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Science biology > Cell biology > Flashcards

Cell biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is: dependent variable independent variable control variable

A

Dependent variable: Variable you measure.
Independent variable: Variable you change.
Control variable: You keep same.

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2
Q

What are 1 cell organisms called?

A

Uni-cellular organisms.

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3
Q

What makes up an animal cell?

A

Nucleus, mitochondria, cell membrane, ribosome and cytoplasm.

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4
Q

Active transport:

A

The movement of particles from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution against the concentration gradient. This requires energy.

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5
Q

Alveoli:

A

Tiny air sacs in the lungs that increase the surface area for gaseous exchange. Diffusion example.

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6
Q

Cell membrane:

A

Membrane around the cell that controls movement of particles into and out the cell.

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7
Q

Cell wall:

A

The rigid structure around plant cell to keep the cell in shape .

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8
Q

Chloroplasts:

A

Organelles where photosynthesis takes place.

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9
Q

State three factors which will affect the rate of diffusion

A

Concentration difference between two areas, size of the particles, temperature

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10
Q

Describe the difference between a dilute and a concentrated solution of sugar

A

A dilute solution of sugar is one which contains a high concentration of water but a low concentration of sugar. A concentrated solution is one which contains a low concentration of water and a high concentration of sugar.

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11
Q

. Describe how active transport differs from both osmosis and diffusion

A
  1. Active process
    2.Requires energy
  2. Against gradient
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12
Q

What are two types of cell?

A

EUkaryotic and prokaryotic

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13
Q

Differences between pro and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotic is smaller.
Eukaryotic have membrane bound organells.

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14
Q

List features that are found in both animal and plant cell. (5)

A

Nucleus
Cell membrane
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm

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15
Q

Features only found in plant cells.(3)

A

Chloroplast
Cell wall
Permanent vacuole

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16
Q

2 Functions of a nucleus.

A
  1. Contains genetic material of cell.
  2. Controls cellular activites.
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17
Q

Function of cytoplasm

A

Reactions take place in there
Transport medium.

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18
Q

Function of cell membrane:

A

Controls movement of particles in and out of the cell.

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19
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria:

A

Where aerobic respiration takes place.

20
Q

Function of ribosome:

A

Protein synthesis

21
Q

Function of cell wall:

A

Prevent cell bursting
Keeps cell in shape

22
Q

What does a permanent vacuole contain:

A

Cell sap

23
Q

Purpose of permanent vacuole?

A

To keep cell in shape, maintaining turgidity.

24
Q

What is Chloroplasts

A

Contain chlorophyll, absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

25
Q

Function and specialisations of root hair cell.

A

Function is to absorb water and minerals from the soil.
Hair like projections to increase the surface area.
(Note that root hair cells have no chloroplasts this is because they do not need them as they are in the soil)

26
Q

. Function and specialisations Xylem

A

Function is to carry water and minerals in plants.
Form hollow xylem tubes made of dead tissue.
Long cells with walls toughened by lignin.
Water and minerals flow from the roots towards the leaves only in one direction in a process called TRANSPIRATION.

27
Q

Function and specialisations Phloem

A

Function is to carry glucose around the plant.
Form phloem tubes made of living tissue.
Cells have end plates with holes in them.
Glucose in solution moves from the leaves to growth and storage tissues in a process called TRANSLOCATION.

28
Q

Function and specialisations Sperm

A

Function is to fertilise an egg.
Streamlined with a long tail to swim to the egg.
Acrosome in the head containing enzymes to digest the egg cell membrane.
Large number of mitochondria in the mid section to release energy for movement.

29
Q

Function and specialisations Nerve cell

A

Function is to carry electrical signals.
Long to carry signals long distances.
Branched connections to connect to other nerve cells and form a network around the body.
Insulating sheath to enhance transmission of electrical signals.

30
Q

Function and specialisations Muscle cell:

A

Function is to contract to allow movement.
Contain a large number of mitochondria to release energy from respiration for movement.
Long so that there is enough space to contract.

31
Q

What does cell differentiation mean?

A

When a cell changes to become specialised.

32
Q

In what stage of an animal’s life cycle do most cells differentiate?

A

In the early stages

33
Q

Define magnification:

A

Number of times an image appears bigger compared to size of real object.

34
Q

REsolution:

A

Smallest distance between 2 objects that can be distinguished.

35
Q

MAgnification can be calculated by formula:

A

size of image / size of real object

36
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of particle from a high to low concentration, down the concentration gradent.

37
Q

3 main factors that affect rate of diffusion.

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Concertation of particles
  3. Size of particles
38
Q

What is surface area to volume ratio:

A

The distance needed to travel for particles from surface to area of need

39
Q

What are chromosomes made from?

A

Tightly wrapped coils of DNA.

40
Q

How many chromosomes in each cell?

A

46

41
Q

How are body cells paired?

A

They contain 2 of each chromosome.

42
Q

3 key stages of mitosis:

A

1) first stage of mitosis is DNA replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosome also the cell copies all internal structures ( mitochondria ribosome)

2) One set of chromosomes pulled to one end of the cell. The nucleus also divides.

3) The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form to daughter cells. They are identical.

43
Q

Define stem cells:

A

An undifferentiated cell, that can differentiate into any type of cell.

44
Q

Where do we find:
1) Adult:
2) Plant:
3) Embryonic:
stem cells.

A

1) Bone marrow
2) Tip of root or bud
3) From embryon

45
Q

Adult vs embryonic stem cell:
[6mrks]

A

Embryonic:

Science biology (4 decks)

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