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Biology > Infection and response > Flashcards

Infection and response Flashcards

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1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Pathogens are microorganisms that enter the body and cause communicable disease (infectious). Plants and animals can be infected by them.

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2
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Bacteria are small cells that can reproduce very quickly in the body.

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3
Q

What does bacteria produce?

A

Toxins that make you feel ill, damaging your cells and tissues.

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4
Q

What are viruses?

A

Things that live in your cell and reproduce quickly in your body. They eventually burst out the cell, releasing new viruses.

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5
Q

What are protists?

A

Eukaryotes (multicellular). Some are parasites which live on or inside other organisms, often carried by a vector.

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6
Q

What are fungi?

A

Can potentially grow and penertrate on human skin and produce spores which spread to other plants.

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7
Q

What are the 3 ways pathogens can be spread?

A

Water, air and direct contact.

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8
Q

How can pathogens be spread through water?

A

By drinking dirty/contaminated water.

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9
Q

How can pathogens be spread through the air?

A

They can be carried by air an breathed in.

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10
Q

How can pathogens be spread through direct contact?

A

Touching contaminated surfaces.

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11
Q

How is measles spread?

A

Spread by droplets of liquid from sneezes and coughs.

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12
Q

What are symptoms of measles?

A

A red rash on skin and fever.
Most people are vaccinated against measles when they are younger.

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13
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

By sexual contact or exchanging body fluids.

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14
Q

How can HIV be treated?

A

HIV can be controlled by antiviral drugs to stop viruses replicating.

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15
Q

What do viruses from HIV do?

A

Attack the cells in the immune system.

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16
Q

What is the late stage of HIV called?

A

Aids.

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17
Q

What does tobacco mosaic virus do?

A

It affects plants resulting in parts of the leaves becoming discoloured, so plants cannot carry out photosynthesis and can’t grow.

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18
Q

What are the four communicable diseases?

A

Bacteria, viruses, protists and fungi.

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19
Q

What are the 3 viral diseases?

A

Measles, HIV and tobacco mosaic virus.

20
Q

How is rose black spot spread?

A

By wind or water.

21
Q

How can rose black spot be treated?

A

By using fungicides and taking leaves off the infected plant.

22
Q

What does rose black spot do?

A

Makes black spots appear on leaves so less photosynthesis occurs and plant can’t grow as well.

23
Q

How is malaria caused?

A

By a mosquito bite.

24
Q

What is a symptom of malaria?

A

Fever, and it can be fatal.

25
Q

What are the bacterial diseases?

A

Salmonella and Gonorrhoea.

26
Q

What does salmonella bacteria cause?

A

Food poisining.

27
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A

Fever, stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea.

28
Q

How is gonorrhoea caused?

A

Passed on by sexual contact.

29
Q

What are symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

Pain when urinating and thick yellow discharge. It can be treated through antibiotics.

30
Q

How can you prevent the spread of bacterial diseases?

A

Being hygienic, killing vectors, isolation and vaccination.

31
Q

How does the skin help fight diseases?

A

It is a barrier to pathogens.

32
Q

What does the immune system do?

A

Kill any pathogens that enter your body.

33
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

When white blood cells engulf pathogens and digest them.

34
Q

What produces anitbodies?

A

White blood cells.

35
Q

What does a vaccination involve?

A

An injection of a dead or weakened version of the pathogen.

36
Q

What do painkillers do?

A

Relieve the pain and symptoms but don’t tackle the cause.

37
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

Kill the bacteria causing the problem, but do not work on viruses.

38
Q

What happens in pre-clinical testing?

A
  1. Drugs are tested on human cells and tissues.
  2. Testing is carried out on living animals.
39
Q

What happens in clinical testing?

A
  1. Drugs are tested on healthy volunteers. Starts with a very low dose, then tested on people with the illness to find the optimum dose.
40
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A substance that is like the drug but does not do anything.

41
Q

What is a placebo affect?

A

When the patient thinks the treatment will work even though their treatment isn’t doing anything.

42
Q

What is a blind trial?

A

When the patient doesn’t know if they are getting the drug or the placebo.

43
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

When both the doctor and the patient do not know whether they are getting the drug.

44
Q

What drugs can be produced from plants?

A

Aspirin, digitalis and penicillin.

45
Q

Where is aspirin produced from?

A

A willow.

46
Q

Where is digitalis produced from?

A

Foxglove

47
Q

Where is penicillin produced from?

A

Mould - penicillium.

Biology (7 decks)

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