhouse traps sun’s heat, heater (+ ventilation when too hot)
  • High CO2 levels: using paraffin heater
  • Being indoors keeps pests and diseases away
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11
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic resipiration?

A

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

–> (+ lots of energy)

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12
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

glucose —> lactic acid

–> (+ little energy)

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13
Q

What is the word equation for fermentation?

A

glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide

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14
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

The incomplete breakdown of glucose, making lactic acid

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15
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells

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16
Q

What can fermentation be used to make?

A

bread + beer / alcohol

17
Q

Why do you increase respiration during exercise?

A

More muscles contract and therefore require more energy so respiration increases to meet the demand

18
Q

How does your body respond to exercise?

A
  • Breathing rate increases
  • Breathing volume increases
  • Heart rate increases
19
Q

What effect does lactic acid have on muscle?

A

When it builds up in muscle, it causes pain and muscle fatigue so muscles stop contracting efficiently

20
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

The amount of extra oxygen needed after exercise to react with lactic acid to remove it from the cells

this is why you continue heavy breathing after exercise

21
Q

Where is lactic acid converted into glucose?

A

In the liver

It is transported by blood

22
Q

Describe how vigorous exercise leads to oxygen debt

A

During exercise, it’s harder for the body to supply oxygen to the muscles so anaerobic respiration takes place creating lactic acid

23
Q

Define metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions in a cell or the body

24
Q

What 3 large molecules can glucose form when joined together?

small molecule –> large molecule

A
  • Starch
  • Cellulose
  • Glycogen
25
Q

What are lipid molecules made of?

small molecule –> large molecule

A
  • 1 glycerol
  • 3 fatty acids
26
Q

How does glucose convert into proteins?

small molecule –> large molecule

A
  • Combines with nitrate ions
  • To make amino acids
  • Made into proteins
27
Q

What happens when there is excess proteins?

A
  • Protein is broken down into urea
  • Urea is excreted by the kidneys as urine

biology (4 decks)

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