Infection and response

Question 1

What are pathogens?

Answer 1

Pathogens are microorganisms that enter the body and cause communicable disease (infectious). Plants and animals can be infected by them.

Question 2

What are bacteria?

Answer 2

Bacteria are small cells that can reproduce very quickly in the body.

Question 3

What does bacteria produce?

Answer 3

Toxins that make you feel ill, damaging your cells and tissues.

Question 4

What are viruses?

Answer 4

Things that live in your cell and reproduce quickly in your body. They eventually burst out the cell, releasing new viruses.

Question 5

What are protists?

Answer 5

Eukaryotes (multicellular). Some are parasites which live on or inside other organisms, often carried by a vector.

Question 6

What are fungi?

Answer 6

Can potentially grow and penertrate on human skin and produce spores which spread to other plants.

Question 7

What are the 3 ways pathogens can be spread?

Answer 7

Water, air and direct contact.

Question 8

How can pathogens be spread through water?

Answer 8

By drinking dirty/contaminated water.

Question 9

How can pathogens be spread through the air?

Answer 9

They can be carried by air an breathed in.

Question 10

How can pathogens be spread through direct contact?

Answer 10

Touching contaminated surfaces.

Question 11

How is measles spread?

Answer 11

Spread by droplets of liquid from sneezes and coughs.

Question 12

What are symptoms of measles?

Answer 12

A red rash on skin and fever.
Most people are vaccinated against measles when they are younger.

Question 13

How is HIV spread?

Answer 13

By sexual contact or exchanging body fluids.

Question 14

How can HIV be treated?

Answer 14

HIV can be controlled by antiviral drugs to stop viruses replicating.

Question 15

What do viruses from HIV do?

Answer 15

Attack the cells in the immune system.

Question 16

What is the late stage of HIV called?

Answer 16

Aids.

Question 17

What does tobacco mosaic virus do?

Answer 17

It affects plants resulting in parts of the leaves becoming discoloured, so plants cannot carry out photosynthesis and can’t grow.

Question 18

What are the four communicable diseases?

Answer 18

Bacteria, viruses, protists and fungi.

Question 19

What are the 3 viral diseases?

Answer 19

Measles, HIV and tobacco mosaic virus.

Question 20

How is rose black spot spread?

Answer 20

By wind or water.

Question 21

How can rose black spot be treated?

Answer 21

By using fungicides and taking leaves off the infected plant.

Question 22

What does rose black spot do?

Answer 22

Makes black spots appear on leaves so less photosynthesis occurs and plant can’t grow as well.

Question 23

How is malaria caused?

Answer 23

By a mosquito bite.

Question 24

What is a symptom of malaria?

Answer 24

Fever, and it can be fatal.

Question 25

What are the bacterial diseases?

Answer 25

Salmonella and Gonorrhoea.

Question 26

What does salmonella bacteria cause?

Answer 26

Food poisining.

Question 27

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

Answer 27

Fever, stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea.

Question 28

How is gonorrhoea caused?

Answer 28

Passed on by sexual contact.

Question 29

What are symptoms of gonorrhoea?

Answer 29

Pain when urinating and thick yellow discharge. It can be treated through antibiotics.

Question 30

How can you prevent the spread of bacterial diseases?

Answer 30

Being hygienic, killing vectors, isolation and vaccination.

Question 31

How does the skin help fight diseases?

Answer 31

It is a barrier to pathogens.

Question 32

What does the immune system do?

Answer 32

Kill any pathogens that enter your body.

Question 33

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 33

When white blood cells engulf pathogens and digest them.

Question 34

What produces anitbodies?

Answer 34

White blood cells.

Question 35

What does a vaccination involve?

Answer 35

An injection of a dead or weakened version of the pathogen.

Question 36

What do painkillers do?

Answer 36

Relieve the pain and symptoms but don't tackle the cause.

Question 37

What do antibiotics do?

Answer 37

Kill the bacteria causing the problem, but do not work on viruses.

Question 38

What happens in pre-clinical testing?

Answer 38

1. Drugs are tested on human cells and tissues. 2. Testing is carried out on living animals.

Question 39

What happens in clinical testing?

Answer 39

3. Drugs are tested on healthy volunteers. Starts with a very low dose, then tested on people with the illness to find the optimum dose.

Question 40

What is a placebo?

Answer 40

A substance that is like the drug but does not do anything.

Question 41

What is a placebo affect?

Answer 41

When the patient thinks the treatment will work even though their treatment isn't doing anything.

Question 42

What is a blind trial?

Answer 42

When the patient doesn't know if they are getting the drug or the placebo.

Question 43

What is a double blind trial?

Answer 43

When both the doctor and the patient do not know whether they are getting the drug.

Question 44

What drugs can be produced from plants?

Answer 44

Aspirin, digitalis and penicillin.

Question 45

Where is aspirin produced from?

Answer 45

A willow.

Question 46

Where is digitalis produced from?

Answer 46

Foxglove

Question 47

Where is penicillin produced from?

Answer 47

Mould - penicillium.