Infection and response

Question 1

What are pathogens?

Answer 1

Pathogens are disease-causing microorganisms

Question 2

Different ways pathogens are spread?

Answer 2

direct contact
indirect contact
Vectorborne
Foodborne
and waterborne

Question 3

The definition of a bacteria:

Answer 3

Bacteria are microorganisms that produce toxins that damage cell tissue and make cells ill.

Question 4

What are viruses:

Answer 4

Viruses live and reproduce inside cells causing cell damage they hijack the nucleus

Question 5

what are the four main categories of pathogens:

Answer 5

The four main categories of pathogens are bacteria, protists, viruses and fungi.

Question 6

Examples of a virus:

Answer 6

Measles, HIV and TMV

Question 7

Examples of bacteria:

Answer 7

Salmonella and gonorrhoea

Question 8

Example of a protest:

Answer 8

Malaria

Question 9

Example of a fungi:

Answer 9

Rose black spot

Question 10

How does the measles virus get transmitted

Answer 10

Through inhaling droplets from coughs and sneezes of affected people

Question 11

Symptoms of the measles virus:

Answer 11

Fever, Red skin rash

Question 12

How is HIV transmitted transmitted:

Answer 12

True bodily fluids.

Question 13

Symptoms of HIV:

Answer 13

Sore throat, dry cough, rhinitis, fever, chills, and headache

Question 14

What is the late stage of HIV called:

Answer 14

AIDS

Question 15

Treatment for HIV:

Answer 15

Antiretroviral drugs

Question 16

Prevention of HIV:

Answer 16

Use barrier method
Dont share needles

Question 17

What does HIV do?

Answer 17

Attacks bodies immune system

Question 18

How does TMV stunt plant growth growth?

Answer 18

Due to discoloration plants have less chlorophyll plants. lack of chlorophyll means less sunlight absorption as a result, leaves can’t carry out enough photosynthesis. There. there is a lack of glucose in the plant. If. eventually, plant will have less and less growth. Glucose is needed to produce lipids and proteins without enough glucose and enough lipids and proteins. The plant cannot grow and it will die..

Question 19

How to cure TMV?

Answer 19

There is no cure

Question 20

How can we prevent the spread of TMV?

Answer 20

Discarding and burning infected plants also disinfecting tools

Question 21

Symptoms of salmonella.

Answer 21

Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea.

Question 22

Transmission of salmonella :

Answer 22

Ingesting food that is contaminated with salmonella bacteria. This can happen when preparing food in unhygienic conditions and contaminated knives or chopping boats.

Question 23

Prevention of salmonella:

Answer 23

Vaccinating poultry against salmonella. Food is prepared in hygienic conditions. Keep raw and uncooked food separate to the cooked food and cook thoroughly.

Question 24

How do vaccinating chickens help prevent salmonella?

Answer 24

Chickens are the main cause of salmonella. So to prevent it, the root which are chickens do not get salmonella. So there is fewer bacteria within the chickens

Question 25

Symptoms of gonorrhoea

Answer 25

A thick yellow discharge from the vagina or penis.

Question 26

Treatment for gonorrhoea?

Answer 26

Penicillin or such antibiotics

Question 27

Examples of the first line of defence:

Answer 27

Skin with secret antimicrobial oils.
The nose has cilia and the mucus produced by Goblet cells
The Trachea and Bronchi cilia and mucus.

Question 28

Second line of defence:

Answer 28

Three types of lymphocytes:
Lymphocyte - makes antibodies
lymphocyte - makes antitoxins.
Lymphocyte engulfs and destroys the phagocytosis

Question 29

Production of antibodies

Answer 29

That is specific to the antigens on the pathogen’s surface

Question 30

How do our lungs get potected from inhaled pathogens?

Answer 30

In the Lungs, Goblet cells produce mucus, which is a sticky substance which traps bacteria then. cilia wafted to the back of the throat. If the first line defends mechanism fails, then the wife blood cells start attacking the bacteria. Lymphocytes produce antibodies to kill the bacteria. Another type of lymphocytes produce antitoxins to neutralise the toxins produced by bacteria Fibocytes engulf the bacteria until them.

Question 31

How do vaccines work?

Answer 31

Vaccination involves introducing a small quantity of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into the body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies. If the same pathogen reenters the body, the white blood cells respond quickly to produce the current antibodies, preventing infection and illness

Question 32

Three phases of clinical testing?

Answer 32

The first stage is with healthy volunteers. The 2nd stage is on patients with placebos and drugs and double-blind trials. The 3rd stage is a larger number of patients given the placebo or drug double-blind to check effectiveness and determine the correct dose. 3rd step is an analysis of results and receiving a cheque that the results are valid to avoid bias.

Question 33

What are antibodies?

Answer 33

A certain protein made by lymphocytes that bind to specific antigens

Question 34

Steps for monoclonal antibody creation.

Answer 34

Step one, get a mouse and inject it with antigen Step two collect the mouse’s white blood cell which creates antibodies for that specific antigen step. Step. three extract the spleen cells from the mouse. Step 4 combine this spleen cell with a myeloma cell. Step 5 together, they are called the hybridoma. Step 6 it creates antibodies by cloning itself.

Question 35

What are monoclonal antibodies used for?

Answer 35

They are used for testing for STIs, for pregnancy measuring hormones and used as tracers.